海绵(sponge)是一類原始的水生无脊椎动物,在生物分类学上構成名為多孔动物门(學名:Porifera,也称海绵动物门)的分類單元。因外形像植物,而且着生於海洋或湖泊底部,所以海綿千百年來都被認為是植物,但後來發現牠們幾乎具備所有最基本的動物特徵,於是在19世纪中期被歸入動物界。海绵缺乏神经系统、消化系统和循环系统,身上布满了通水的小孔和沟道,多數種類依靠维持恒定的海水流過其身體来获取食物和氧气,並清除体内的廢棄物。典型的海绵由两层联系松散的细胞构成体壁,围绕着中央体腔构成管状身体,体壁有众多的小孔和沟道。此外,也有缺乏中央腔而身体有众多小孔和沟道的类型[4]。
海绵曾被認為是所有動物的最近共同祖先中最先分化的一支,在整個動物界的演化树上位於最基部,和其他所有动物(即真后生动物)形成姐妹群關係[5][6][7][8],但目前的研究指出櫛水母比海綿更早出現。[9]动物学中專門研究海绵的分支学科被称作海绵学(spongiology)[10]。
依據世界海洋物种目录(World Register of Marine Species,WoRMS),多孔動物門包含以下類群:[2]
- 钙质海绵纲 Calcarea(= Calcispongia/Calcispongiae)
- 寻常海绵纲/普通海绵纲 Demospongiae(= 硬骨海绵纲 Sclerospongiae)
- 六放海绵纲 Hexactinellida(= 玻璃海绵纲 Hyalospongiae)
- 同骨海绵纲 Homoscleromorpha
- 地位未定 incertae sedis
- ^ Grant, R.E. Animal Kingdom. Todd, R.B. (编). The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology Vol. 1. London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. 1836: 107–118. LCCN 06002739. OCLC 12171340. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.27651
. - ^ 2.0 2.1 Porifera. WoRMS. 2021. (原始内容存档于2021-06-27).
- ^ Pajdzińska, Anna. Animals die more shallowly: they aren't deceased, they're dead. Animals in the polish linguistic worldview and in contemporary life sciences. Ethnolinguistics. 2018, 29: 147–161. doi:10.17951/et.2017.29.135
. - ^ 多孔动物门. 术语在线. 北京: 全国科学技术名词审定委员会事务中心. (原始内容存档于2021-07-09). (简体中文)
- ^ Feuda, R.; Dohrmann, M.; Pett, W.; et al. Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (24): 3864–3870.e4. PMID 29199080. S2CID 29025747
. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008
. - ^ Pisani, D.; Pett, W.; Dohrmann, M.; et al. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals (PDF). PNAS. 2015, 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. PMC 4687580
. PMID 26621703. S2CID 35498437
. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112
. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-25). - ^ Simion, P.; Philippe, H.; Baurain, D.; et al. A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals (PDF). Current Biology. 2017, 27 (7): 958–967. PMID 28318975. S2CID 4560353
. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031
. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-25). - ^ Giribet, Gonzalo. Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects. Zoologica Scripta. 2016, 45: 14–21. S2CID 89157382
. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215
. - ^ Schultz, Darrin T.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Bredeson, Jessen V.; Green, Richard E.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. Ancient gene linkages support ctenophores as sister to other animals. Nature. 2023-05-17, 618 (7963): 110–117. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..110S. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10232365
. PMID 37198475. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05936-6 (英语). - ^ Spongiology. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. [2021-07-02].
- ^ Van Soest, R.W.M.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Hooper, J.N.A.; et al. Carnosa. World Porifera Database. 2021. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27) –通过 WoRMS.
- ^ Van Soest, R.W.M.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Hooper, J.N.A.; et al. Placodictyum Schmidt, 1870. World Porifera Database. 2021. (原始内容存档于2021-07-25) –通过 WoRMS.