Amedi

For the Ahmadi religious movement, see Ahmadiyya.
Amedi
ئامێدی
Amêdî
Town
Bird's eye view of Amadiya
Bird's eye view of Amadiya
Amedi is located in Iraq
Amedi
Amedi
Coordinates: 37°05′33″N 43°29′14″E / 37.09250°N 43.48722°E / 37.09250; 43.48722
Country Iraq
RegionKurdistan Region
GovernorateDuhok
DistrictAmedi District
FoundedBefore 3000 B.C.
Government
 • TypeMayor
Elevation
3,900 ft (1,200 m)
Population
 • Total
11,000
Time zoneGMT +3
Postcode
42008

Amedi or Amadiye (Kurdish: ئامێدی, romanized: Amêdî;[1][2] Arabic: العمادية; Lishanid Noshan: עמידיא, romanized: ʿAmədya[3]) is a town in the Duhok Governorate of Kurdistan Region of Iraq.[4] It is built on a mesa in the broader Great Zab river valley. Amedi is known for its celebrations of Newroz.

Etymology

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According to ibn al-Athir, the Arabic name "ʿAmadiyya" is eponymous to Imad al-Din Zengi, who built a Citadel in 1142 on the site of an earlier fortification called āšib.[5] Another theory is that the name is named after Imad al-Dawla, but this theory is less likely.[4]

According to Professor Jeffrey Szuchman, Amedi is of Hurrian or Urartian origin.[6]

History

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From the Early Bronze Age until it came under the control of the Mitanni in the 16th century BC, Amedi region was part of Kurda, one of the small kingdoms constituting Subartu, a region constituting a number of small kingdoms of Hurrian and Semitic origin.[7][8] During the rule of the Mittani, the inhabitants of this region were known as Subartu.[9][10][11][12]

After the fall of the Mittani, Amedi was conquered into Assyria by Ashurnasirpal I of the Middle Assyrian Empire in the 11th century BC after he fought a vicious campaign against the Mittani Empire.[13]

After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the Amedi region came under the rule of the Medes. When Xenophon passed through the region in the 4th century BC, he referred to its inhabitants as the Medes and identified the sparsely inhabited area as “ruined Median cities“.[14] Later Amedi area was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire under the name of Media Magna. Under the rule of the Parthian Empire Amedi region was part of the Barchan (Barzan) district.[15] eventually it became an integral part of Sasanian Empire in the district of Adiabene in Asuristan until it was conquered by the Muslims in 640s, after they defeated the Kurds in Tikrit, Mosul and Saharzor.[16]

Then, for several centuries, after the Abbasid Revolution in the seventh century, it was ruled by an amir from the royal Abbasid dynasty, reputed to be one of the richest families in the region.[17]

Amedi was the birthplace of the messiah claimant David Alroy (fl. 1160). In 1163, according to Joseph ha-Kohen's Emeq ha-Baka, the Jewish population numbered about a thousand families and traded in gall-nuts. Alroy led a revolt against the city but was defeated and killed in the process.[18] The Spanish Jewish historian Solomon ibn Verga (1450–1525) portrayed the Jewish community of Amedi at the time of Alroy as wealthy and contented.[19]

Amedi was the seat of the semi-autonomous Bahdinan, which lasted from 1376 to 1843. There are ruins of the Qubahan School in Amedi which was founded during the region of Sultan Hussein Wali of Bahdinan(1534-1576) AD for the study of Islamic Sciences.[20][21] There are also ruins of a synagogue and a tomb attributed to Ezekiel a church in the small town. One of the icons of the city is the Great Mosque of Amedi, which dates back to the 12th century and the oldest and largest in the region.[22]

In 1760, the Dominican Leopoldo Soldini founded a mission for Kurdistan in Amedi, with his colleague Maurizio Garzoni.[23] Garzoni lived there for fourteen years and composed a 4,600 word Italian-Kurdish dictionary and grammar. The dictionary is a key work because it represents the first study of the Kurdish grammar and language; for this reason, Garzoni is often called the “father of Kurdology”.[23][24][25] In 1907, the population numbered 6,000, of whom 2,500 were Kurds, 1,900 Jews and 1,600 Chaldean Catholic Assyrian people.[26]

Provisions of the Treaty of Sèvres for an independent Kurdistan (in 1920)

Geography

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Climate

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Amedi has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) with hot summers and cool, wet winters. Being the most northerly city in Iraq, it is the mildest major city in the country. Snow falls occasionally in the winter.

