鉤恙蟎屬 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
鈎恙蟎屬![]() | |
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科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 蛛形纲 Arachnida |
目: | 絨蟎目 Trombidiformes |
科: | 恙蟎科 Trombiculidae |
亚科: | 恙蟎亞科 Trombiculinae |
属: | 鈎恙蟎屬 Leptotrombidium Nagayo et al., 1916 |
鉤恙蟎屬(學名:Leptotrombidium;(/ˌlɛptoʊtrɒmˈbɪdiəm/[1]),又名纤恙螨属[2],是蛛形綱蜱蟎亞綱蟎形總目恙蟎目恙蟎總科恙蟎科之下的一個屬,可透過叮咬人類而令人類感染恙蟲東方體(O. tsutsugamushi)而患上恙蟲病(亦作叢林斑疹傷寒)[3]。鉤恙蟎屬的幼虫主要宿主是啮齿类,但有时也能寄生于人类或其他大型哺乳类动物中。
過往曾以為啮齿类動物是恙蟲東方體的宿主,而恙蟎只是感染的载体[4][5],但現時我們知道恙蟎一生只會進食一次,這使病原從啮齿类動物傳播至人類這種假設不可能,因為恙蟎要達成載體的話,需要先後嚙咬鼠隻取得病原、然後再嚙咬人類以將病原傳給人類[6]。所以病菌只可能一開始就已在恙蟎的體內,透過產卵的過程從母體傳染給蟎的蟲卵[7][8][9]。所以鉤恙蟎屬物種同時是恙蟲東方體的病原載體及天然宿主[6]。感染幾乎均由雌蟲造成[10],而且似乎並未有對恙蟎造成傷害。
生命週期
[编辑]幼蟎呈淡橙色,以液化了的皮膚組織為食,而不是血液,因為牠們的口器(一種螯肢,chelicerae)太短,無法深入至皮下的血管[11]。有三對腿。幼蟎最常見的目標是囓齒動物,但也附著在人類身上[6]。對人類來說,被恙蟎咬傷無痛,只有當幼蟎從皮膚上脫落後才會出現疼痛,而且會留下紅色丘疹,並可能會發展成焦痂[12]。
幼蟎階段持續一至兩星期。進食後,幼蟎會掉到地上,變成若蟎。若蟎呈磚紅色,有四對腿。若蟎階段持續一至三星期。當若蟎成熟為成蟎時,會有四對腿,第一對最大。牠們對人類無害。在後期幼蟎階段,它們不再寄生並以植物材料為食。[13] 雌蟲單獨產卵,約需一星期孵化。成蟎壽命約六個月。
物種
[编辑]以下為本屬部分已知的物種:
- 赤蟲恙蟎(L. akamushi):日本特有種[14],是Kato血清型恙蟲東方體的自然宿主[3]
- L. arenicola[14]:只見於泰國及馬來西亞;
- 纖恙蟎(L. deliense):又名地里恙蟎[14],是華南[15]及泰國[16]的主要病毒載體。it is also endemic to Litchfield Park, in the Northern Territory, Australia, where is carries the Litchfield serotype.[17]
- L. fletcheri[14]:只見於菲律賓及馬來西亞;
- 海島恙蟎(L. insularae[14]):見於中国大陸[14];
- 吉首恙蟎(L. jishoum[14]):見於中国大陸[14];
- 高湖恙蟎(L. kaohuensis[14]):見於中国大陸[14];
- 粗毛恙蟎(L. pallidum):原生於日本[14],Karp 及 Gilliam血清型的自然宿主[3][18];
- 微紅恙蟎(L. rubellum[14]):見於中国大陸[14];
- 小盾纤恙螨(L. scutellare[2]):又名小板恙蟎[14],原生於日本,是Kawasaki 及 Kuroki血清型的自然宿主[3][18],肾综合征出血热(hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, HFRS)的載體[2]。
- L. umbricola[14]:只見於泰國及馬來西亞;
參考文獻
[编辑]- ^ Leptotrombidium. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. [2016-01-23].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 张云; 朱进; 邓小昭; 吴光华; 张家驹; 周燕萍. 革螨及恙螨体内肾综合征出血热病毒定位的研究 (PDF). 中华预防医学杂志. 2002-07, 36 (4) [2019-11-08]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-11-08) (中文(简体)).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) in Japan, 1996–2000. Byogen Biseibutsu Kenshutsu Joho Geppo. 2001, 22: 211–212 [2016-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-27).
