راست (گرایش سیاسی) - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد

سیاست‌های راست، طیفی از باورهای سیاسی است که نظم‌ها و قشربندی‌های اجتماعی خاصی را اجتناب‌ناپذیر، طبیعی، عادی یا مطلوب می‌دانند،^[۱]^[۲]^[۳] این سیاست‌ها معمولاً از موضعی بر اساس قانون طبیعی، اقتصاد، اقتدار، مالکیت و سنت، حمایت می‌کنند.^[۴]^[۵]^[۶]^[۷]^[۸]^[۹]^[۱۰] قشربندی‌ها و نابرابری‌های اجتماعی ممکن است به عنوان نتایج طبیعی تفاوت‌های اجتماعی^[۱۱]^[۱۲] یا رقابت در اقتصادهای بازار دیده شود.^[۱۳]^[۱۴]^[۱۵]

ریشهٔ اصطلاح‌هایِ سیاسی راست و چپ به انقلاب فرانسه برمی‌گردد، و به محل نشستن اعضای پارلمان اشاره دارد؛ کسانی که در سمت راست می‌نشستند از حفظ نهادهای پادشاهی، آریستوکراسی و مذهب رسمی حمایت می‌کردند.^[۱۶]^[۱۷]^[۱۸]^[۱۹]

سیاست‌های راست همتای سیاست‌های چپ در نظر گرفته می‌شود و طیف سیاسی چپ–راست یکی از پذیرفته شده‌ترین طیف‌های سیاسی است.^[۲۰] اصطلاح جناح راست عموماً می‌تواند به بخشی از یک حزب یا نظام سیاسی اشاره کند که غالباً بر دفاع از بازار آزاد و مالکیت خصوصی تأکید می‌کند و عموماً از ایده‌های محافظه کارانه حمایت می‌کند.^[۲۱]

اصول کلی در گرایش راست

گروه‌های راست‌گرا، اختلاف طبقاتی را بخشی از قوانین حاکم بر طبیعت می‌دانند. گروه‌های راست‌گرا طرفدار حداقل دخالت نهادهای دولتی در امور اقتصادی کشور هستند.^[۲۲]^[۲۳]^[۲۴]

اعتقاد به نابرابری افراد در برخورداری از ثروت‌ها و همچنین اعتقاد به نابرابری افراد در مشارکت در امور مملکت‌داری و قدرت و حقوق اجتماعی، از جمله نظریات گروه‌های راست‌گرا به‌شمار می‌رود. حمایت از بخش خصوصی در حوزهٔ اقتصاد مهم‌ترین ویژگی راست‌گراها به‌حساب می‌آید. نظام‌های سرمایه‌داری غربی از جمله برجسته‌ترین نظام‌های راست‌گرا هستند.

راست‌گراها ضمن اعتقاد به سکولاریسم و مبانی تفکر مدرن غربی، گرایش شدیدی به مقابله با رادیکالیسم دارند. راستگراها معتقدند: محافظه‌کاری و پیاده‌کردن یک نظام سرمایه‌داری، سرانجام به پیشرفت کشور منتهی می‌شود. راستگراها حمایت از بازار آزاد و اقتصاد بازار را بهترین مسیر برای پیشرفت جوامع توصیف می‌کنند.

جستارهای وابسته

پانویس

↑ Johnson, Paul (2005). "Right-wing, rightist". A Politics Glossary. Auburn University website. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
↑ Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1996). Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51, 62. ISBN 978-0-226-06246-4.
↑ Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). An Introduction to Sociology (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6.
↑ "Right". Encyclopædia Britannica (به انگلیسی). 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
↑ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2005). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. Thousand Oaks [u.a.]: SAGE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4129-0409-4.
↑ T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the social hierarchy."
↑ Left and right: the significance of a political distinction, Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, University of Chicago Press, 1997.
↑ Seymour Martin Lipset, cited in Fuchs, D. , and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter
↑ Lukes, Steven. 'Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century': concluding chapter to T. Ball and R. Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. pp.610–612
↑ Clark, William Roberts (2003). Capitalism, Not Globalism: Capital Mobility, Central Bank Independence, and the Political Control of the Economy ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Ann Arbor [u.a.]: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11293-7.^{^{[کدام صفحه؟]}}
↑ Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd. , 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.'
↑ Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). "Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019" (PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 23. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. Defining the right by its adherence to the status quo is closely associated with a definition of the right as a defense of inequality (Bobbio 1996, Jost 2009, Luna & Kaltwasser 2014). As noted by Jost (2009), within the context of Western political development, opposition to change is often synonymous with support for inequality. Notwithstanding its prominence in the literature, we are hesitant to adopt this definition of the right since it requires the researcher to interpret ideological claims according to an abstract understanding of equality. For instance, Noel & Therien (2008) argue that right-wing opposition to affirmative action speaks in the name of equality and rejects positive discrimination based on demographic factors. From this perspective, the right is not inegalitarian but is "differently egalitarian" (Noel & Therien 2008, p. 18).
↑ Scruton, Roger "A Dictionary of Political Thought" "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term right does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds … 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996
↑ Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). An Introduction to Sociology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6. There are … those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. … now … the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one.
↑ Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). "Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019" (PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 24. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. S2CID 182421002. ...since different currents within the right are drawn to different visions of societal structures. For example, market liberals see social relations as stratified by natural economic inequalities.
↑ The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture Charles T. Goodsell British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Jul. , 1988), pp. 287–302
↑ Gerhard Linski, Current Issues and Research in Macrosociology, Brill Archive, 1984, pg; 59
↑ Barry Clark, Political Economy: A Comparative Approach, Praeger Paperback, 1998, pgs; 33–34.
↑ Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright (2006). The Government and Politics of France. Routledge. ISBN 9780415357326.
↑ McClosky, Herbert; Chong, Dennis (July 1985). "Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals". British Journal of Political Science (به انگلیسی). 15 (3): 329–363. doi:10.1017/S0007123400004221. ISSN 1469-2112. S2CID 154330828.
↑ "right wing – definition of right wing in English | Oxford Dictionaries". En.oxforddictionaries.com. 20 April 2014. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
↑ «احزاب چپ‌گرا». وبگاه پژوهشکده باقرالعلوم. دریافت‌شده در ۲۹ دسامبر ۲۰۱۷.
↑ «جناح‌های چپ، راست و میانه». وبگاه پژوهشکده باقرالعلوم. دریافت‌شده در ۲۹ دسامبر ۲۰۱۷.
↑ «حزب اعتدال و توسعه». وبگاه پژوهشکده باقرالعلوم. دریافت‌شده در ۲۹ دسامبر ۲۰۱۷.

