Thomas Phelps , la enciclopedia libre

Thomas Phelps
Información personal
Fallecimiento	1695
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Thomas Phelps, Junior (m. Bristol, 1695),^[1] fue un capitán inglés y escritor, cautivo en África y esclavo del sultán Ismaíl de Marruecos.

Biografía

Su barco, el Success of London, fue capturado frente a la costa de Portugal^[2] en 1684 por un barco marroquí que falsamente ondeaba la bandera argelina.^[3] En ese momento había pacto de no agresión entre Argelia e Inglaterra.^[4]

Phelps fue esclavo en Mequinez, donde el escaso pan con que le alimentaban “apestaba”, por ser hecho con harina malograda.^[5] El maltrato que recibió y las atrocidades del sultán Ismaíl de Marruecos de las cuales fue testigo le motivaron a apodarle de “monstruo africano."^[6] La esclavitud de Phelps, al igual que la del resto de miles de europeos esclavos en Mequinez, consistía en albañilería de los palacios del rey.^[7] El 31 de mayo de 1685 se escapó junto con otros tres europeos esclavizados, y les llevó 10 días arribar a Salé, comiendo caracoles, güisquiles, y una tortuga.^[8]

El 10 de noviembre de 1685, la Society of Merchant Venturers of Bristol (español: Sociedad de Empresarios Mercantes de Bristol) aprobó un premio de £20 "al señor Thomas Phelps hijo por sus buenas obras al haber destruido las embarcaciones piratas de Salé en La Mamora.” Falleció en Bristol en 1695.^[1]

Autor

Phelps dejó un libro solo, A True Account of the Captivity of Thomas Phelps, at Machaness in Barbary, and of his Strange Escape in Company of Edward Baxter and Others, publicado en 1685. La dedicatoria es a Samuel Pepys, quien le consiguió cita con el rey Jacobo II, a quien narró su esclavitud.^[1]

Referencias

↑ ^a ^b ^c Anita McConnell (3 de enero de 2008). «Phelps, Thomas (d. 1695)». Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (en inglés). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/45624. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2024. «dedication to Samuel Pepys informs us that Pepys had introduced him to the king, to whom he told his story […] 10 November 1695 the Society of Merchant Venturers of Bristol voted 'that £20 be presented to Mr Thomas Phelps Junior for his good services in destroying the Sally men of Warr in Marmora’ […] died in Bristol in January 1695».
↑ Claudio, 2012. “a hundred leagues off the rock of Lisbon"
↑ Norman Robert Bennett (1960). «Christian and Negro Slavery in Eighteenth-Century North Africa». The Journal of African History (en inglés) (Cambridge University Press) 1 (1): 71-72. ISSN 0021-8537. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2024. «The Christian captives of Morocco at the time of Mulay Isma’il were usually taken by pirate ships […] showing false Algerian colours as reported by Thomas utilize their numerical strength to capture the vessel».
↑ John Gallagher (2019). «Language-learning, orality, and multilingualism in early modern Anglophone narratives of Mediterranean captivity». Renaissance Studies (Society for Renaissance Studies y John Wiley & Sons Ltd) 33 (4): 644. doi:10.1111/rest.12565. «Thomas Phelps, who was captured in 1684, wrote that his ship spotted what they believed to be an Algerian vessel – and thus no threat in a time of peace […] tricking Phelps and his shipmates into becoming captives of a Moroccan vessel based out of Meknès». |fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda)
↑ Norman Robert Bennett (1960). «Christian and Negro Slavery in Eighteenth-Century North Africa». The Journal of African History (en inglés) (Cambridge University Press) 1 (1): 68. ISSN 0021-8537. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2024. «To Thomas Phelps this bread 'stunk'; the wheat had been kept in an underground storage-bin for seven years».
↑ Gerald MacLean; Nabil Matar (26 de mayo de 2011). «4. Captives». Britain and the Islamic World, 1558–1713 (en inglés). Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780199203185. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203185.001.0001. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2024. «the Moroccan ruler, ‘this Monster of Africk’».
↑ Claudio , 2012. “Our work and daily labor was continually building of houses and walls"
↑ Bernard Capp (21 de abril de 2022). «5. Escaping from Barbary». British Slaves and Barbary Corsairs, 1580-1750 (en inglés). Oxford University Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780192857378. doi:10.1093/oso/9780192857378.003.0006. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2024. «Like most slaves in Morocco, Phelps was held at Meknes […] On 31 May 1685 he fled with three companions […] Travelling only by night, and surviving on snails, pumpkins, and a tortoise, it took them ten days to reach Salé».

