盲鰻科 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
盲鳗科![]() 化石时期: | |
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六鰓黏盲鰻 Eptatretus hexatrema | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 圆口纲 Cyclostomata |
目: | 盲鳗目 Myxiniformes |
科: | 盲鳗科 Myxinidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
亚科及屬[1] | |
见内文 | |
異名 | |
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盲鰻科(學名:Myxini),也稱盲鰻目(學名:Myxiniformes)、穿口蓋目(學名:Hyperotreti),是一类海洋脊椎動物,在食物链上屬於食腐动物。過去是無頜總綱之下的一目,現在則是無頜總綱下的圓口綱下的一亞綱。
分布
[编辑]盲鰻廣泛分布於全球三大洋的溫帶、亞熱帶和熱帶的海域,几乎所有的种类生活在大陆架边缘的深海中。[3]
特徵
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NIE_1905_Hagfish_-_Myxine_glutinosa.jpg/220px-NIE_1905_Hagfish_-_Myxine_glutinosa.jpg)
盲鰻目是唯一已知的有頭骨但沒有脊椎的活體動物,儘管它們確實有未發育的椎骨,其的外形裸露且光滑柔軟,有一個半規管和嗅囊,在上皮組織有數個皮摺,嗅神經束是分離的,魚體前半段為圓柱狀,後半段則較側扁,如蛇狀。具有軟骨質頭骨和由角蛋白組成的齒狀結構。體色從粉紅色到藍灰色,可能存在黑色或白色斑點。其屬於早期具有感光能力之魚類,3隻眼睛受皮層包覆,只能測光暗而沒有視野可言;沒有明顯的骨骼、頭部跟眼肌,故只能靠口部有幾根肉質狀的短鬚來辨識。盲鰻的嘴在軟骨板上有兩對角質的梳狀牙齒,可以伸縮,這些牙齒用於抓住食物並將其拉向咽部[4],身體側的外鰓孔大約1至16对,黏液腺發達,受刺激時會分泌大量黏液以防禦捕食者[5]。同時也是现存脊椎動物中较原始的一类,沒有上下頷,和近親八目鰻一樣口部都呈圓形,主要以生病、行動緩慢的魚類作為覓食對象。已知最古老的化石出現於大約3.1億年前的晚石炭世,現代典型代表種首次記錄在大約1億年前的白堊紀中期。
黏液
[编辑]盲鰻可以從專門的黏液孔分泌大量的乳狀纖維狀黏液,當釋放到海水中時,黏液會在0.4秒內膨脹到原來大小的10,000倍[6],盲鰻分泌的黏液具有非常細的纖維,使其比其他動物分泌的黏液更耐用、更易保持[7]。纖維由蛋白質製成,也使黏液變得柔韌。如果被掠食者抓住,可以迅速釋放大量黏液來逃脫。如果它們仍然被捕獲,可以將自己打成一個反手結,然後從動物的頭部到尾部,刮掉粘液並將自己從捕獲者手中解救出來。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hagfish_Slime_Predator_Deterrence.jpg/220px-Hagfish_Slime_Predator_Deterrence.jpg)
眼睛
[编辑]盲鰻的眼睛缺乏水晶體、眼外肌和更複雜的脊椎動物中常見的三種運動性顱神經,現存盲鰻也沒有頂眼[8][9] ,眼睛部分被軀幹肌肉組織覆蓋。但從出土的化石顯示,在石炭紀出現有複雜眼睛構造的類似盲鰻的脊椎動物,證實盲鰻的眼睛並不是擬形的,而是退化[10][11]。
呼吸
[编辑]盲鰻的呼吸方式通常是透過咽部吸入水,經過軟顎腔,然後將水通過內部鰓囊,根據物種的不同,鰓囊的數量從5對到16對不等[12]。鰓袋單獨打開,但在盲鰻屬(Myxine)魚類中,開口已合併,管道從皮膚下的每個開口向後延伸,在腹側形成一個共同的孔,稱為鰓孔。食道還會透過沒有呼吸組織的咽皮管(食道皮管)連接到左鰓開口,因此左鰓開口比右鰓開口大。此咽皮管用於清除咽部的大顆粒,此功能也部分透過鼻咽管進行。盲鰻還具有發達的真皮毛細血管網絡,當動物埋在缺氧泥漿中時,可為皮膚提供氧氣,並且對缺氧和缺氧具有較高的耐受性,具有發達的無氧代謝[13],皮膚也被認為能夠進行皮膚呼吸[14]。
心臟功能、循環和體液平衡
[编辑]盲鰻是脊椎動物中血壓最低[15]和最原始的液體平衡類型之一就是這些生物。每當細胞外液增加時,血壓就會升高,而腎臟會排出多餘的液體。盲鰻的血液量與體重之比是所有脊索動物中最高的,每100公克體重含有17毫升血液。盲鰻有一顆真正受神經支配的心臟,其循環系統還包括遍佈全身的多個輔助泵,這些泵被認為是輔助「心臟」。
肌肉骨骼系統
[编辑]盲鰻肌肉組織與有頜脊椎動物的不同之處在於,它們既沒有水平隔膜,也沒有垂直隔膜,而在有頜脊椎動物中,隔膜是分隔下軸和軸上肌肉組織的結締組織的連接處。然而,盲鰻確實像所有脊椎動物一樣具有真正的肌節和肌隔。盲鰻的骨骼由頭骨、脊索和尾鰭條組成。第一張盲鰻內骨骼圖由Frederick Cole於1905年繪製。盲鰻的舌器由軟骨基部組成,軟骨基部帶有兩個覆蓋牙齒的板(齒板),並通過一系列大型軟骨軸鉸接。盲鰻的鼻囊相當大,包括襯有軟骨環的纖維鞘。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hagfish_trunk.jpg/220px-Hagfish_trunk.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hagfish_skull_Fig_74_in_Kingsley_1912.png/220px-Hagfish_skull_Fig_74_in_Kingsley_1912.png)
分类
[编辑]- †似盲鳗属 Myxinikela Bardack 1991
- †Myxinikela siroka Bardack, 1991
- †特提斯盲鳗属 Tethymyxine Miyashita, Coates, Farrar, Larson, Manning, Wogelius, Edwards, Anné, Bergmann, Palmer & Currie, 2019
- †Tethymyxine tapirostrum Miyashita, Coates, Farrar, Larson, Manning, Wogelius, Edwards, Anné, Bergmann, Palmer & Currie, 2019