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[1] Johnson, Paul (2005). "Right-wing, rightist". A Politics Glossary. Auburn University website. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.

[2] Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1996). Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 51, 62. ISBN 978-0-226-06246-4.

[autogenerated1-3] Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). An Introduction to Sociology (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6.

[4] "Right". Encyclopædia Britannica (به انگلیسی). 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2022-05-22.

[Carlisle-5] Carlisle, Rodney P. (2005). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. Thousand Oaks [u.a.]: SAGE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4129-0409-4.

[T._Alexander_Smith_2003._p._30-6] T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the social hierarchy."

[Allan_Cameron_pg._37-7] Left and right: the significance of a political distinction, Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, University of Chicago Press, 1997.

[Fuchs,_D._1990._p._203-8] Seymour Martin Lipset, cited in Fuchs, D. , and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter

[Lukes-9] Lukes, Steven. 'Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century': concluding chapter to T. Ball and R. Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. pp.610–612

[Clark-10] Clark, William Roberts (2003). Capitalism, Not Globalism: Capital Mobility, Central Bank Independence, and the Political Control of the Economy ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Ann Arbor [u.a.]: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11293-7.^{^{[کدام صفحه؟]}}

[11] Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd. , 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.'

[12] Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). "Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019" (PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 23. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. Defining the right by its adherence to the status quo is closely associated with a definition of the right as a defense of inequality (Bobbio 1996, Jost 2009, Luna & Kaltwasser 2014). As noted by Jost (2009), within the context of Western political development, opposition to change is often synonymous with support for inequality. Notwithstanding its prominence in the literature, we are hesitant to adopt this definition of the right since it requires the researcher to interpret ideological claims according to an abstract understanding of equality. For instance, Noel & Therien (2008) argue that right-wing opposition to affirmative action speaks in the name of equality and rejects positive discrimination based on demographic factors. From this perspective, the right is not inegalitarian but is "differently egalitarian" (Noel & Therien 2008, p. 18).

[13] Scruton, Roger "A Dictionary of Political Thought" "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term right does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds … 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996

[14] Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). An Introduction to Sociology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6. There are … those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. … now … the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one.

[15] Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). "Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019" (PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 22: 24. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. S2CID 182421002. ...since different currents within the right are drawn to different visions of societal structures. For example, market liberals see social relations as stratified by natural economic inequalities.

[Parliaments_1988_pp._287–3022-16] The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture Charles T. Goodsell British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Jul. , 1988), pp. 287–302

[17] Gerhard Linski, Current Issues and Research in Macrosociology, Brill Archive, 1984, pg; 59

[18] Barry Clark, Political Economy: A Comparative Approach, Praeger Paperback, 1998, pgs; 33–34.

[Knapp2-19] Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright (2006). The Government and Politics of France. Routledge. ISBN 9780415357326.

[20] McClosky, Herbert; Chong, Dennis (July 1985). "Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals". British Journal of Political Science (به انگلیسی). 15 (3): 329–363. doi:10.1017/S0007123400004221. ISSN 1469-2112. S2CID 154330828.

[21] "right wing – definition of right wing in English | Oxford Dictionaries". En.oxforddictionaries.com. 20 April 2014. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.

[22] «احزاب چپ‌گرا». وبگاه پژوهشکده باقرالعلوم. دریافت‌شده در ۲۹ دسامبر ۲۰۱۷.

[23] «جناح‌های چپ، راست و میانه». وبگاه پژوهشکده باقرالعلوم. دریافت‌شده در ۲۹ دسامبر ۲۰۱۷.

[24] «حزب اعتدال و توسعه». وبگاه پژوهشکده باقرالعلوم. دریافت‌شده در ۲۹ دسامبر ۲۰۱۷.

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