Bibliografía

Claudio, Vicki, ed. (2012). «A True Account of the Captivity of Thomas Phelps, at Machaness in Barbary, and of his Strange Escape in Company of Edward Baxter and Others, as also of the burning of two of the greatest pirate ships belonging to that kingdom, in the river of Mamora, upon the thirteenth day of June, 1685». A Pastoral Letter to the Captives (en inglés). La Florida: Exagorazo Press. ISBN 1441417931.

[DNB-1] Anita McConnell (3 de enero de 2008). «Phelps, Thomas (d. 1695)». Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (en inglés). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/45624. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2024. «dedication to Samuel Pepys informs us that Pepys had introduced him to the king, to whom he told his story […] 10 November 1695 the Society of Merchant Venturers of Bristol voted 'that £20 be presented to Mr Thomas Phelps Junior for his good services in destroying the Sally men of Warr in Marmora’ […] died in Bristol in January 1695».

[FOOTNOTEClaudio2012“a_hundred_leagues_off_the_rock_of_Lisbon"-2] Claudio, 2012. “a hundred leagues off the rock of Lisbon"

[3] Norman Robert Bennett (1960). «Christian and Negro Slavery in Eighteenth-Century North Africa». The Journal of African History (en inglés) (Cambridge University Press) 1 (1): 71-72. ISSN 0021-8537. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2024. «The Christian captives of Morocco at the time of Mulay Isma’il were usually taken by pirate ships […] showing false Algerian colours as reported by Thomas utilize their numerical strength to capture the vessel».

[4] John Gallagher (2019). «Language-learning, orality, and multilingualism in early modern Anglophone narratives of Mediterranean captivity». Renaissance Studies (Society for Renaissance Studies y John Wiley & Sons Ltd) 33 (4): 644. doi:10.1111/rest.12565. «Thomas Phelps, who was captured in 1684, wrote that his ship spotted what they believed to be an Algerian vessel – and thus no threat in a time of peace […] tricking Phelps and his shipmates into becoming captives of a Moroccan vessel based out of Meknès». |fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda)

[5] Norman Robert Bennett (1960). «Christian and Negro Slavery in Eighteenth-Century North Africa». The Journal of African History (en inglés) (Cambridge University Press) 1 (1): 68. ISSN 0021-8537. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2024. «To Thomas Phelps this bread 'stunk'; the wheat had been kept in an underground storage-bin for seven years».

[6] Gerald MacLean; Nabil Matar (26 de mayo de 2011). «4. Captives». Britain and the Islamic World, 1558–1713 (en inglés). Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780199203185. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203185.001.0001. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2024. «the Moroccan ruler, ‘this Monster of Africk’».

[FOOTNOTEClaudio_2012“Our_work_and_daily_labor_was_continually_building_of_houses_and_walls"-7] Claudio , 2012. “Our work and daily labor was continually building of houses and walls"

[8] Bernard Capp (21 de abril de 2022). «5. Escaping from Barbary». British Slaves and Barbary Corsairs, 1580-1750 (en inglés). Oxford University Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780192857378. doi:10.1093/oso/9780192857378.003.0006. Consultado el 30 de enero de 2024. «Like most slaves in Morocco, Phelps was held at Meknes […] On 31 May 1685 he fled with three companions […] Travelling only by night, and surviving on snails, pumpkins, and a tortoise, it took them ten days to reach Salé».

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