- ^ Philip CB. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in World War II. J Parasitol. 1948, 34 (3): 169–191. JSTOR 3273264. doi:10.2307/3273264.
- ^ Fox JP. The long persistence of Rickettsia orientalis in the blood and tissues of infected animals. J Immunol. 1948, 59 (2): 109–114 [2016-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2008-07-24).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Pham XD, Suzuki H, Takaoka H. Distribution of unengorged larvae of Leptotrombidium pallidum and other species in and around the rodent nest holes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001, 32 (3): 553–57. PMID 11944716.
- ^ Walker JS, Chan CT, Manikumaran C, Elisberg BL. Attempts to infect and demonstrate transovarial transmission of R. tsutsugamushi in three species of Leptotrombidium mites. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1975, 266: 80–90. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb35090.x.
- ^ Takahashi M, Murata M, Nogami S, Hori E, Kawamura A, Tanaka H. Transovarial transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in Leptotrombidium pallidum successively reared in the laboratory. Jpn J Exp Med. 1988, 58: 213–218.
- ^ Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D. Vertical transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi in two lines of naturally infected Leptotrombidium deliense (Acari: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol. 2001, 38 (1): 17–21. PMID 11268685. doi:10.1603/0022-2585-38.1.17 (英语).
- ^ Roberts, LW; Rapmund, G; Gadigan, FG. Sex ratios in Rickettsia tsutsugamushi-infected and noninfected colonies of Leptotrombidium (Acari: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol. 1977, 14 (1): 89–92 (英语).
- ^ Roberts LW, Robinson DM, Rapmund G, et al. Distribution of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in organs of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) fletcheri (Prostigmata: Trombiculidae). J Med Entomol. 1975, 12 (3): 345–348 [2016-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-18) (英语).
- ^ Kitaoka M, Asanuma K, Otsuji J. Transmission of Rickettsia orientalis to man by Leptotrombidium akamushi at a scrub typhus endemic area in Akita Prefecture, Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1974, 23 (5): 993–9. PMID 4451238 (英语).
- ^ Takahashi M, Misumi H, Urakami H, et al. Life cycle of Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae), one of the vector mites of scrub typhus in Japan. Ohara Sogo Byoin Nenpo. 2003, 45: 19–30.
- ^ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 王錫杰. 恙蟲病病媒之種類與生態 (PDF). 衛生署疾病管制局研究檢驗中心. 2012-05-22 [2021-09-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-09-27) (中文(繁體)).
- ^ Wang S, Jiang P, Huang J, et al. Demonstration of the natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease in Nan Peng Lie Islands in China (PDF). The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health. 2001, 32 (3): 541–46 [2016-05-30]. PMID 11944714. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-18).
- ^ Frances SP, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Tanskul P, Linthicum KJ. Seasonal occurrence of Leptotrombidium deliense (Acari: Trombiculidae) attached to sentinel rodents in an orchard near Bangkok, Thailand. J Med Entomol. 1999, 36 (6): 869–874. PMID 10593093.
- ^ Odorico DM, Graves SR, Currie B, et al. New Orientia tsutsugamushi strain from scrub typhus in Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998, 4 (4): 641–4 [2016-05-30]. PMC 2640248
. PMID 9866742. doi:10.3201/eid0404.980416. (原始内容存档于2010-05-29) (英语).
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Kawamori F, Akiyama M, Sugieda M, et al. Epidemiology of Tsutsugamushi disease in relation to the serotypes of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolated from patients, field mice, and unfed chiggers on the eastern slope of Mount Fuji, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. J Clin Microbiol. 1992, 30 (11): 2842–2846 [2016-05-30]. PMC 270539
. PMID 1452653. (原始内容存档于2011-05-25).
外部連結
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