直布罗陀包围战 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
直布罗陀包围战 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
美国独立战争的一部分 | |||||||
| |||||||
参战方 | |||||||
西班牙 法國 | |||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
喬治·艾略特 羅傑·柯蒂斯[3] 奧古斯特·德拉莫特 | 克里永公爵 科洛梅拉伯爵[4] 路易·德·科爾多瓦 安東尼奧·巴塞洛[3] | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
1779年6月: 5,382人[5] 1782年9月: 7,500人[6](包括500名炮兵)[7] 96门大炮 12艘巡逻舰[8] 总计: 7,500人以上 | 1779年6月: 13,749人[9] 1782年9月: 33,000[10]–35,000名士兵[11] 30,000名水手[12] 114门大炮及迫击炮 [13]; 47艘风帆战列舰[11] 10艘浮动炮台 7艘风帆商船 40艘巡逻舰[9] 总计: 65,000人 | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
2,573人傷亡[14] 996名民兵死亡[14] | 6,000人傷亡[14] 10艘艦沈沒 1艘戰列艦被俘 |
直布罗陀包围战(英语:Great Siege of Gibraltar)是美国独立战争期间的一場戰役,西班牙王國和法蘭西王國为从英国夺取直布罗陀而进行的一场战斗。在围困近四年后直布罗陀仍在英军的控制下,包围战并未能获得成功。
註腳
[编辑]- ^ Syrret 2006,第105頁.
- ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006,第86頁.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Chartrand & Courcelle 2006,第18–22頁.
- ^ Norwich 2006,第394頁.
- ^ Montero 1860,第339頁.
- ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006,第63頁:‘Of 7,500 men in the Gibraltar garrison in September (including 400 in hospital), some 3,430 were always on duty’
- ^ Monti 1852,第133頁.
- ^ Falkner 2009,第156頁.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Montero 1860,第338頁.
- ^ Montero 1860,第356頁.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Chartrand & Courcelle 2006,第79頁.
- ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006,第79 ‘some 30,000 sailors in the combined fleet’頁.
- ^ Chartrand & Courcelle 2006,第49頁.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Clodfelter, Micheal. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. 2017: 132. ISBN 978-0786474707.
參考文獻
[编辑]- Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy. Gibraltar: The Greatest Siege in British History. Hachette UK. 2017. ISBN 9781408708682.
- Allison, David K; Ferreiro, Larrie D (编). The American Revolution: A World War. Smithsonian Institution. 2018 [2022-06-07]. ISBN 9781588346599. (原始内容存档于2022-06-15).
- Bemis, Samuel Flagg. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution. Read Books Ltd. 2012. ISBN 9781447485155.
- Bond, Peter, Gibraltar's Finest Hour: The Great Siege, 1779–1783, 300 Years of British Gibraltar, 1704–2004, Peter-Tan, 2003
- Chartrand, René; Courcelle, Patrice. Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege. Gibraltar: Osprey. 2006 [2022-06-07]. ISBN 978-1-84176-977-6. (原始内容存档于2007-09-27).
- Clodfelter, Micheal. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. McFarland. 2017. ISBN 978-0786474707.
- Cuhaj, George S; Michael, Thomas. 2012 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2001 to Date. Krause Publications. 2011. ISBN 9781440215759.[失效連結]
- Davenport, Frances Gardiner; Paullin, Charles Oscar. European Treaties Bearing On the History of the United States and Its Dependencies 2015. Andesite Press. 1917: 168. ISBN 978-1298827005.
- Davis, Paul K. Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo. Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 9780195219302.
- Drinkwater, John. A history of the siege of Gibraltar: With a description and account of that garrison, from the earliest periods. T. Nelson. 1905.
- Dupuy, Richard Ernest; Hammerman, Gay M; Hayes, Grace P. The American Revolution, a Global War. D. Mckay Company. 1977. ISBN 9780679506485.
- Eggenberger, David. An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present Dover Military History, Weapons, Armor. Courier Corporation. 2012. ISBN 9780486142012.
