技术哲学 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
此條目目前正依照其他维基百科上的内容进行翻译。 (2020年3月14日) |
技术哲学(英語:philosophy of technology)是哲学的一大分支,研究技术的本质和它的社会效益。
技术哲学可以追溯到西方哲学的开端,古希腊人关于技术(英語:technology,古希腊语词根:techne)有过一些讨论。[1]“技术哲学”一词的使用则可以追溯到19世纪时德国出生的哲学家和地理学家恩斯特·卡普,他的作品《技术哲学原理》(德語:Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik)。[2][3]
历史
[编辑]古希腊哲学
[编辑]西方术语“技术”一词来源于古希腊语中的“技艺”(τέχνη),其含义是知识的艺术或技巧。同样,当今对于技术的哲学观点,也都可以追溯到古希腊哲学,西方哲学的根源。
古希腊哲学中,对于技艺的观点是这样的:技艺来源于对自然的摹仿(例如,编织的技艺来源于观看蜘蛛)。古希腊哲学家赫拉克利特和德谟克里特支持这样的观点。[1] 亚里士多德在它的著作《物理学》中也同意经常出现摹仿的情况,但是他认为,技艺可以超越自然,完成“自然不能达到的终点”。[4] 亚里士多德还论证,自然(physis)和技艺在本体论上可以区分,因为自然的东西其产生与运动都有内在的原则支配,也有目的论的最终原因。然而,技艺是由外部的原因以及外部的目的造成。[5]自然事物争取某些结果,从而繁衍生息;然而技艺却不会这样。在柏拉图的《蒂邁歐篇》中,世界被描述为是神圣造物主(巨匠造物主)的创造物,用永恒的样式制作,正如巧匠用蓝图制作事物一样。还有,柏拉图认为在法律篇中论证,工匠应当模仿巨匠造物主。
中世纪到19世纪
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Francis_Bacon%2C_Viscount_St_Alban_from_NPG_%282%29.jpg/220px-Francis_Bacon%2C_Viscount_St_Alban_from_NPG_%282%29.jpg)
罗马帝国时代和古典时代后期(late antiquity),有很多著作诸如《维特鲁威》的《建筑十书》(前1世纪)、阿格里科拉的《坤舆格致》(1556)等等。中世纪经院哲学普遍支持传统中对于技术的观念,认为是对自然的摹仿。文艺复兴时期,弗兰西斯·培根成为了社会上第一个反映技术影响力的作家。在他的乌托邦著作《新亚特兰蒂斯》(1627)中,培根阐述了他这样一个乐观的世界观,虚构了萨洛门的房子,用自然哲学和技术去扩展人对自然的能力(power),从而构建更好的社会,提高人的生活水平等等。
19世纪
[编辑]德国哲学家和地理学家恩斯特·卡普,在1877年发表了作品《科技哲学原理》(德語:Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik)。[3]卡普深深地被黑格尔影响,认为技艺是人类感官的投射。在欧洲语境下,卡普是技术哲学的奠基人。
另外,19世纪也有很多唯物主义立场,后来到20世纪时十分流行。
20世纪至今
[编辑]20世纪杰出的技术哲学家,对当代技术产生了重要影响。举例来说,有约翰·杜威、马丁·海德格尔、赫伯特·马尔库塞、君特·安德斯 和汉娜·阿伦特。他们都意识到,技术对于当代生活来说是核心的东西。但是海德格尔、安德斯[6]、阿伦特[7]和马尔库塞他们四人,相比杜威来说是喜忧参半和批判的。海德格尔的问题是科技的隐藏本质,他的主要作品可参见《关于技术的问题》。
当代对科技感兴趣的哲学家,还包括:尚·布希亞、Albert Borgmann、Andrew Feenberg、兰登·温纳、唐娜·哈拉维、Avital Ronell、Brian Holmes、Don Ihde、布鲁诺·拉图尔、Paul Levinson、Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla、Carl Mitcham、Leo Marx、西蒙東、劉易斯·芒福德、雅克·埃吕尔、贝尔纳·斯蒂格勒、保羅·維希留、Günter Ropohl、Nicole C. Karafyllis、理查·桑內特、Álvaro Vieira Pinto,以及George Grant。
Technology and neutrality
[编辑]技术决定论 is the idea that "features of technology [determine] its use and the role of a progressive society was to adapt to [and benefit from] technological change."[8] The alternative perspective would be social determinism which looks upon society being at fault for the "development and deployment"[9] of technologies. Lelia Green used recent gun massacres such as the Port Arthur Massacre and the 鄧伯蘭完全中學校園大屠殺 to selectively show technological determinism and 社會決定論. According to Green, a technology can be thought of as a neutral entity only when the sociocultural context and issues circulating the specific technology are removed. It will be then visible to us that there lies a relationship of social groups and power provided through the possession of technologies.
参见
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Franssen, Maarten; Lokhorst, Gert-Jan; van de Poel, Ibo; Zalta, Edward N., Ed. Philosophy of Technology. [[史丹佛哲學百科全書|]]. Spring 2010 [May 15, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-05).
- ^ Marquit, Erwin. Philosophy of Technology. 1995 [25 September 2015]. (原始内容存档于15 October 2015). Section 2, paragraph 10. Published in vol. 13 of the Encyclopedia of Applied Physics (entry “Technology, Philosophy of”), pp. 417–29. VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1995.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 * Ernst Kapp: Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik. Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Cultur aus neuen Gesichtspunkten (Braunschweig/Brunswick 1877, Reprint Düsseldorf 1978, Engl. Translation Chicago 1978).
