Užice

For other uses, see Užice (disambiguation).
Užice
Ужице (Serbian)
City
City of Užice
From top: Panorama of Užice, Museum village Drvengrad, Church of St. George, Hotel Palas, Užice National theatre, Kadinjača Memorial complex, Old fortress near Užice, River Đetinja
Flag of Užice
Flag
Coat of arms of Užice
Coat of arms
Location of the city of Užice within Serbia
Location of the city of Užice within Serbia
Coordinates: 43°51′N 19°51′E / 43.850°N 19.850°E / 43.850; 19.850
Country Serbia
RegionŠumadija and Western Serbia
DistrictZlatibor
Municipalities2
Settlements38
Government
 • MayorJelena Raković Radivojević (SNS)
Area
[1]
 • Urban41.10 km2 (15.87 sq mi)
 • Administrative667.00 km2 (257.53 sq mi)
Elevation
411 m (1,348 ft)
Population
 (2022 census)[2]
 • Rank20th in Serbia
 • Urban
54,965
 • Urban density1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
 • Administrative
69,997
 • Administrative density100/km2 (270/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
31000
Area code+381(0)31
ISO 3166 codeSRB
Car platesUE
Websitewww.uzice.rs

Užice (Serbian Cyrillic: Ужице, pronounced [ûʒit͡se] ⓘ) is a city and the administrative centre of the Zlatibor District in western Serbia. It is located on the banks of the river Đetinja. According to the 2022 census, the city proper has a population of 54,965. The City municipality of Užice (Serbian Cyrillic: Градска општина Ужице, romanized: Gradska opština Užice) is one of two city municipalities (with the City municipality of Sevojno) which constitute the City of Užice. According to the 2022 census results, the municipality has 69,997 inhabitants.[3][2]

History

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Ancient era

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The region surrounding Užice was settled by Illyrians, specifically the Parthini and the Celtic-influenced Autariatae tribes. Their tombs are found throughout the region. In the 3rd century BC, the Scordisci featured prominently after the Gallic invasion of the Balkans. The region was conquered by the Roman Empire in 168 BC, and was organized into the province of Illyricum in 32–27 BC and, after 10 AD, the province of Dalmatia. The Roman municipium (town) of Capedunum existed here during Roman times; its name indicates a Celtic origin (dun, fortress),[4] similar to Singidunum, the founding name of Serbia's capital, Belgrade.

Middle Ages

[edit]
See also: History of Medieval Serbia

The settlement of Slavs in the region has been recorded since the 520s, when Slavic tribes pillaged the Eastern Roman Empire; during Justinian I's rule (527–565), up to 100,000 Slavs raided areas far to the south of the city in Thessalonica. The region (Drina županija) was part of the Vlastimirović dynasty when they established the medieval Principality of Serbia, the first Serb state. Across the Drina, in Bosnia, the army of Časlav fought the invading Magyars in the 950s. The region was annexed by the Byzantine Empire after 969, becoming part of the Catepanate of Ras. Later, the area around the city became a part of the Theme of Sirmium.

Stari Grad (Old town),
Castle fort built in the 1300s by Serbian nobleman Nikola Altomanović

The first historical record mentioning Užice by its name dates back to 1329. During the reign of the Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan, Užice is mentioned as a fortress, under the rule of the Vojinović noble family.[5] After the death of Emperor Dušan the Mighty, in the period known as the 'fall of the Serbian Empire', Užice came under the control of Vojislav Vojinović, a nobleman in the service of Emperor Uroš the Weak. When Vojislav died, his nephew Nikola Altomanović controlled the region. When Uroš died childless, the former Imperial provincial lords begin fighting each other. Serbian Autokrator Lazar Hrebeljanović and Tvrtko I of Bosnia defeated Nikola Altomanović, and divided his lands between themselves. Nikola was blinded in the fortress on the orders of Stefan Musić. Užice came under the control of Lazar, then the Serbian Despotate under his son Stefan Lazarević.