- Falkner, James, Fire Over The Rock: The Great Siege of Gibraltar 1779–1783, Pen and Sword, 2009, ISBN 9781473814226
- Ferreiro, Larrie D. Brothers at Arms: American Independence and the Men of France and Spain Who Saved It. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2016. ISBN 9781101875254.
- Finlayson, Darren. The fortifications of Gibraltar: 1068–1945. Oxford [u.a.]: Osprey. 2006. ISBN 978-1-84603016-1.
- Gardiner, Robert. Gibraltar: the second relief and after, 1781−1782. Navies and the American Revolution, 1775−1783. Chatham Publishing. 1997. ISBN 1-55750-623-X.
- Hagist, Don N. The Greatest Siege. Journal of the American Revolution. Bruce H. Franklin. 2014 [31 August 2020]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-13).
There were many sieges during the American Revolution …Yorktown … [beginning in 1779] Gibraltar.
- Harding, Richard. The Emergence of Britain's Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739–1748. Boydell & Brewer. 2010. ISBN 9781843835806.
- Harvey, Robert. A Few Bloody Noses: The American Revolutionary War. Robinson. 2004. ISBN 9781841199528.
- Hoock, Holger. Empires of the Imagination: Politics, War, and the Arts in the British World, 1750–1850. Profile Books. 2010. ISBN 9781861978592.
- Hughes, Quentin; Migos, Athanassios. Strong as the Rock of Gibraltar. Gibraltar: Exchange Publications. 1995. OCLC 48491998.
- Kochin, Michael S; Taylor, Michael. An Independent Empire: Diplomacy & War in the Making of the United States. University of Michigan Press. 2020. ISBN 9780472054404.
- Lavery, Brian. Nelson's Victory: 250 Years of War and Peace. Seaforth Publishing. 2015. ISBN 9781473854949.
- Mackesy, Piers. The War for America: 1775–1783. Bison Books. 1992. ISBN 9780803281929.
- Mahan, Arthur T. Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783. Boston: Little, Brown. 1898: 449. OCLC 46778589.
langara.
- Miller, Hunter (编). Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America: 1776-1818 (Documents 1-40) II. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1931 [2022-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-07).
- Montero, Francisco Maria. Historia de Gibraltar y de su campo. Imprenta de la Revista Médica. 1860 (西班牙语).
- Monti, Ángel María. Historia De Gibraltar: Dedicada A SS. AA. RR., Los Serenisimos Señores Infantes Duques De Montpensier. Juan Moyano. 1852 [1 June 2020].
- Morris, Richard Brandon (编). John Jay: The winning of the peace: unpublished papers, 1780-1784 Volume 2. Harper & Row. 1975. ISBN 9780060130480.
- Murphy, Orville T. Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes: French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution, 1719–1787. SUNY Press. 1982. ISBN 9780873954839.
- Norwich, John Julius. The Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean. Random House. 2006.
- Pratt, Julius William. A History of United States Foreign Policy. Prentice-Hall. 1971. ISBN 9780133923162.
- Rodger, Nicholas. The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815. London. 2006.
- Richmond, Herbert William. The Navy in the War of 1739–48: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. 2012. ISBN 9781107690059.
- Simms, Brendan. Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783. Allan Lane. 2007. ISBN 978-0713-99426-1.
- Stephens, Frederic. A history of Gibraltar and its sieges. Provost & Co. 1870.
- Stockley, Andrew. Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782-1783. University of Exeter Press. 2001. ISBN 9780859896153.
- Sugden, John. Nelson: A Dream of Glory. London. 2004. ISBN 022406097X. OCLC 56656695.
- Syrett, David. Admiral Lord Howe: A Biography. London. 2006.
- Uxó, José Palasí. Referencias en torno al bloqueo naval durante los asedios. Almoraima. 2007, (34) (西班牙语).
- Continental Congress: Remarks on the Provisional Peace Treaty. U.S. National Archives. 1783 [15 July 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-21).
- British-American Diplomacy — Preliminary Articles of Peace; November 30, 1782. Yale Law School, Avalon Project. 1782 [15 July 2020]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-08).
- British-American Diplomacy, The Paris Peace Treaty 1783 and Associated Documents. The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. [30 July 2020]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-29).
His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States