Hog Islander

Hog Islander

USS Samaritan in San Francisco Bay, late 1945 or early 1946
Class overview
Builders	American International Shipbuilding
Subclasses	Design 1022 (110) Design 1024 (12)
Built	5 August 1918 – 29 January 1921
Planned	180
Completed	122
Cancelled	58
Lost	58
General characteristics
Type	Cargo ship (1022) Troop transport (1024)
Tonnage	7,825 DWT (1022)
Displacement	8,400 tons (12 × 1024) 13,400 tons (12 × 1024)
Installed power	Oil-fired geared turbine 2,500 shp (1,900 kW)
Speed	15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph)

Hog Islanders is the slang for ships built to Emergency Fleet Corporation designs number 1022 and 1024. These vessels were cargo and troop transport ships, respectively, built under government direction and subsidy to address a shortage of ships in the United States Merchant Marine during World War I.^[1] American International Shipbuilding, subsidized by the United States Shipping Board, built an emergency shipyard on Hog Island at the site of the present-day Philadelphia International Airport.

No ships were produced in time to participate in World War I, but many ships were active in World War II, with roughly half of those produced at Hog Island being sunk in that conflict. During the planning stage, 120 ship names based on the "aboriginal inhabitants of the United States" were selected by First Lady Edith Wilson (Mrs. Woodrow Wilson), although most were changed before completion.^[2]

Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) was formed by the US Shipping Board to acquire, design and build sufficient shipping for the US to conduct operations in World War I. The EFC found that US shipyards were too few and small to meet the needs; contracts were awarded to foreign yards in Japan and China. The EFC also contracted with private companies to form new yards, called "Agency Yards". These would be assembly yards, building prefabricated ships, rather than using traditional methods.

Hog Island in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the first shipyard ever built for mass production of ships from fabricated parts and sub-assemblies, produced at dozens of subcontractors. It had 50 slipways, seven wet docks and a detention basin. Only two basic designs, EFC 1022^[3] and EFC 1024,^[4] were to be fabricated at the yard, these became collectively known as "Hog Islanders". The Type A design (1022) was a cargo carrier and the Type B (1024) was designed to transport troops. Both were simple designs geared toward mass production and aesthetic considerations were ignored. These were very modern in design except for the aesthetics. The vessels were fueled by oil rather than coal, with modern geared turbines of 2,500 shaft horsepower (1,900 kW) capable of producing up to 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).

The design had a minimum of frills with no sheer, resulting in a squat, angular silhouette. The hulls were symmetrical from the sides. The combination produced an unconventional look and profile. These ships were considered ugly but well built and had good performance in terms of capacity and speed. The profile created a form of camouflage because the lack of sheer in the bow, high stern, and the evenly balanced superstructure, made it difficult for submarines to tell which direction the ships were going. The Hog Island contract was for 180 ships, but only 122 were completed, and none were completed in time to be used before the war ended. The first ship, SS Quistconck, was launched on 5 August 1918, and the last of 122 ships on 29 January 1921. Though not effective in World War I, these ships were used extensively by the military and Merchant Marine. Fifty-eight, nearly half, of the Hog Islanders were sunk during World War II. The Liberty ships built during World War II used a similar concept of production, but a completely different design.

Only 24 Type B troop transports were produced. Twelve of the Type B ships were built with 8,400-ton displacements, one of which became the US Navy USS Argonne. Another twelve were built with 13,400-ton displacements, an example of which was the US Navy hospital ship USS Samaritan, which was active in World War II.^{[citation needed]}

• USS Argonne
• SS Capillo
• USS Capella (ex-Comerant)
• SS City of Flint
• SS Liberty Glo
• SS Robin Moor
• USS Samaritan
• USAT St. Mihiel / USS St. Mihiel (AP-32) / USAHS St. Mihiel

• De La Pedraja, Rene, A Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Merchant Marine and Shipping Industry Since the Introduction of Steam, Greenwood Press (Westport, CT: n.d.), 1994; ISBN 0-313-27225-5
• de Tankerville, R. (1918). "Note, page 545". Shipping (16 March 1918). New York: Shipping Publishing Company: 545. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
• Jones, David H. (2003). "The Hog Islanders". The Ship Modeller Mailing List Website. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015.

• "Ugly Duckings". Time, 13 January 1941
• "Hog Islanders". Time, 6 November 1939
• US Merchant Marine list of Hog Island ships
• Argonne AP-4 / AS-10 / AG-31 - Navsource Online.
• AP-5 Chaumont AH-10 Samaritan, Navsource Online.
• International Marine Engineering (1920): "Troopships Completed at Hog Island" (technical details on propulsion)