English: No. 1. Folded palm leaf used as a torch. East Indies.
No. 2. Stormy petrel, burned in the Orkney Islands for light 178,160
No. 3. Candle fish in a split stick, burned for light. Alaska 178,161
No. 4. Torch made of birch bark. Iroquois Indians 178,162
No. 5. Torch made of splint fat-pine knots. Virginia 129,997
No. 6. Torch made of a bundle of slivers of fat pine. Southern Indians- 178,163
No. 7. Torch made of damar gum wrapped in palm leaves. Malays 76,727
No. 8. Torch or " link " made by soaking rope in resin. ^ Europe in the Middle Ages 178,164
No. 9. Torch composed of cords soaked in fat or wax. Europe, sixteenth
century 178,165
Nos. 10 and 11. Cord soaked in fat or wax, coiled, for lighting. England, 178,166
No. 12. Rush soaked in grease, forming a primitive candle. England- 178,167
No. 13. Stick smeared with grease for lighting. Mongolia 178,168
No. 14. Mass of fat formed upon a stick, around which is wound a wick of fiber. Kashmir, India 175,141
No. 15. Tallow dip with rush wick, later cotton. Northern Europe.
No. 16. Candles formed of wax ; wick of fiber. Japan and North Africa.
128,246, 178,169
No. 17. Molded candles. Patent candles of stearine, paraffine, and wax, and decorated candles. Nineteenth century 178,171