克里米亚鞑靼人强制流放 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书

克里米亚鞑靼人強制流放
克里米亚鞑靼人強制流放
蘇聯的人口轉移和第二次世界大戰的一部分
	建於葉夫帕托里亞的流放紀念館（左上）; 在基輔的紀念儀式（右上）; 塔拉斯舍甫琴科公園紀念集會（左中）; 流放時使用的家畜列車仿製品（右中）; 比較克里米亞1939年和2001年人口的統計地圖（下）
位置	克里米亞半島
日期	1944/05/18 - 05/20
目標	克里米亞韃靼人
類型	強迫人口轉移、種族清洗、種族滅絕
受害者	估計人數; a) 34,000人; b) 40,000 - 44,000人 ; c) 42,000人 ; d) 45,000人; e) 109,956人; f) 191,044人 (佔總人口數的18 % - 46 %)
主謀	內務人民委員部、蘇聯秘密警察

克里米亚鞑靼人強制流放（克里米亞韃靼語：Sürgünlik，意指「流放」）是指1944年5月18日至20日苏联政府在苏联国家安全和秘密警察的头目拉夫连季·帕夫洛维奇·贝利亚的命令下，以斯大林的名义，对至少191,044名克里米亚鞑靼人的种族清洗和种族文化灭绝。在三天之内，内务人民委员部使用家畜列车将大部分妇女、儿童、老人，甚至共产党人和红军成员驱逐到几千公里外的乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国。他们是斯大林在苏联的人口转移和强制流配政策中包含的几个种族之一。根据官方说法，强制流放的原因是作为对一些克里米亚鞑靼人与纳粹德国合作的集体惩罚。

俄国合併克里米亚汗国后，一直在俄化这地方与驱逐鞑靼人。不过要1944年才认真执行，这次与以前不同，是全民被驱逐。在5月14日开始行动，32000人內務人民委員部NKVD执行此行动。193865个韃靼人被流放，151136人到达烏兹别克，8597人到馬里埃尔共和国，4286到哈萨克，其余至俄国各地。

1944年5月到11月，死了10,105人。大約30,000人死在途中（20%）。一般说死了46%，其他人在劳改營工作（物业被俄国人接收）。鞑靼人称此次流放为种族灭絕。

1956年，赫鲁晓夫在苏共二十大上批判了斯大林强制迁移少数民族的政策，但由于克里米亚的战略地位对苏联十分重要，苏联政府并未允许克里米亚鞑靼人返回故乡。1989年11月14日，克里米亚最高苏维埃宣布此前强制流放克里米亚鞑靼人的行为是犯罪，此后克里米亚鞑靼人才被允许返回故乡，但地方已被俄羅斯人與烏克蘭人取代。

來源

^ Naimark 2010，第2–14, 126, 135頁.
^ Buckley, Ruble & Hofmann (2008), p. 207
^ Williams 2015，第109頁.
^ Rywkin 1994，第67頁.
^ Ukrainian Congress Committee of America 2004，第43–44頁.
^ Hall 2014，第53頁.
^ Human Rights Watch 1991，第34頁.

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[FOOTNOTENaimark20102–14,_126,_135-1] Naimark 2010，第2–14, 126, 135頁.

[2] Buckley, Ruble & Hofmann (2008), p. 207

[FOOTNOTEWilliams2015109-3] Williams 2015，第109頁.

[FOOTNOTERywkin199467-4] Rywkin 1994，第67頁.

[FOOTNOTEUkrainian_Congress_Committee_of_America200443–44-5] Ukrainian Congress Committee of America 2004，第43–44頁.

[FOOTNOTEHall201453-6] Hall 2014，第53頁.

[FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch199134-7] Human Rights Watch 1991，第34頁.

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克里米亚鞑靼人強制流放
蘇聯的人口轉移和第二次世界大戰的一部分
建於葉夫帕托里亞的流放紀念館（左上）在基輔的紀念儀式（右上）塔拉斯舍甫琴科公園紀念集會（左中）流放時使用的家畜列車仿製品（右中）比較克里米亞1939年和2001年人口的統計地圖（下）
位置	克里米亞半島
日期	1944/05/18 - 05/20
目標	克里米亞韃靼人
類型	強迫人口轉移、種族清洗、種族滅絕^[1]
受害者	估計人數 a) 34,000人^[2] b) 40,000 - 44,000人^[3] c) 42,000人^[4] d) 45,000人^[5] e) 109,956人^[6] f) 191,044人 (佔總人口數的18 % - 46 %^[7])
主謀	內務人民委員部、蘇聯秘密警察