普遍文法 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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普遍文法(英語:universal grammar,縮寫為 UG),又譯為普遍語法,一種語言學理論,最有名的提倡者為喬姆斯基。這個理論認為在人類能夠學習到各種文法的普遍能力,是內建在大腦中的。它可以用來解釋語言習得的一般過程,說明兒童在發展語言時,使用同一個法則,來學習不同的語言。
這個想法最早可以追溯到英國的哲學家培根。最早提出這個理論的語言學家,是喬姆斯基、薩丕爾、與理查德·蒙塔古。
培根及早期哲學家
[编辑]喬姆斯基的理論
[编辑]20世纪80年代初,乔姆斯基和其他一些语言学家提出了普遍语法理论,也称为原则与参数理论。
喬姆斯基認為,人類的大腦,只使用幾組固定的規則來組織語言。所以,他假設所有的語言,在底層都擁有相同的文法結構。這幾組有限的規則,稱為普遍文法(universal grammar)。
他们认为,普遍语法是人类所特有的语言知识体系,存在于正常人的大脑中。根据这一原则和参数体系,普遍语法包括一套普遍原则,利用这些原则,可以不断合成短语;普遍语法还含有一系列参数,这些参数可以帮助和指导普遍原则更好地操作。
參考文獻
[编辑]- Ambridge, Ben; Lieven, Elena V. M. Child Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-521-76804-7.
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- "Of Universal Grammar". In "Grammar". Encyclopædia Britannica, (1771).
- Pesetsky, David. "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.
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- Tomasello, M. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01030-2.
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- Zuidema, Willem. How the poverty of stimulus solves the poverty of stimulus. "Evolution of Language: Fourth International Conference", Harvard University, March 2002.
- http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000100 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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- Christiansen, M. H.; Chater, N. (2008): Language as shaped by the brain. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31(05): 489–509 (PDF-Datei; 928 kB)
- Evans, N.; Levinson, S. C. (2009): The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(05): 429–448 (PDF-Datei; 717 kB)
- Tomasello, M. (1995): Language is not an instinct. In: Cognitive Development, 10, 131–156 (PDF-Datei; 1,9 MB)
- Tomasello, Michael: Constructing a Language. A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquistion. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003.
- Evans, Vyvyan: The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not an Instinct. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-61975-3.
外部連結
[编辑]- Pesetsky, David. "Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Ed. Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999.
参见
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