French
DeutschZuzan
Zuzan Persian: زوزن | |
|---|---|
Village | |
 Historical village of Zuzan and Zuzan Mosque (1980) | |
  Zuzan | |
| Coordinates: 34°20′48″N 59°52′13″E / 34.34667°N 59.87028°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Razavi Khorasan |
| County | Khaf |
| District | Jolgeh Zuzan |
| Rural District | Zuzan |
| Population (2016)[2] | |
• Total | 2,677 |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Zuzan at GEOnet Names Server | |
Zuzan (Persian: زوزن)[a] is a village in, and the capital of, Zuzan Rural District[b] of Jolgeh Zuzan District, Khaf County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran.[4] The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qasemabad,[5] now a city.[6]
History
[edit]The earliest artifacts of Zuzan date back to the 4th century. Zuzan was the site of an medieval city, flourishing most notably during the reign of the Khwarazmian Empire. Zuzan was at a distance of other major medieval metropolises such as Khargerd, Nishapur, Herat, Jam, and Merv[7].
The city was rectangularly planned and contained irrigation systems and dams[8]. Most of the historical remnants of the city have been lost to time[7], but two major historical monuments remain, the Zuzan Madrasa and the Malek Zuzan Mosque.
The historical city is on the Iranian tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage nomination.[8]
Zuzan Madrasa
[edit]Although only parts of the inscription containing the date of the monument remain, this monument can be dated to 1219 [9]. Andre Godard, a French archaeologist first described the building and attributed it to the Khwarazmian Empire in 1949[10]. Godard initially misidentified the building as a mosque but an inscription dedicated to Abu Hanifa shows that the building was actually an Hanafite madrasa[11].
Architecturally, the madrasa is influenced by Ghurid and Khwarazmian architecture[12]. The building used a typical four-iwan plan type of the region, although only two iwans now remain. The building contains sophisticated ceramics and highly stylized inscriptions[13].
Demographics
[edit]Population
[edit]At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 2,183 in 479 households.[14] The following census in 2011 counted 2,585 people in 626 households.[15] The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 2,677 people in 744 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.[2]
Notable people
[edit]- Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad, founding leader of the Druze.[16]
- Abu Sahl Zawzani, Persian statesman who served as the chief secretary of the Ghaznavids briefly in 1040, and later from 1041 to an unknown date was from Zuzan.[17]
- Qiwam al-Din Muayyid al-Mulk Abu Bakr ibn Ali al-Zuzani, the governor of the area from the 1200 to 1220, who constructed the most notable sites in the village; the Madrasa and Mosque of Malek Zuzan[10].
See also
[edit]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (2 November 2024). "Zuzan, Khaf County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 2 November 2024.
- ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Razavi Khorasan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Zuzan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3089621" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^ a b Habibi, Hassan (c. 2024) [Approved 2 April 1372]. Approval letter regarding reforms in Khorasan province. qavanin.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Political-Defense Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024 – via Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
- ^ Mousavi, Mirhossein (3 November 2014) [Approved 10 April 1366]. Creation and establishment of 20 rural districts including villages, farms and places in Torbat-e Heydarieh County under Khorasan province. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Board of Ministers. Notification 194/T660. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2024 – via Islamic Parliament Research Center.
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (c. 2022) [Approved 3 August 1379]. Letter of approval regarding the recognition of 100 villages in the center of the district as cities. qavanin.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 2341/42/1/4; Notification 5453/T21162H. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
- ^ a b Blair, Sheila 1985, pp. 1.
- ^ a b UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2007.
- ^ Blair, Sheila 1985, pp. 3.
- ^ a b Blair, Sheila 1985, pp. 2.
- ^ Blair, Sheila 1985, pp. 5–6.
- ^ Blair, Sheila 1985, pp. 11.
- ^ Blair, Sheila 1985, pp. 15–17.
- ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Razavi Khorasan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Razavi Khorasan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 – via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
- ^ Hendrix & Okeja 2018, p. 11.
- ^ Bosworth 2001, pp. 578–583.
Sources
[edit]- Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001). "GHAZNAVIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. X, Fasc. 6. pp. 578–583.
- Hendrix, Scott; Okeja, Uchenna, eds. (2018). The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 11. ISBN 978-144084138-5.
- "Zuzan". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 9 August 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
- Blair, Sheila (1985). "The Madrasa at Zuzan: Islamic Architecture in Eastern Iran on the Eve of the Mongol Invasions". Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture (3). Retrieved 9 February 2025.
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