端足類 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
端足目![]() 化石时期: | |
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Gammarus roeseli | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
亚门: | 甲殼亞門 Crustacea |
纲: | 软甲纲 Malacostraca |
亚纲: | 真軟甲亞綱 Eumalacostraca |
总目: | 囊蝦總目 Peracarida |
目: | 端足目 Amphipoda Latreille, 1816[1] |
亞目 | |
端足類(學名:Amphipoda),亦作片腳類,是一個沒有甲殼及兩側扁平的目級甲殼類動物。其學名的意思是「不同的足」,是指它們擁有不同的附屬肢形態。它們長1-340毫米不等,棲息在所有的水生環境及一些潮濕的陸生環境。當中有7000個物種,其中5500個被分類到鉤蝦亞目中,其餘的則分到餘下的二或三個亞目。
特徵
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Scheme_amphipod_anatomy-en.svg/300px-Scheme_amphipod_anatomy-en.svg.png)
端足類的身體共分13節,可以分類為頭部、胸部及腹部。[2]頭部與胸部融合,有兩對觸角及一對複眼。[3]頭上亦有一個口器,不過大部份的口器都是隱藏的。[4]胸部及腹部各有不同,且有不類別的腳。它們一般都是兩側扁平的,且沒有甲殼。[3]胸部有八對單肢附足,第一對是輔助口器的,其後四對向前,最後三對向後。[3]鰓位於胸節,循環系統是開放的,擁有心臟,血青蛋白在血淋巴中運送氧至身體組織。觸角上有特別的腺來控制吸收及排出鹽份。[2]腹部分為兩部份:前尾有游泳肢,後尾有尾節及三對腹足,腹足並不會組成尾扇。[3]
端足類一般短於10毫米,但最長活生生的端足類可以達28厘米,是生活在太平洋5300米水深處的地方。[5]於大西洋發現的標本重組後就發現長達34厘米,屬於Alicella gigantea的。[6]最細小的就只有1毫米長。[7]端足類的大小受到溶氧供應的限制,如在海拔3800米的的的喀喀湖中,端足類就可以生長達22毫米;而在海拔455米的貝加爾湖,其中的端足類就長達90毫米。[8]
繁殖及生命周期
[编辑]成熟的雌性有育幼袋,可以帶著受精卵[2],直至幼體孵化為止。[3]雌性的年紀越大就會產更多的卵。卵的死亡率約為25–50%。[2]它們沒有幼體階段,卵會直接孵化出幼生。經過6次脫殼後,它們就達至性成熟。[2]一些物種在脫殼後會吃下自己的殼。[2]
多樣性及分類
[编辑]卡爾·林奈在其第十版的《自然系統》(Systema Naturae)中描述了兩種端足類,不過描述得十分簡單且適用於差不多所有端足類。[9]現時約已描述了7000種端足類,分類在3或4個亞目中。鉤蝦亞目下就包含了多過5500種,包括了所有淡水及陸生物種。[4]英高蟲亞目包含了2科約40種[10],但這類有時被認為是與鉤蝦亞目相同,而非獨立的一個亞目。[4]
端足類因其體型細小而很難辨認,往往都需要將之解剖才能確認。生態及環境研究很多都會將它們混為一談。[11]端足類的分類尚未得到共識,當中以鉤蝦亞目內的關係產生最多混亂。[12]以下是其中一個建議的分類法:[12]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ampelisca_brevicornis.jpg/220px-Ampelisca_brevicornis.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Lepidepecreum_longicornis.jpg/220px-Lepidepecreum_longicornis.jpg)
- 鉤蝦亞目(Gammaridea)
- Ampeliscoidea
- Crangonyctoidea
- Dexaminoidea
- Eusiroidea
- Gammaroidea
- Hadzioidea
- Iphimedioidea
- Kurioidea
- Leucothoidea
- Liljborgioidea
- 琴鈎蝦總科 Lysianassoidea
- Melphidippoidea
- Oedicerotoidea
- Pardaliscoidea
- Phoxocephaloidea
- Stegocephaloidea
- Stenothoidea
- Synopioidea
- Talitroidea
- Thurstonelloidea
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pariambus_typicus.jpg/220px-Pariambus_typicus.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hyperia.jpg/220px-Hyperia.jpg)
- 麥桿蟲亞目(Caprellidea)
- Caprellida
- Caprelloidea
- Phtisicoidea
- Cyamida
- 鯨虱科(Cyamidae)
- 𧊕亞目(Hyperiidea)
- 体箱𧊕次目(Physosomata)
- 頭箱𧊕次目(Physocephalata)
- 端足目包括以下科:
- Acanthogammaridae
- Acanthonotozomatidae
- Acanthonotozomellidae
- Acidostomatidae
- Adeliellidae
- Aetiopedesidae
- Alicellidae
- Allocrangonyctidae
- Amaryllididae
- Amathillopsidae
- Ambasiidae
- Ampeliscidae
- Amphilochidae
- Amphithyridae
- 藻钩虾科 Ampithoidae
- Anapronoidae
- 异钩虾科 Anisogammaridae
- Aoridae
- Archaeoscinidae
- Arcitalitridae
- Argissidae
- Aristiidae
- Artesiidae
- Astyridae
- Atylidae
- Australomicroprotopidae
- Austroniphargidae
- Baikalogammaridae
- Bateidae
- Bathyporeiidae
- Behningiellidae
- Bogidiellidae
- Bolttsiidae
- Bougisidae
- Brachyscelidae
- Brevitalitridae
- Calliopiidae
- 麦秆虫科 Caprellidae
- Caprellinoididae
- Caprogammaridae
- Carangoliopsidae