Ottoman period

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Main articles: History of Ottoman Serbia, Sanjak of Smederevo, and Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1686–1691)

Užice fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1463 and formed part of the Sanjak of Smederevo. It served as an important civilian and military locality for the Ottoman Empire, with the first Ottoman census in 1476-1478 listing Užice as a village. By the late 15th century, Ottoman authorities invested in the restoration of the local fortress and encouraged migration into Užice, turning the once village into a town. By the start of the 16th century, Užice became an administrative capital with a majority Turkish population. Local building's were erected in line with Ottoman architecture and a small Christian population lived in the mahallah of Carina.[5] In 1690 during the Great Turkish War, Habsburg forces captured Užice and the city fell within the realms of Habsburg-occupied Serbia.[6] The Great Turkish War and subsequent retreat of Habsburg forces uprooted the local Serbian population, with much of the Serbian population leaving Užice as part of the Great Migrations of the Serbs.[5] During the Serbian Revolution, Užice fell to rebel forces; however, the city was recaptured by Ottoman forces in 1813. In 1844, the demographic makeup of the city consisted of 3,695 Turks and 707 Serbs, with the city housing one Serbian Orthodox church and 35 Islamic mosques.[6] Between 1875 and 1877 during the Herzegovina uprising, Užice served as the main refuge site for Serbs fleeing Herzegovina. This mass migration, coupled with the mass emigration of the local Turks significantly changed the ethnic makeup of the town.[5]

Modern Serbia

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Main article: History of modern Serbia
Užice, overlooking the railway station, 1928

Užice was the first town in Serbia and one of the first towns in Europe with a hydroelectric power plant producing alternating current. It was built on the Đetinja river in 1900. In 1913, the first railway line was constructed into Užice, connecting the town to the Belgrade-Niš railway, via Stalać. In 1925, the railway was extended to Višegrad, connecting Belgrade to the Adriatic Sea.[7]

World War II

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Main article: Republic of Užice
Monument to fallen Partisans, Kadinjača.

In 1941, after Nazi occupation, Užice was liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans, who chose it as the capital of the Republic of Užice. This republic was a short-lived military mini-state that existed in the autumn of 1941 in the western part of Nazi-occupied Serbia.

The Republic of Užice comprised most of western Serbia, with a population of more than 300,000 people. It was located between the Skrapež river in the north, the river Drina in the west, the river Zapadna Morava in the east, and the Uvac river in the south.

In November 1941, the German army re-occupied this territory, and the majority of Partisan forces escaped to Bosnia, Raška and Montenegro.

In 1974, the Yugoslavian film Ужичка република in Serbian or in English as the Guns of War was released documenting the first offensive in the Great Patriotic War against fascism and follows the Spanish soldier and fervent communist Boro as he organizes a partisan uprising in western Serbia that later establishes itself into the Ужицка Республика / Užička Republika (the Republic of Užice) which lasted 67 days from 24 September to 29 November 1941 (de facto until 1 December 1941) and the defeat of its forces at the battle of Kadinjaca.[8]

Yugoslav era

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The train station in the 1970s

Within the former Yugoslavia (established after the Second World War), Užice was renamed Titovo Užice (Титово Ужице). From 1992, following the collapse of the pro-communist administration, Titovo (meaning Tito's) was removed, leaving the original city name Užice. It was one of eight towns renamed Tito's town in Yugoslavia. Due to being "Titovo" and central-planning communist system, Užice received significant amounts of investment in infrastructure and local factories, which made the city one of the most highly developed for its size in former Yugoslavia. Following the break-up of the region, all the towns dropped the "Titovo" title.

1990s

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During the 1990s, Užice's economy shrank rapidly due to war and instability in the region.

In 1999 the city was bombed multiple times during Operation Allied Force. The largest scale bombing occurred on May 6, 1999, when NATO forces bombed many roads and highways, the airport, civilian buildings and government buildings.[9] After this, thousands of people turned out at the city's main square to protest the bombings and destruction of the city and killings of civilians.