- 紅盲鰻亞科 Rubicundinae Fernholm et al., 2013
- 黏盲鳗亚科 Eptatretinae Bonaparte, 1850
- 黏盲鳗属 Eptatretus Cloquet, 1819
- 盲鳗亚科 Myxininae Nelson, 1976
經濟利用
[编辑]在大多數國家,通常不被食用,但蒲氏黏盲鰻在朝鮮半島和在日本的韓國人中被視為食物。在一些地區,特別是長崎縣和新潟縣,日本人也將其作為當地美食享用,價格昂貴,皆為底拖網捕獲,又皮強韌而柔軟,多用來製作皮帶及錢包,而大量被漁撈,產量逐漸減少。
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参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. Fishes of the World 5th. John Wiley & Sons. 2016. ISBN 9781118342336.
- ^ van der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald. Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa. 2014, 3882 (2): 001–230. ISSN 1175-5326. PMID 25543675. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1.
- ^ 邵廣昭; 陳靜怡. 魚類圖鑑 2003年12月1日初版一刷. 臺北市: 遠流. : 33. ISBN 957-32-5106-X (繁体中文).
- ^ Hyperotreti 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2013-02-06.. Tree of Life
- ^ Zeng, Yu; Plachetzki, David C; Nieders, Kristen; Campbell, Hannah; Cartee, Marissa; Pankey, M Sabrina; Guillen, Kennedy; Fudge, Douglas. Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime. eLife. 2023-03-10, 12. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 10005773
. PMID 36897815. doi:10.7554/eLife.81405
(英语).
- ^ Here’s how hagfish slime gets 10,000 times bigger in 0.4 seconds
- ^ Fudge, Douglas; Levy, Nimrod; Chiu, Scott; Gosline, John. Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005, 208 (24): 4613–4625. PMID 16326943. S2CID 16606815. doi:10.1242/jeb.01963.
- ^ Ostrander, Gary Kent. The Laboratory Fish. Elsevier. 2000: 129–. ISBN 978-0-12-529650-2.
- ^ Keeping an eye on evolution. PhysOrg.com. 2007-12-03 [2007-12-04].
- ^ Gabbott, S.E; Donoghu, P.C; et al, Pigmented anatomy in Carboniferous cyclostomes and the evolution of the vertebrate eye., Proc. R. Soc. B, 2016, 283 (1836): 20161151, PMC 5013770
, PMID 27488650, doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1151
- ^ Bardack, D, First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois, Science, 1991, 254 (5032): 701–3, Bibcode:1991Sci...254..701B, PMID 17774799, S2CID 43062184, doi:10.1126/science.254.5032.701
- ^ Springer, Joseph; Holley, Dennis. An Introduction to Zoology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2012: 376–. ISBN 978-1-4496-9544-6.
- ^ Jørgensen, Jørgen Mørup. The Biology of Hagfishes. Springer Science & Business Media. 1998: 231–. ISBN 978-0-412-78530-6.
- ^ Helfman, Gene; Collette, Bruce B.; Facey, Douglas E.; Bowen, Brian W. The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. 2009: 235–. ISBN 978-1-4443-1190-7.
- ^ Forster, Malcolm E.; Axelsson, Michael; Farrell, Anthony P.; Nilsson, Stefan. Cardiac function and circulation in hagfishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1991-07-01, 69 (7): 1985–1992. ISSN 0008-4301. doi:10.1139/z91-277.
