标准状况 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书

标准状况（英語：standard temperature and pressure, STP，标准温度与标准压力），简称「标况」。由於地表各處的溫度、壓力皆不同，即使是同一地點的溫度壓强也隨測量時間不同而相異，因此為研究方便，制定出描述物質特徵的標準狀況。

在化学领域，国际纯化学和应用化学联合会（IUPAC）在1982年改变了标准温度和标准压力（STP）的定义：

在1982年以前，标准状况定义为0 ℃（273.15 K）、101325 / 10⁵ Pa（1 atm）。1摩尔的理想氣體在STP下占有的體積為22.414升（L）。

自1982年以来，标准状况定义为0 ℃（273.15 K）、100kPa，這樣的定義接近海平面上水的冰點。1摩尔的理想氣體在STP下占有的體積為22.710953（21）L(CODATA 2010)，為標準摩尔體積（standard molar volume）。這是区别一般条件而制定的标准。

历史上由巴黎制定的通行欧洲的舊制標準如下：

压强p = 1 atm = 101325 帕斯卡 = 1013.25 hPa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar.
温度T = 298.15 K ≙ 25 °C，空气密度ρ = 1.184 kg/m³.

现在也使用T = 293.15 K ≙ 20 °C 空气密度ρ = 1.204 kg/m³.

在化学和生物化学中另外还包括定义的观察反应物浓度，一般情况下为1mol/L（1 M）。^{[來源請求]}在生物化学中只有氢离子例外（H⁺）。限定pH为7，即10^-7 mol/l H⁺离子浓度用于准生理条件描述，肌体条件，细胞内部条件等。

当前使用的标准状况

世界各地的组织目前正在使用许多不同的标准状况定义。下表列出了其中的一些。其中一些组织过去使用过其他标准。例如，自1982年以来，IUPAC将标准参考条件定义为0°C和100 kPa（1 bar），而其旧标准为0°C和101.325 kPa（1 atm）。

**标准状况參考條件**
溫度	絕對壓力	相对湿度	出版或創立者
°C	kPa	% RH	出版或創立者
0	100.000		IUPAC（1982年之后正在使用的定義）
0	101.325		IUPAC（1982年以前使用的定義）NIST^[1], ISO 10780^[2]
15	101.325	0^[3]^[4]	ICAO's ISA，^[3]ISO 13443,^[4] EEA，^[5] EGIA^[6]
20	101.325		EPA，^[7] NIST^[8]
25	101.325		EPA^[9]
25	100.000		SATP^[10]
20	100.000	0	CAGI^[11]
15	100.000		SPE^[12]
°F	psi	% RH
60	14.696		SPE,^[12] U.S. OSHA，^[13] SCAQMD^[14]
60	14.73		EGIA,^[6] OPEC，^[15] U.S. EIA^[16]
59	14.503	78	U.S. Army Standard Metro^[17]^[18]
59	14.696	60	ISO 2314, ISO 3977-2^[19]
°F	in Hg	% RH
70	29.92	0	AMCA，^[20]^[21] air density = 0.075 lbm/ft³. This AMCA standard applies only to air.

注釋：

EGIA：加拿大电力和燃气检验法
SATP：标准的环境压力和温度
SCAQMD：加州南海岸空气质量管理区

气体摩尔体积

当表示气体的摩尔体积时，要指明适用的温度和压力条件。在不指明温度和压力条件的情况下，说明气体的摩尔体积几乎没有意义并且可能引起混淆。

通过使用理想气体定律，可以计算在标准状况下的气体摩尔体积。任何理想气体的摩尔体积可以在各种标准参考条件下计算，如下所示：

V_m = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm³/mol （在 0 °C 和 101.325 kPa 下）
V_m = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 100.000 = 22.711 dm³/mol （在 0 °C 和 100 kPa 下）
V_m = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 101.325 = 24.466 dm³/mol （在25 °C 和 101.325 kPa 下）
V_m = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 100.000 = 24.790 dm³/mol （在25 °C 和 100 kPa 下）
V_m = 10.7316 × 519.67 / 14.730 = 378.61 ft³/lbmol （在60 °F 和 14.73 psi 下）

