劳斯莱斯压水反应堆 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
劳斯莱斯压水反应堆(Rolls-Royce pressurised water reactor;简称:Rolls-Royce PWR)是英国皇家海军委托劳斯莱斯为该国核潜艇设计的压水反应堆,最初使用于勇士级攻击核潜艇[1]。现共开发三代,即PWR1、PWR2、PWR3。
PWR1
[编辑]1958年美英共同防御协定下的技术转让最终使劳斯莱斯在反应堆设计方面完全自给自足[2]。PWR1采用纯英国设计的堆芯和反应堆装置,1965年达到臨界質量,比计划晚了四年[3]。
反应堆燃料是浓缩度在93%到97%之间的高浓缩铀。每个核芯的寿命约为10年,因此在潜艇的使用寿命期间必须进行两次左右的燃料补给。[4][5]
潜艇
[编辑]- Core A[1]
- 勇士级
- Valiant
- Warspite
- 决心级
- Resolution
- Repulse
- Renown
- Revenge
- 勇士级
- Core B[1]
- 丘吉尔级
- Churchill
- Conqueror
- Courageous
- 丘吉尔级
- Core Z[1]
- 快速级
- Swiftsure
- Sovereign
- Superb
- Sceptre
- Spartan
- Splendid
- 特拉法尔加级
- Trafalgar
- Turbulent
- Tireless
- Torbay
- Trenchant
- Talent
- Triumph
- 快速级
PWR2
[编辑]PWR2是为前卫级核潜艇开发的,第一座PWR2反应堆于1985年完成,并于1987年8月在伏尔甘核反应堆测试中心(Vulcan Naval Reactor Test Establishment)开始测试。
反应堆燃料是浓缩度在93%到97%之间的濃縮鈾。PWR2反应堆堆芯“Core H”的使用寿命约为30年,无需更换燃料[4][5] 。
2009年11月,国防核安全监管机构(Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator)对PWR2进行安全评估,2011年3月报告发布[6][7]。报告认为该反应堆在即冷却剂流失事故和应急反应堆关闭后的潜艇深度控制这两个方面做得不好[8][7],PWR2“可能容易受到主电路结构故障的影响”,会对船员和公众造成重大安全隐患[7][9]。
2012年1月,PWR2试验反应堆的冷却水中检测到辐射,这是由燃料包壳的微小裂口引起的。这一发现导致了前卫号潜艇不得不提前补充燃料。应急措施耗资2.7亿英镑。此事直到2014年才向公众披露[10][11]。
潜艇
[编辑]- Core H[1]
- 无畏级
- Vanguard
- Victorious
- Vigilant
- Vengeance
- 机敏级
- Astute
- Ambush
- Artful
- Audacious
- Anson
- Agamemnon
- Agincourt
- 无畏级
PWR3
[编辑]PWR3“基于美国设计但使用英国反应堆技术”[12][13]。皇家海军建筑师学会报告称,英国很可能获得了美国海军在其弗吉尼亚级核潜艇中使用的S9G反应堆设计[14]。与PWR2相比,其使用寿命更长,维护需求更低,成本与PWR2b(PWR2的改进版)大致相同[15]。与PWR2相比,PWR3的零件数量也减少了30%[16]。
2011年3月,国防部长霍理林对PWR3表示认可[17][18] 。2011年5月,国防部宣布PWR3将用于继承者级潜艇(2016年改名为無畏級)[15]。与PWR2相比,PWR3每艘船的购买和运营成本高出约5000万英镑,但这些成本可以被PWR3更长的寿命抵消[15]。PWR3使用了计算建模测试,不需要建造测试反应堆[19][20]。因此,劳斯莱斯运营的伏尔甘反应堆测试中心于2015年关闭。
潜艇
[编辑]- 无畏级
- HMS Dreadnought
- HMS Valiant
- HMS Warspite
- HMS King George VI
- SSN(R)级(设计中)
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Asst Chief Engineer - Astute Christopher Palmer. Management of Key Technologies in the UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme (PDF). Rolls-Royce Submarines. [29 September 2021]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-15).