Geography

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Mountain Zlatibor

Užice lies 411 metres (1,348 feet) above sea level, on both sides of the river Đetinja. The city is completely surrounded by the Dinaric Alps. 25 kilometres (16 miles) south of the city is Zlatibor, a mountain region with a long tradition of tourism.

West of the city are the mountain Tara as well as its western extension, Zvijezda mountain. Together, they mark Tara National Park, which has an area of 220 square kilometres (85 square miles).

The Belgrade-Bar railway passes through Užice and connects it with both the northern parts of Serbia and the Montenegrin coast. Užice has a fairly developed transportation infrastructure, connected with the surrounding areas by state roads of the first order.

Climate

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Užice has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) approaching an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb).

Climate data for Užice(1991-2021)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		10.1
(50.2) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.7
(78.3) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.0
(60.8) 		10.8
(51.4) 		4.3
(39.7) 		14.9
(58.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1) 		0.2
(32.4) 		4.7
(40.5) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		10.8
(51.4) 		5.6
(42.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		9.9
(49.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.1
(21.0) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.9
(48.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.8
(58.6) 		14.9
(58.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		4.9
(40.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63
(2.5) 		65
(2.6) 		81
(3.2) 		95
(3.7) 		113
(4.4) 		100
(3.9) 		93
(3.7) 		70
(2.8) 		76
(3.0) 		64
(2.5) 		65
(2.6) 		73
(2.9) 		958
(37.8)
Average relative humidity (%) 82 78 72 68 72 72 69 66 72 77 79 83 74
Source: Climate-Data.org [10]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
194845,667—    
195350,775+2.14%
196157,062+1.47%
197167,555+1.70%
198177,049+1.32%
199182,723+0.71%
200283,022+0.03%
201178,040−0.69%
202269,997−0.98%
Source: [11]

According to the 2011 census results, Užice has a total population of 78,040 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups

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The ethnic composition of the city:[12]

Ethnic group Population %
Serbs 76,089 97.50%
Montenegrins 144 0.18%
Yugoslavs 80 0.10%
Romani 70 0.09%
Croats 69 0.09%
Others 1,588 2.03%
Total 78,040

Municipalities and settlements

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City municipalities

The City of Užice consists of two city municipalities: Užice and Sevojno. In 2013, the city municipality of Sevojno, located 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) east of Užice, was established.[13] As of 2011, it has 7,101 inhabitants of 78,040 which live in the City of Užice.

Settlements

List of the settlements in the City of Užice (population per 2011 census given in brackets):[2]

Economy

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Power plant on the River Đetinja was founded by the king Alexander I of Serbia in 1899[14]

Užice has historically been a relatively well developed city. In 1981, Užice's GDP per capita was 157% of the Yugoslav average.[15] In 1990, Užice had 17,000 manufacturing workers; as of 2018, the number of manufacturing workers is around 7,000.[16][17] Among the large companies that did not survive the international sanctions of Serbia during the 1990s and did not survive the economic transition following the breakup of Yugoslavia are the textile manufacturers 'Froteks' and 'Desa Petronijević', the market chain 'Gradina', the printing company 'Dimitrije Tucović', the transport company 'Raketa', and other manufacturing companies like 'Fasau', 'Kotroman' and 'Tvrdi Metal'.[16]

Regardless, the modern city has a developing textile, leather, machine and metal industry. Most companies have factories on the outskirts of the city due to good communication connections, given the close proximity of the main highway, railroad and airport. Ponikve Airport is currently under reconstruction, and as a result cargo airlines will mostly use it for transporting goods. The airport management confirmed interest in low cost, scheduled and chartered airlines.

As of September 2017, Užice has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia.[18]

As of 2018, the largest companies operating in the city of Užice are Prvi Partizan (ammunition), Impol Seval Sevojno (aluminum mill), Valjaonica bakra Sevojno (copper mill), MPP Jedinstvo Sevojno (construction) and Putevi Užice (construction).