参看

吉布斯能

參考資料

^ NIST. NIST Standard Reference Database 7 – NIST Electron and Positron Stopping Powers of Materials Database. 1989 [2008-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-29）. If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas, the density will be assumed given by M/V, where M is the gram molecular weight of the gas and V is the mol volume of 22414 cm³ at standard conditions（0 deg C and 1 atm）.
^ 14:00-17:00. ISO 10780:1994. ISO. [2022-10-15] （英语）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Robert C. Weast (Editor). Handbook of Physics and Chemistry 56th. CRC Press. 1975: F201–F206. ISBN 0-87819-455-X.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 "Natural gas – Standard reference conditions", ISO 13443, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland ISO Standards Catalogue （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ "Extraction, First Treatment and Loading of Liquid & Gaseous Fossil Fuels", Emission Inventory Guidebook B521, Activities 050201 - 050303, September 1999, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark Emission Inventory Guidebook^{[永久失效連結]}
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 "Electricity and Gas Inspection Act", SOR/86-131（defines a set of standard conditions for Imperial units and a different set for metric units） Canadian Laws （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ "Standards of Performance for New Sources", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 60, Section 60.2, 1990 New Source Performance Standards （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Wright, J.D.; Johnson, A.N.; Moldover, M.R. Design and uncertainty analysis for a PVTt gas flow standard (PDF). Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2003-01, 108 (1) [2022-10-15]. ISSN 1044-677X. PMC 4844527 . PMID 27413592. doi:10.6028/jres.108.004. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-21）.
^ "National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 50, Section 50.3, 1998 National Ambient Air Standards （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ "Table of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties", National Bureau of Standards（NBS）,Journal of Physics and Chemical Reference Data, 1982, Vol. 11, Supplement 2.
^ "Glossary", 2002, Compressed Air and Gas Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Glossary 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-10-28.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-12-20. 1984, Richardson, TX, USA（Notes for Table 2.3 on page 25 define standard cubic foot and standard cubic meter）
^ "Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" and "Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia", 29 CFR--Labor, Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Part 1910, Sect. 1910.110 and 1910.111, 1993 Storage/Handling of LPG 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2006-07-19.
^ "Rule 102, Definition of Terms（Standard Conditions）", Amended December 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Los Angeles, California, USA SCAQMD Rule 102 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-12-19.
^ "Annual Statistical Bulletin", 2004, Editor-in-chief: Dr. Omar Ibrahim, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Vienna, Austria OPEC Statistical Bulletin 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-12-19.
^ "Natural Gas Annual 2004", DOE/EIA-0131（04）,December 2005, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, D.C., USA Natural Gas Annual 2004 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Sierra Bullets L.P. Chapter 3 – Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions. Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition. [2008-12-20]. （原始内容存档于2006-03-09）. "Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions", Exterior Ballistics Section, Sierra's "Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition", Sedalia, MO, USA Exterior Ballistics （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ The pressure is specified as 750 mmHg. However, the mmHg is temperature dependant, as mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0-20 °C range are given.
^ "Gas turbines – Procurement – Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings", ISO 3977-2:1997 and "Gas turbines - Acceptance tests", ISO 2314:1989, Edition 2, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland ISO （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ ANSI/AMCA Standard 210, "Laboratory Methods Of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating", as implied here: http://www.greenheck.com/pdf/centrifugal/Plug.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） when accessed on October 17, 2007
^ The standard is given as 29.92 inHg at an unspecified temperature. This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, converted into ~29.921 inHg at 32 °F)

外部連結

"STP （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" from the IUPAC Gold Book.
"Standard conditions for gases （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" from the IUPAC Gold Book.
Molar volume of an ideal gas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（CODATA 2010 values）
Online ICAO Atmosphere calculator for aviators http://www.aviation.ch/tools-atmosphere.asp （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[NISTDataBase7-1] NIST. NIST Standard Reference Database 7 – NIST Electron and Positron Stopping Powers of Materials Database. 1989 [2008-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-29）. If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas, the density will be assumed given by M/V, where M is the gram molecular weight of the gas and V is the mol volume of 22414 cm³ at standard conditions（0 deg C and 1 atm）.