- ^ Aristotle, Physics II.8, 199a15
- ^ Aristotle, Physics II
- ^ # The Outdatedness of Human Beings 1. On the Soul in the Era of the Second Industrial Revolution. 1956 # The Outdatedness of Human Beings 2. On the Destruction of Life in the Era of the Third Industrial Revolution.
- ^ Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition, 1958.
- ^ Green, Lelia. Technoculture. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. 2001: 2.
- ^ Green, Lelia. Technoculture. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. 2001: 3.
推荐阅读
[编辑]- 书籍
- Vallor, Shannon. (2016). Technology and the Virtues. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190498511
- Joseph Agassi (1985) Technology: Philosophical and Social Aspects, Episteme, Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 90-277-2044-4.
- Hans Achterhuis (2001) American Philosophy of Technology Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33903-4
- Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen and Evan Selinger (2006) Philosophy of Technology: 5 Questions. New York: Automatic Press / VIP. website (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen and Vincent F. Hendricks (2009) A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology. Wiley-Blackwell. [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) ISBN 978-1-4051-4601-2
- Borgmann, Albert (1984) Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-06628-8
- Drengson, A. (1995). The Practice of Technology: Exploring Technology, Ecophilosophy, and Spiritual Disciplines for Vital Links, State University of New York Press, ISBN 079142670X.
- Dusek, V. (2006). Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 1405111631.
- Ellul, Jacques (1964), The Technological Society. Vintage Books.
- Michael Eldred (2000) 'Capital and Technology: Marx and Heidegger' (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Left Curve No.24, May 2000 ISSN 0160-1857 (Ver. 3.0 2010). Original German edition Kapital und Technik: Marx und Heidegger (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Roell Verlag, Dettelbach, 2000 117 pp. ISBN 3-89754-171-8.
- Michael Eldred (2009) 'Critiquing Feenberg on Heidegger's Aristotle and the Question Concerning Technology' (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Feenberg, Andrew (1999) Questioning Technology. Routledge Press. ISBN 978-0-415-19754-0
- Ferre, F. (1995). Philosophy of Technology, University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0820317616.
- Green, Lelia (2001) Technoculture: From Alphabet to Cybersex. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest pp 1–2
- Heidegger, Martin (1977) The Question Concerning Technology. Harper and Row.
- Hickman, Larry (1992) John Dewey's Pragmatic Technology. Indiana University Press.
- Eric Higgs, Andrew Light and David Strong. (2000). Technology and the Good Life. Chicago University Press.
- Christoph Hubig, Alois Huning, Günter Ropohl (2000) Nachdenken über Technik. Die Klassiker der Technikphilosophie. Berlin: edition sigma. 2nd ed. 2001.
- Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011).Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, ISBN 0865717044, 464 pp.
- Ihde, D. (1998). Philosophy of Technology, Paragon House, ISBN 1557782733.
- Pitt, Joseph C. (2000). Thinking About Technology. Seven Bridges Press.
- David M. Kaplan, ed. (2004) Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Manuel de Landa War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. (1991). Zone Books. ISBN 978-0-942299-75-5.
- Levinson, Paul (1988) Mind at Large: Knowing in the Technological Age. JAI Press.
- Lyotard, Jean-François (1984) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. University of Minnesota Press.
- 馬素·麥克魯漢.
- The Gutenberg Galaxy. (1962). Mentor
- Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. (1964). McGraw Hill.
- Nechvatal, Joseph (2009) Towards an Immersive Intelligence: Essays on the Work of Art in the Age of Computer Technology and Virtual Reality (1993–2006). Edgewise Press.
- Nechvatal, Joseph (2009) Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
- Nye, David. (2006). Technology Matters. 麻省理工学院出版社. ISBN 978-0-262-64067-1
- Marshall Poe. (2011) A History of Communications. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-107-00435-1
- Scharff, Robert C. and Val Dusek eds. (2003). Philosophy of Technology: The Technological Condition. An Anthology. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22219-4
- Seemann, Kurt. (2003). Basic Principles in Holistic Technology Education. Journal of Technology Education (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), V14.No.2.
- Shaw, Jeffrey M. (2014). Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1625640581.
- Simondon, Gilbert.
- Du mode d'existence des objets techniques. (1958). (法文)
- L'individu et sa genèse physico-biologique (l'individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d'information), (1964). Paris PUF (法文)
- 贝尔纳·斯蒂格勒, (1998). Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus. Stanford University Press.
- Winner, Langdon. (1977). Autonomous Technology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-23078-0
- Anthonie Meijers (编). Philosophy of technology and engineering sciences. Handbook of the Philosophy of Science 9. Elsevier. 2009. ISBN 978-0-444-51667-1.
- 论文
- 唐娜·哈拉维. "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-‐Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century’." The Cybercultures Reader, Routledge, London (2000): 291.
- Kingsnorth, Paul (30 December 2015). The keyboard and the spade (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), in 新政治家
外部链接
[编辑]期刊
[编辑]- Ends and Means
- NetFuture - Technology and Human Responsibility (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
网址
[编辑]- Reydon, Thomas A.C. Philosophy of Technology. 《互联网哲学百科全书》.
- Franssen, Maarten; Lokhorst, Gert-Jan; Poel, Ibo van de. Philosophy of Technology. 扎尔塔, 爱德华·N (编). 《斯坦福哲学百科全书》.
- 技术哲学机构 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 哲学与技术 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 技术哲学论文,Frank Edler (死链)
- Filozofia techniki: problematyka, nurty, trudności (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Rafal Lizut
研究计划
[编辑]- MA programma Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Society at the University of Twente in the Netherlands (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
|
|
|
|