- Carinogammaridae
- Caspicolidae
- Cebocaridae
- Ceinidae
- Cheidae
- 强螯钩虾科 Cheirocratidae
- Cheluridae
- Chevaliidae
- Chillagoeidae
- Chiltoniidae
- Chuneolidae
- Colomastigidae
- Condukiidae
- Conicostomatidae
- Corophiidae
- Crangonyctidae
- Crangoweckeliidae
- Cressidae
- Crymostygidae
- Crypturopodidae
- Curiotalitridae
- 鲸虱科 Cyamidae
- Cyclocaridae
- Cyllopodidae
- Cyphocarididae
- Cyproideidae
- Cystisomatidae
- Dairellidae
- Derjugianidae
- Dexaminidae
- Didymocheliidae
- Dikwidae
- Dogielinotidae
- Dulichiidae
- Dussartiellidae
- Endevouridae
- Eophliantidae
- Epimeriidae
- Eriopisidae
- Eulimnogammaridae
- Eupronoidae
- Eurytheneidae
- Eusiridae
- Exoedicerotidae
- Falklandellidae
- Gamaridae
- Gammaracanthidae
- Gammarellidae
- 钩虾科 Gammaridae
- Gammaroporeiidae
- Giniphargidae
- Hadziidae
- Haustoriidae
- Hirondelleidae
- Hornelliidae
- Hyalellidae
- Hyalella S.I.Smith, 1874
- Hyallela troglofugia Bastos-Pereira, Oliveira & Ferreira, 2018
- Hyalella yashmara Tomikawa, Kawasaki, Leiva & Arroyo, 2023[13]
- Hyalella S.I.Smith, 1874
- Hyalidae
- Hyperiidae
- Hyperiopsidae
- Iciliidae
- Ingolfiellidae
- Ipanemidae
- Iphigenellidae
- Iphimediidae
- Isaeidae
- 壮角钩虾科 Ischyroceridae
- Iulopididae
- Izinkalidae
- Kairosidae
- Kamakidae
- Kergueleniidae
- Kergueleniolidae
- Kotumsaridae
- Kuriidae
- Lafystiidae
- Lanceolidae
- Laphystiopsidae
- Lepechinellidae
- Lepidepecreellidae
- Lestrigonidae
- Leucothoidae
- Liljeborgiidae
- Luciobliviidae
- Lycaeidae
- Lycaeopsidae
- 琴鈎蝦科 Lysianassidae
- Macrohectopidae
- Maeridae
- Magnovidae
- Makawidae
- Maxillipiidae
- Megalanceolidae
- Megaluropidae
- Melitidae
- Melphidippidae
- Mesogammaridae
- Metacrangonyctidae
- Metaingolfiellidae
- Metalanceolidae
- Microphasmidae
- Microprotopidae
- Microprotopodidae
- Microscinidae
- Micruropidae
- Micruropodidae
- Mimonecteolidae
- Mimonectidae
- Mimoscinidae
- Miramarassidae
- Miramassidae
- Najnidae
- Neomegamphopidae
- Neoniphargidae
- Nihotungidae
- Niphargidae
- Nuuanuidae
- Ochlesidae
- Odiidae
- Oedicerotidae
- Ommatogammaridae
- Opisidae
- Otagiidae
- Oxycephalidae
- Pachyschesidae
- Pagetinidae
- Pakynidae
- Pallaseidae
- Parabogidiellidae
- Paracalliopidae
- Paracalliopiidae
- Paracercopidae
- Paracrangonyctidae
- Paragammaropsidae
- Paraleptamphopidae
- Paraliscidae
- Paramelitidae
- Paramphithoidae
- Paraphronimidae
- Parargissidae
- Parascelidae
- Pardaliscidae
- Perthiidae
- Phliantidae
- Photidae
- Phoxocephalidae
- Phoxocephalopsidae
- Phreatogammaridae
- Phronimidae
- Phrosinidae
- Platyischnopidae
- Platyscelidae
- Pleustidae
- Plioplateidae
- Plioplateiidae
- Podoceridae
- Podoprionidae
- Podosiridae
- Pontogammaridae
- Pontogeneiidae
- Pontoporeiidae
- Priscillinidae
- Priscomilitaridae
- Prolanceolidae
- Pronoidae
- Proscinidae
- Protodulichiidae
- Protorchestiidae
- Pseudamphilochidae
- Pseudingolfiellidae
- Pseudocrangonyctidae
- Pseudoniphargidae
- Rakiroidae
- Regaliidae
- Salentinellidae
- Sanchoidae
- Sandroidae
- Scinidae
- Scopelocheiridae
- Sebidae
- Seborgiidae
- Sensonatoridae
- Sicafodiidae
- Sinurothoidae
- Sophrosynidae
- Stegocephalidae