延伸閲讀
[编辑]- Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2011). Myxinidae. FishBase. Version 2011-02.
- Bardack, D. First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Science. 1991, 254 (5032): 701–703. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..701B. PMID 17774799. doi:10.1126/science.254.5032.701.
- Bardack, D.; Richardson, E. S. Jr. New agnathous fishes from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Fieldiana. Geology. 1977, 33: 489–510. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5167.
- Brodal, A. and Fänge, R. (ed.) (1963). The Biology of Myxine, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
- Fernholm, B.; Holmberg, K. The eyes in three genera of hagfish (Eptatretus, Paramyxine and Myxine) – A case of degenerative evolution. Vision Research. 1975, 15 (2): 253–259. PMID 1129982. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(75)90215-1.
- Hardisty, M. W. (1982). Lampreys and hagfishes: Analysis of cyclostome relationships. In The Biology of Lampreys, (ed. M. W. Hardisty and I. C. Potter), Vol.4B, pp. 165–259. Academic Press, London.
- Janvier, P. (1996). Early vertebrates. Oxford Monographs in Geology and Geophysics, 33, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Marinelli, Wilhelm. Vergleichende Anatomie und Morphologie der Wirbeltiere: 2. Lieferung. Myxine glutinosa (L.). Franz Deuticke. 1956.
- Yalden, D.W. Feeding mechanisms as evidence for cyclostome monophyly. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1985, 84 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01802.x.
- Stock, D. W.; Whitt, G. S. Evidence from 18S ribosomal RNA that lampreys and hagfishes form a natural group. Science. 1992, 257 (5071): 787–789. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..787S. PMID 1496398. doi:10.1126/science.1496398.
- Mincarone, Michael M.; Stewart, Andrew L. A new species of giant seven-gilled hagfish (Myxinidae: Eptatretus) from New Zealand. Copeia. 2006, 2006 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[225:ANSOGS]2.0.CO;2.
- J.M. Jørgensen; J.P. Lomholt; R.E. Weber; H. Malte (编). The biology of hagfishes. London: Chapman & Hall. 1997.
- Delarbre, C; et al. Complete Mitochondrial DNA of the Hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: The Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Strongly Supports the Cyclostome Monophyly. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 22 (2): 184–192. PMID 11820840. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1045.
- Bondareva; Schmidt, EE. Early Vertebrate Evolution of the TATA-Binding Protein, TBP. Molecular Biology and Evolution. November 2003, 20 (11): 1932–1939. PMC 2577151
. PMID 12885957. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg205.
- Ewoldt, R. H., Winegard, T. M. and Fudge D. S. (2010). Non-linear viscoelasticity of hagfish slime. Int. J. Lin. Mech. 46: 627–636.
- Fudge, D. (2001). Hagfishes: Champions of Slime Nature Australia, Spring 2001 ed., Australian Museum Trust, Sydney. pp. 61–69.
- Fudge, D. S.; Gardner, K. H.; Forsyth, V. T.; Riekel, C.; Gosline, J. M. The mechanical properties of hydrated intermediate filaments: Insights from hagfish gland thread cells. Biophysical Journal. 2003, 85 (3): 2015–2027. Bibcode:2003BpJ....85.2015F. PMC 1303373
. PMID 12944314. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74629-3.
- Fudge, D. S.; Hillis, S.; Levy, N.; Gosline, J. M. Hagfish slime threads as a biomimetic model for high performance protein fibres (PDF). Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 2010, 5 (3): 1–8. Bibcode:2010BiBi....5c5002F. PMID 20729569. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/5/3/035002.[永久失效連結]
- Fudge, D. S.; Levy, N.; Chiu, S.; Gosline, J. M. Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005, 208 (24): 4613–4625. PMID 16326943. doi:10.1242/jeb.01963.
- Winegard, T. M.; Fudge, D. S. Deployment of hagfish slime thread skeins requires the transmission of mixing forces via mucin strands. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2010, 213 (8): 1235–1240. PMID 20348334. doi:10.1242/jeb.038075.
參閲
[编辑]外部連結
[编辑]- FishBase entry for Myxinidae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- YouTube 5+ minute video of Scripps scientist/diver on hagfish (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Metacafe video of a University of Alberta grad student showing slime production of hagfish while in Bamfield, British Columbia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Beware the hagfish – repeller of sharks 3 News, 28 Oct 2011. Video.
- Hagfish versus sharks : 1-0 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Te Papa Blog, 28 October 2011.
- Teen Spots Hagfish-Slurping Elephant Seal – YouTube (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (2:11)
- What happens when a shark attacks a hagfish – BBC (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (0:39)
- Vancouver Aquarium Hagfish Slime (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 盲鰻科之科解說 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 盲鰻新發現 - 國家地理雜誌
- 盲鰻刺魚蚤 Species Acanthochondria eptatreti Cheng, Luo, Dai & Shih, 2014
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