[ISO10780-2] 14:00-17:00. ISO 10780:1994. ISO. [2022-10-15] （英语）.

[Handbook-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Robert C. Weast (Editor). Handbook of Physics and Chemistry 56th. CRC Press. 1975: F201–F206. ISBN 0-87819-455-X.

[ISO13443-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "Natural gas – Standard reference conditions", ISO 13443, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland ISO Standards Catalogue （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[EEA-5] "Extraction, First Treatment and Loading of Liquid & Gaseous Fossil Fuels", Emission Inventory Guidebook B521, Activities 050201 - 050303, September 1999, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark Emission Inventory Guidebook^{[永久失效連結]}

[EGIA-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "Electricity and Gas Inspection Act", SOR/86-131（defines a set of standard conditions for Imperial units and a different set for metric units） Canadian Laws （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[NSPS-7] "Standards of Performance for New Sources", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 60, Section 60.2, 1990 New Source Performance Standards （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[NISTJournal-8] Wright, J.D.; Johnson, A.N.; Moldover, M.R. Design and uncertainty analysis for a PVTt gas flow standard (PDF). Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2003-01, 108 (1) [2022-10-15]. ISSN 1044-677X. PMC 4844527 . PMID 27413592. doi:10.6028/jres.108.004. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-21）.

[NAAQS-9] "National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 50, Section 50.3, 1998 National Ambient Air Standards （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[NBS-10] "Table of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties", National Bureau of Standards（NBS）,Journal of Physics and Chemical Reference Data, 1982, Vol. 11, Supplement 2.

[CAGI-11] "Glossary", 2002, Compressed Air and Gas Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Glossary 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-10-28.

[SPE-12] 12.0 ^12.1 The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-12-20. 1984, Richardson, TX, USA（Notes for Table 2.3 on page 25 define standard cubic foot and standard cubic meter）

[OSHA-13] "Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" and "Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia", 29 CFR--Labor, Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Part 1910, Sect. 1910.110 and 1910.111, 1993 Storage/Handling of LPG 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2006-07-19.

[SCAQMD-14] "Rule 102, Definition of Terms（Standard Conditions）", Amended December 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Los Angeles, California, USA SCAQMD Rule 102 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-12-19.

[OPEC-15] "Annual Statistical Bulletin", 2004, Editor-in-chief: Dr. Omar Ibrahim, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Vienna, Austria OPEC Statistical Bulletin 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-12-19.

[EIA-16] "Natural Gas Annual 2004", DOE/EIA-0131（04）,December 2005, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, D.C., USA Natural Gas Annual 2004 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[ArmyStdMetro-17] Sierra Bullets L.P. Chapter 3 – Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions. Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition. [2008-12-20]. （原始内容存档于2006-03-09）. "Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions", Exterior Ballistics Section, Sierra's "Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition", Sedalia, MO, USA Exterior Ballistics （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[18] The pressure is specified as 750 mmHg. However, the mmHg is temperature dependant, as mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0-20 °C range are given.

[ISO3977-2-19] "Gas turbines – Procurement – Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings", ISO 3977-2:1997 and "Gas turbines - Acceptance tests", ISO 2314:1989, Edition 2, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland ISO （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[AMCA-20] ANSI/AMCA Standard 210, "Laboratory Methods Of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating", as implied here: http://www.greenheck.com/pdf/centrifugal/Plug.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） when accessed on October 17, 2007

[AMCA_note-21] The standard is given as 29.92 inHg at an unspecified temperature. This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, converted into ~29.921 inHg at 32 °F)

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