- Stenothoidae
- Sternophysingidae
- Stilipedidae
- Synopiidae
- Talitridae
- Temnophliantidae
- Thamneidae
- Thoriellidae
- Chevreuxiella Stephensen, 1915
- Chevreuxiopsis Halfter & Coleman, 2019
- Chevreuxiopsis franki Halfter & Coleman, 2019[14]
- Danaella Stephensen, 1925
- Parachevreuxiella Andres, 1987
- Thoriella Stephensen, 1915
- Thurstonellidae
- Trischizostomatidae
- Tryphanidae
- Tryphantidae
- Tryphosidae
- Tulearidae
- Typhlogammaridae
- Uhlorchestiidae
- Unciolidae
- Uristidae
- Urohaustoriidae
- Uronyctidae
- Urothoidae
- Valettidae
- Valettiidae
- Valettiopsidae
- Vemanidae
- Vibiliidae
- Vicmusiidae
- Vitjazianidae
- Wandinidae
- Zaramillidae
- Zobrachoidae
- 科的地位未定的属:
- Anisopus Templeton, 1837
- Apocyamus Margolis, McDonald & Bousfield, 2000
- Austrohyalella Bousfield, 1996
- Axelboekia
- Cylindrimolaris Ortiz & Lalana, 1999
- Electicus Lowry & Stoddart, 1997
- Gainella Chevreux, 1911
- Gammaroidorum Jarzembowski, Chény, Fang & Wang, 2020
- Humilomoera Staude, 1995
- 细螯虾属 Leptochela Boeck, 1876
- Mesocyamus Margolis, McDonald & Bousfield, 2000
- Mesohyalella Bousfield, 1996
- Moanamoera Staude, 1995
- Paraneohela Oldevig, 1959
- Poeckilogammarus
- Polichinellobizarrocomic
- Praegmelina Derjavin, 1929
- Rhithromoera Staude, 1995
- Rosagammarus McMenamin, Zapata & Hussey, 2013
- Stenia Dana, 1849
- Transitroides Bousfield & Poinar, 1994
- Variogammarus Tachteew, 1995
化石紀錄
[编辑]估計端足類源自三叠纪,但其化石紀錄很稀有,至今只有11個物種標本被發現,最遠追溯至上始新世。[15]
生態
[编辑]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Talitrus_saltator_2c.jpg/220px-Talitrus_saltator_2c.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aequorea3.jpeg/220px-Aequorea3.jpeg)
端足類分佈在所有水生環境,由淡水至含有兩倍鹽份的海水也有。[2]它們是水生生態系統的重要組件。[11]大部份鉤蝦亞目物種都是淺水底棲的。𧊕亞目是浮游的。[3]很多都是與凝膠狀動物,如水母、管水母目、放射蟲及櫛水母等具有共生關係,而大部份𧊕亞目的生命周期都會涉及這些凝膠狀動物。[16]
一些擊鉤蝦科是陸生的,棲息在潮濕的環境,如葉堆等。[17]它們的分佈很廣,包括屬於以往岡瓦那大陸部份,與及部份歐洲及北美洲地區。
約有750種端足類是穴居的,分佈在差不多所有適合的環境。它們的多樣性中心在地中海盆地、北美洲東南部及加勒比地區。[18]
與其他甲殼類(如等足目)比較,端足類較少是寄生的。最著名寄生的端足類是鯨虱,它們是腹背扁平的,有強壯及很大的爪,用來將自己附在鬚鯨之上。它們是唯一寄生的甲殼類不懂游泳的。[19]
大部份端足類都是吃碎屑或食腐動物[2],另有一些是吃藻類、雜食性或掠食細小昆蟲及甲殼類。[2][3]它們會用最前兩對有爪的腳來抓食物吃。[2]
參考
[编辑]- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
ITIS_93294
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Sam Wade, Tracy Corbin & Linda-Marie McDowell. Class Crustacea. Critter Catalogue. A guide to the aquatic invertebrates of South Australian inland waters (PDF). Waterwatch South Australia. 2004. ISBN 1-876562-67-6. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-10-17).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Order Amphipoda. Guide to the marine zooplankton of south eastern Australia. Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute. 2008. (原始内容存档于2008-07-20).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 John R. Holsinger. What are amphipods?. Old Dominion University. [2010-04-07]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-20).
- ^ J. Laurens Barnard, Darl E. Bowers & Eugene C. Haderlie. Amphipoda: The Amphipods and Allies. Robert H. Morris, Robert Hugh Morris, Donald Putnam Abbott & Eugene Clinton Haderlie (编). Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press. 1980: 559–66. ISBN 0-8047-1045-7.