Climate data for Amadiya
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		17.8
(64.0) 		25.1
(77.2) 		31.9
(89.4) 		36.3
(97.3) 		36.2
(97.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		24.4
(75.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		8.4
(47.1) 		21.2
(70.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		7.2
(45.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.5
(83.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		17.6
(63.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		4.2
(39.6) 		15.2
(59.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		2.4
(36.3) 		7.2
(45.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.4
(63.3) 		21.4
(70.5) 		20.9
(69.6) 		16.8
(62.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		9.2
(48.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 126
(5.0) 		176
(6.9) 		156
(6.1) 		128
(5.0) 		56
(2.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1
(0.0) 		32
(1.3) 		96
(3.8) 		126
(5.0) 		897
(35.3)
Average precipitation days 7 6 10 8 4 0 0 0 1 7 7 10 60
Source 1: World Weather Online (precipitation days)[27]
Source 2: Climate-Data (temperatures and rainfall amount)[28]
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Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Li sînorê Gare 12 gund ji ber bombebaranên Tirkiyê hatine valakirin". Rûdaw (in Kurdish). Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  2. ^ "ئامێدی | كوردستانی سەرسوڕهێنەر- وێبسایتی فەرمی دەستەی گشتی گەشت و گوزار". bot.gov.krd. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  3. ^ Greenblatt, Jared (2010). The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Amədya. BRILL. p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-19230-0.
  4. ^ a b Streck, M. (1965). "ʿAmādiya". Encyclopedia of Islam. Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0575.
  5. ^ Brown, Michael G. (2018-01-01). "Two Parthian Rock-Reliefs from Amādiya in Iraqi-Kurdistan". Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie.
  6. ^ Szuchman, Jeffrey (2009-11-01). "Bit Zamani and Assyria". Syria. Archéologie, art et histoire (86): 55–65. doi:10.4000/syria.511. ISSN 0039-7946.
  7. ^ Mieroop, Marc Van De (2008). King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-470-69534-0. King of Elam to King of Kurda in 1770s BCE: Keep Subartu under your control and don't give troops to the prince of Babylon. Send a message to Zimri-Lim of Mari that also he should give none to the prince of Babylon.
  8. ^ Michael C. Astour. (1987). Hisotory of Ebla, in "Eblaitica". Eisenbrauns. p. 98. ISBN 9781575060606. According to the renowned Assyriologists Charpin & Durand: for the Old Babylonian kings, Subartu is neither Assur nor Ekallatum but the agglomeration of the little city-kingdoms.
  9. ^ Samuel Alfred Browne Mercer & Frank Hudson Hallock. The Tell El-Amarna Tablets. (AMS Press, 1983), V.1. p. 341.
  10. ^ Gadd, C. J. (1940). "Tablets from Chagar Bazar and Tall Brak, 1937-38". Iraq. 7: 22–66. doi:10.2307/4241663. ISSN 0021-0889. JSTOR 4241663. S2CID 162237376.
  11. ^ Mallowan, M. E. L. (1937). "The Excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar and an Archaeological Survey of the Habur Region. Second Campaign, 1936". Iraq. 4 (2): 91–177. doi:10.2307/4241610. ISSN 0021-0889. JSTOR 4241610. S2CID 130109390.
  12. ^ Kazanjian, Garabet, "The Hurrians in the Ancient Near East", Dept. of History and Archaeology, A.U.B, 1969. Zubari undoubtedly means Mitanni, Subartu, or Hurri
  13. ^ Luckenbill, Daniel David (1989). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, Volume I: Historical Records Of Assyria From The Earliest Times To Sargon. Histories & Mysteries of Man. pp. 140, 141, 184. against the Nairi lands I marched. The city of Barzani their property, their goods, their oxen, their sheep (to tells and) ruins I turned. The head(s) of their fighters (I smashed), of the Nairi lands; horses, donkeys.. Barzani I burned with fire, I devastated, I destroyed, to mounds and ruins [I turned it]... From the pass of the mountain of Amadani I went forth unto the city of Barzanishtun. Unto the city of Damdammusa, the stronghold of Hani of Zamani, I drew nigh. I stormed the city; my warriors flew like birds against them. 600 of their fighting men I struck down with the sword, I cut off their heads. 400 men I took alive, 3,000 prisoners I brought out. That city I took for my own possession. The living men and the heads I carried to Amedi, his royal city, I made a pillar of heads in front of his city gate, the living men I impaled on stakes round about his city. I fought a battle within his city gate, I cut down his orchards. From the city of Amedi I departed. I entered the pass of the mountain of Kashiari (and) of the city of Ahabr &, wherein none among the kings, my fathers, had set foot, or had made an expedition thereto.
  14. ^ Joseph, John (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. BRILL. p. 8. ISBN 978-90-04-11641-2.
  15. ^ Mclachlan, Keith (2016-11-10). The Boundaries of Modern Iran. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-39936-2.
  16. ^ Houtsma, M. Th (1993). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. BRILL. p. 1136. ISBN 978-90-04-09790-2.
  17. ^ Wright, George Newenham (1834). A New and Comprehensive gazetteer, Volume 1. T. Kelly. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  18. ^ "Jewish Encyclopedia". 1906. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  19. ^ Lenowitz, Harris (1906). The Jewish Messiahs: From the Galilee to Crown Heights. ISBN 9780195348941. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  20. ^ "the Ancient Qobahan School | General Directorate of Tourism / Duhok". duhoktourism.org. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  21. ^ Alnumman, Raeed. (2017). "ROOTING OF QUBAHAN SCHOOL AN ANALYTICAL STUDY TO ARCHITECTURAL ITEMS (SPATIAL CONFIGURATION AND FORMALITY ELEMENT OF INTERIOR FACADES OF QUBAHAN SCHOOL)". The Journal of the University of Duhok. 20. 26-41. 10.26682/Sjuod.2017.20.1.4.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ “ذو الكفل” يجمع المسلمين والمسيحيين واليهود في العمادية العراقية Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine. Kitabat. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
  23. ^ a b Filoni, Fernando (2017). The Church in Iraq. CUA Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8132-2965-2.
  24. ^ Borbone, Pier Giorgio; Mengozzi, Alessandro; Tosco, Mauro (2006). Linguistic and oriental studies in honour of Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 293. ISBN 978-3-447-05484-3.
  25. ^ Bois, Thomas (1966). The Kurds. Khayats. p. 79.
  26. ^ "Catholic Encyclopaedia". Appleton. 1907. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  27. ^ "Weather averages for Amadiya". World Weather Online. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
  28. ^ "Weather averages for Amadiya". Climate-Data. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
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Amedi travel guide from Wikivoyage

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