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022):[19]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 127
Mining and quarrying 51
Manufacturing 7,373
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 252
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 489
Construction 1,549
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 3,033
Transportation and storage 1,427
Accommodation and food services 1,040
Information and communication 350
Financial and insurance activities 440
Real estate activities 18
Professional, scientific and technical activities 826
Administrative and support service activities 398
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 1,529
Education 1,490
Human health and social work activities 2,663
Arts, entertainment and recreation 360
Other service activities 478
Individual agricultural workers 238
Total 24,131

Society and culture

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Map of the region where Zlakusa pottery is produced, which is included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
Uvac Monastery
The house of Jokanović's, traditional architecture from the middle 19th century
Building of the National theatre

The library and theatre are in the main square in the city centre. Also located in the area are newspaper agencies, radio and television stations and publishing companies. The city gallery is in the lowlands of Pašinovac, the oldest area of the city. The national museum displays cultural and historical treasures of the city, and with its exhibitions, shows the centuries of rich Užice history. It is located on the Eastern side of the main city street. The Historical Archive of Užice was established in 1948 and today the institution serves most of the Zlatibor District and southern parts of Moravica District.

The Gymnasium of Užice is one of the oldest secondary school institutions in Serbia. Aside from the gymnasium, there are also several other primary and secondary schools and faculties located in Užice.

Milutin Uskoković, writer from Užice, was described as the author of the first modern novel in Serbia.

The locals, Užicans (Serbian: Ужичани, Užičani), have their own traditional costume, and folk music; the sound of which is transitional between the music of Šumadija (central Serbia) and Bosnia and Herzegovina. They speak a Neo-Štokavian Užican dialect, originally with Ijekavian pronunciation.

Architecture

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Some distinctive buildings in Užice are:

Media

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Užice is turning into the regional media centre of western Serbia.

International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia

Twin towns / sister cities

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Užice is twinned with:

Notable people

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Politicians
Sportspeople
Others

References

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  1. ^ "Municipalities of Serbia, 2006". Statistical Office of Serbia. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  2. ^ a b c "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia: Comparative Overview of the Number of Population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011, Data by settlements" (PDF). Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014. p. 178. ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  3. ^ "Насеља општине Ужице" (PDF). stat.gov.rs (in Serbian). Statistical Office of Serbia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  4. ^ p. 340
  5. ^ a b c d Stankov, Slobodanka (2014). "Basic Characteristics of Demographic Development of Uzice until XX Century". Demografija. 11: 245–257. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  6. ^ a b Miličević, Milan (1876). Kneževina Srbija. Beograd: Državna štamparija.
  7. ^ Beaver, S.H (1941). "Railways in the Balkan Peninsula". The Geographical Journal. 97 (5): 273–294. doi:10.2307/1787398. JSTOR 1787398. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  8. ^ "Guns of War". IMDb. 1974. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  9. ^ Warfacts.org.yu (1999). "(NATO Aggression) Civilian Infrastructure: Uzice". Archived from the original on 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
  10. ^ "Climate: Užice, Serbia". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  11. ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  12. ^ "Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Republički zavod za statistiku. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  13. ^ ОДЛУКА О ИЗМЕНАМА И ДОПУНАМА СТАТУТА ГРАДА УЖИЦА (PDF). graduzice.org (in Serbian). Службени лист града Ужица. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  14. ^ "The old hydroelectrical power plant – Град Ужице" (in Serbian). Retrieved 2021-01-11.
  15. ^ Radovinović, Radovan; Bertić, Ivan, eds. (1984). Atlas svijeta: Novi pogled na Zemlju (in Croatian) (3rd ed.). Zagreb: Sveučilišna naklada Liber.
  16. ^ a b Janković, Nikola (17 June 2018). "Svetlo valjaonice u sumraku tranzicije". novosti.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  17. ^ "MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2019" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  18. ^ Mikavica, A. (3 September 2017). "Slobodne zone mamac za investitore". politika.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  19. ^ "MUNICIPALITIES AND REGIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2023" (PDF). stat.gov.rs. Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  20. ^ "Ужице Харбину, Харбин Ужицу – Град Ужице" (in Serbian). Retrieved 2020-04-05.
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