- ^ J. Laurens Barnard & Camilla L. Ingram. The supergiant amphipod Alicella gigantea Chevreux from the North Pacific Gyre. Journal of Crustacean Biology. 1986, 6 (4): 825–39 [2010-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-31).
- ^ T. Wolff. The fauna of Rennell and Bellona, Solomon Islands. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 1969, 255 (800): 321–43 [2010-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-10).
- ^ L. S. Peck & G. Chapelle. Reduced oxygen at high altitude limits maximum size. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2003, 270: S166–7. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0054.
- ^ S. Pinkster. Redescription of Gammarus pulex (Linnaeus, 1758) based on neotype material (Amphipoda). Crustaceana. 1970, 18 (2): 177–186 [2010-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-03).
- ^ R. Vonk & F. R. Schram. Ingolfiellidea (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Amphipoda): a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis. Contributions to Zoology. 2003, 72 (1): 39–72 [2010-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 J. K. Lowry & R. T. Springthorpe. Introduction. Amphipoda: Families. Australian Museum. [2010-04-05]. (原始内容存档于2006-02-21).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis. An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 2001: 132 [2010-06-04]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-05-12).
- ^ Ko Tomikawa, Yoshimi Kawasaki, Alfonso Miranda Leiva and Nilton Deza Arroyo. 2023. Description of A New thermal Species of the Genus Hyalella from Peru with Molecular Phylogeny of the Family Hyalellidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Invertebrate Systematics. 37(4); 254-270. DOI: 10.1071/IS22060
- ^ Svenja Halfter; Charles Oliver Coleman; Chevreuxiopsis franki gen. n., sp. n. (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Thoriellidae) from the deep sea southwest of Tasmania. 2019
- ^ E. L. Bousfield & G. O. Poinar, Jr. A new terrestrial amphipod from tertiary amber deposits of Chiapas province, Southern Mexico. Historical Biology. 1994, 7 (2): 105–14. doi:10.1080/10292389409380448.
- ^ G. R. Harbison, D. C. Biggs & L. P. Madin. The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton. II. Associations with Cnidaria, Cteuophora and Radiolaria. Deep-Sea Research. 1977, 24: 465–88. doi:10.1016/0146-6291(77)90484-2.
- ^ M. A. Minor & A. W. Robertson. Amphipoda. Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates. Massey University. 2010-03-05 [2010-04-07]. (原始内容存档于2010-05-10).
- ^ Horton H. Hobbs, III. Crustacea. John Gunn (编). Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science (PDF). Routledge. 2003: 254–7 [2010-06-04]. ISBN 978-1-57958-399-6. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2004-12-28).
- ^ Tim Goater. Parasitic Amphipoda. Interactive Parasitology. Vancouver Island University. 1996-05-04 [2010-04-07]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-14).
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