L矮星 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

按光譜類型劃分的L矮星特性[1]
子類 溫度 發光度
M8 2300 ~0.0007 Lʘ
L0 2100 K ~0.00035 Lʘ
L2 1950 K ~0.0001 Lʘ
L4 1800 K ~0.000075 Lʘ
L6 1700 K ~0.000065 Lʘ
L8 1500 K ~0.000045 Lʘ

L矮星是光譜類型L(也稱為 D矮星)的天體,可以是低質量的恆星 [2]棕矮星[3]或年輕的自由漂流的行星質量天體[4]。如果通過直接成像檢測到年輕的系外行星或行星質量伴星,它也可能具有L光譜類型,例如仙女座κb[5]

光譜特性

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與M6矮星相比,科魯-1英语Kelu-1(L型聯星,底部的線)的光譜顯示出更强的TiO和鈉吸收。

2MASS之前,已知光譜類型晚於M9.5V的天體只有六顆。隨著20個新的晚型天體的發現,有必要定義L型和T型光譜類型。柯克帕特里克等人在1999年定義了這兩種光譜類型。在這些L-矮星中,存在於晚期M-矮星中的金屬氧化物TiOVO)被金屬氫化物(例如CrHFeH)和中性鹼金屬(如KRbCs所取代。L矮星和T矮星之間的躍遷是通過光譜中出現甲烷(CH4)來定義的[6]。M矮星在其近紅外光譜中顯示出由水蒸氣(H2O)引起的吸收。這種吸收特徵隨著L光譜類型的後期類型而增强,而一氧化碳(CO)的吸收在光譜類型上幾乎沒有變化[7]。在T矮星,CO被CH4取代[8]。最初估計最熱的L0矮星的溫度約為2000K,最冷的L8矮星的溫度為1500K左右[6]。現代估計範圍從L9的1100 K到L0的最高2500 K[9][10]

L矮星具有紅色紫羅蘭紫紫色的顏色,這是由於D線的吸收,該線的中心位於5890Å,與綠色重疊[8]。後來的研究將L矮星描述為紫色[11]

次矮星

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次矮星是金屬豐度低的天體。這些天體通常很老,它們的金屬性會影響不同的吸收特性。特別是,氫分子碰撞誘導吸收導致H-K波段的抑制,這導致L型次矮星具有藍色近紅外顏色。2MASS J0532+8246是發現的第一顆L型次矮星。前綴sd、esd和usd表示次矮星、極次矮星和超次矮星。 帶有usd首碼的天體金屬豐度最低[12]

主序星

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對於具有太陽金屬量的天體,氫燃燒最小質量為0.075M(78.5MJ[13]。超冷基本參數表列出了幾個紅外光譜類型為L0至L4、質量高於78.5MJ的天體。該表中質量最高的L矮星之一是G 239-25B(L0),他們發現其質量為88.9±0.59MJ[9][10]。氫燃燒極限取決於金屬量,金屬量低的天體可能具有高的氫燃燒極限。另一個因素是較低的金屬量會使大氣更加透明。因此,較老的天體具有更高的溫度[14]。具有早期L光譜類型的老L次矮星可能是主序星[15]。例如,棕矮星SDSS J0104+1535(usdL1.5,0.086±0.0015M)剛好低於約0.088M的氫燃燒極限,它的金屬量 [Fe/H] = -2.4 ± 0.2.[14]。同一團隊也發現,已知的L-次矮星中有三分之一是次恆星,三分之二是低質量恆星[2]CWISE J1249+3621(sdL1, 0.082+0.002
−0.003
M)是另一個恆星的例子,因為對[M/H]=-1的恆星,氫燃燒的極限在0.080左右。這顆恆星也是一顆超高速星[15]

棕矮星

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大多數L矮星是棕矮星。棕矮星是質量低於78.5MJ的天體[13]。質量低於14MJ的天體通常被稱為行星質量天體[16],但根據它們的形成機制,它們也被稱為行星質量棕矮星[17]

在超冷基本參數表中,目前有422個紅外光譜類型為L、質量範圍為14-78.5MJ的物體[9][10]。 此外,已知有數十顆L型棕矮星與恆星、白矮星或棕矮星共同運動[3]。發現的第一顆L型棕矮星是GD 165B,它圍繞著一顆白矮星運行[18]。它的質量後來被確定為62.58±15.57MJ[19]