- ^ Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław. Conway's all the world's fighting ships, 1947-1995. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. 1995: 529. ISBN 1557501327.
- ^ Daniels, R.J. The End Of An Era: The Memoirs Of a Naval Constructor. Periscope Publishing. 2004: 135–136, 153 [25 April 2017]. ISBN 1-904381-18-9. (原始内容存档于2022-04-08).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Ritchie 2015,第3-6頁.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 King, S J; Putte, D Vande. Identification and Description of UK Radioactive Wastes and Materials Potentially Requiring Long-term Management. Nirex Report N/085. UK Nirex Ltd: Didcot. July 2003: 17–19 [21 September 2021]. ISBN 1840293306. (原始内容存档于2021-10-09).
- ^ Rob Edwards. Flaws in nuclear submarine reactors could be fatal, secret report warns. The Guardian. 10 March 2011 [28 March 2011]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-10).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 McFarlane, Head of the Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator Cdre Andrew. Annex B: Successor SSBN - Safety Regulator's advice on the selection of the propulsion plant in support of the future deterrent (4 November 2009) DNSR/22/11/2 (PDF). (09)62. Defence Board. 2009 [29 September 2021]. Released under FOI. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-04-17).
- ^ Joseph Watts. Expert warned MoD on safety of Rolls-Royce nuclear sub reactors. Derby Telegraph. 11 March 2011 [28 March 2011]. (原始内容存档于18 September 2012).
- ^ PWR3 Reactor chosen for Trident. defencemanagement.com. 18 May 2011. (原始内容存档于22 July 2011).
- ^ Nuclear submarine to get new core after test reactor problem. BBC. 6 March 2014 [8 March 2014]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-07).
- ^ David Maddox. MoD accused of Dounreay radiation leak cover-up. The Scotsman. 8 March 2014 [8 March 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09).
- ^ Hollinshead, Dr P; MacKinder, A P. Annex A: Successor Submarine Project Review Note (24 November 2009) (PDF). (09)62. Defence Board. 2009 [29 September 2021]. Released under FOI. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-04-17).
- ^ Safety paramount for RN nuclear submarine reactors (PDF). Defence Codex: The Magazine for Defence Engineering and Science (Ministry of Defence). Autumn 2011, (9): 15. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于13 October 2011).
- ^ Turner, Julian. Deep impact: inside the UK's new Successor-Class nuclear submarine. Naval Technology. 29 July 2013 [29 September 2021]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-03).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 The United Kingdom's Future Nuclear Deterrent: The Submarine Initial Gate Parliamentary Report (PDF) (报告). Ministry of Defence: 5. May 2011 [2013-10-12]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-10-28).
- ^ Nuclear – Engineering Excellence (PDF). Rolls-Royce. 2016 [1 October 2021]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-04-24).
- ^ Severin Carrell. Navy to axe 'Fukushima type' nuclear reactors from submarines. The Guardian. 23 March 2011 [28 March 2011]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-14).
- ^ Trident Replacement Programme. UK Parliament. House of Commons. 14 March 2011 [29 September 2021]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-10).
- ^ Grimes, Professor Robin; Ion, Professor Dame Sue; Sherry, Professor Andrew. Royal Navy Nuclear Reactor Test Facility Review (PDF) (报告). 28 October 2014 [29 September 2021]. Released under FOI. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-25).
- ^ Submarine reactor testing to end at Vulcan (PDF). Desider: The Magazine for Defence Equipment and Support (Ministry of Defence). December 2011, (43): 10. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于6 December 2011).
扩展阅读
[编辑]- Jones, Gareth. The Development of Nuclear Propulsion in the Royal Navy, 1946-1975 (PDF) (学位论文). University of Plymouth. September 2019 [29 September 2021]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-04-08).