行星質量天體和系外行星

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自由漂浮的行星質量天體PSO J318.5−22,是一顆L矮星。

行星質量天體通常被定義為質量低於14MJ的天體。這些天體可以自由浮動[16]或與恆星或棕矮星共同運動(例如HD 106906 b[20][21]。如果一個這樣的天體圍繞一顆恆星運行的距離在約100天文單位內,它就被稱為系外行星。超過100 AU時,它被稱為行星質量伴星,因為理論預測這些天體是自己形成的,而不是由原行星盤的材料形成的[22]。靠近這個 100 天文單位邊界的一顆系外行星是Delorme 1 (AB)b,它可能是通過拱星盤的碎裂形成的,因此被認為是一顆系外行星[23]。 更近的行星,例如HR 8799周圍的行星[24]仙女座κ b也類似於L矮星或具有L光譜型[5]

這些天體通常通過它們的年輕的年齡來識別。例如,一個天體可以出現在一個年輕的星團中(例如NGC 1333[25]或年輕的星協 (參見附近星協列表清單)。研究人員可以使用溫度-年齡或光度-年齡關係來確定其質量是否低於13MJ[16]。對於非常年輕的星團(<1百萬年),即使是L0光譜類型也對應於行星質量,因此這樣一個星團中的所有L矮星都有一個行星質量[25]

另一種方法是確定年輕的其他指標。例如,質樣較低的天體具有較低的表面重力,這會導致更廣闊的大氣層和更多的垂直混合。這將影響某些光譜特徵的深度,並可能導致紅色近紅外顏色。低重力L矮星通常用後綴 β、γ 和 δ 表示,表示中等(β)、低(γ)和非常低(δ)的重力。低重力的L3-L5矮星也可以顯示吸收。但所謂的「鋰測試」對於確定低質量的年輕L矮星不太可靠[26]。低重力天體的一個例子是CWISE J0506+0738, 它的光譜類型介於L8γ和T0γ之間,質量可能為7±2MJ[16]

可變性和雲

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自2000年代初以來,雲及其頂部有矽酸鹽雲被認為是L矮星的的理論[27]。L矮星中存在的矽酸鹽已經被史匹哲太空望遠鏡觀察到。特別是L4-L6矮星經常表現出矽酸鹽吸收。但任何L矮星也可能不存在矽酸鹽吸收[28]。變率通常與L矮星和T矮星中雲的存在有關。然而,還有其它可能的解釋,例如熱點、溫度變化和 極光。特別是年輕的天體表現出可變性[29]。最易變的L矮星之一是行星質量伴星VHS J1256–1257b (L7),振幅為33-38%[30]

磁場和極光

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可以在L矮星中檢測到電波發射,這種電波發射有時顯示旋轉的週期性電波脈衝。此外,在早期L矮星中常見的H-α發射被解釋為色球日冕,但在後來的光譜類型中,它越來越成為一個極光特徵。因此,具有H-α發射的L4-T8天體通常也是電波源。來自棕矮星的無線電脈衝是高度圓極化的,可能來自與極光相連的電子迴旋加速器不穩定性(ECMI)。目前尚不清楚是什麼為棕矮星的極光無線電發射提供動力。一個建議是與電漿盤的同向旋轉的分解,這也為木星上的主極光提供動力。另一個建議的能量來源是與棕矮星周圍的岩石行星的相互作用,類似於Io和木星之間的交互作用。電子與氫分子的撞擊會產生三氫陽離子(H+
3
)。這可以在2 μm和4 μm的紅外線中用JWST檢測到。H+
3
被氣體破壞,例如H2O和CH4,可能意味著它在棕矮星中沒有顯著積累[31]。在凱克天文台,可能是由於極光電子更深入地滲透到棕矮星大氣層中並被氣體破壞,在任何M、L或T矮星中檢測到H+
3
[32][33]。第一顆有無線電發射的L矮星是2MASS J00361617+1821104(L3.5)[34]

聯星

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L型聯星CWISE J0146-0508AB (L4+L8 blue)[35]

通常L矮星比M矮星更缺乏聯星。以 L矮星為主要系統的聯星分數為 24+6
−2
%,典型間隔為5–8 天文單位(AU)[36]。也有一些距離更寬的L矮星,例如WISE 2150−7520 (L1+T8),它的距離間隔為341 AU[37]。最靠近太陽系的L矮星是主星為盧曼16 AB聯星。它的光譜類型為 L8[38]

相關條目

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