List of weather records

The list of weather records includes the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.^[2]

The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.25 metres (4.1 ft) to 2.00 metres (6.6 ft) above the ground,^[5] and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term x degrees "in the shade").^[6] The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.

Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C (54 to 90 °F).^[6] The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded may have been an alleged reading of 93.9 °C (201.0 °F) at Furnace Creek, California, United States, on 15 July 1972.^[7] In 2011, a ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) was recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.^[8] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C (194 and 212 °F) for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.^[9]

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in five of the seven years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.^[6]

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E / -81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).^[10][11]

According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States,^[12] but the validity of this record is challenged as possible problems with the reading have since been discovered. Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing for Weather Underground, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high.^[13] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could still be at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 June 2013.^[14] This is lower than a 1931 measurement of 55 °C (131 °F) recorded in Kebili, Tunisia, but the WMS rejects this measurement as due to an inexperienced operator misreading the instrument.^[15] Temperature of 54 °C (129 °F) is also matched by a 1942 record from Tirat Zvi, Israel.^[16] 2016 and 2017 readings in Kuwait and Iran have also matched the 2013 Death Valley record, while readings in 2020 and 2021 also at Furnace Creek went even higher, up to 54.4 °C (129.9 °F), however, they have not yet been validated by WMO.^[17] The WMO has stated they stand by the 1913 record pending any future investigations.

The former highest official temperature on Earth, 57.8 °C (136.0 °F), measured in ʽAziziya, Libya on 13 September 1922, was reassessed in July 2012 by the WMO which published a report that invalidated the record.^[15] There have been other unconfirmed reports of high temperatures, but these temperatures have never been officially validated by national weather services/WMO, and are currently considered to have been recorder's errors,^[18] thus not being recognised as world records.^[19]

The warmest day on record for the entire planet was 22 July 2024 when the highest global average temperature was recorded at 17.16 °C (62.89 °F).^[20] The previous record was 17.09 °C (62.76 °F) set the day before on 21 July 2024.^[20] The month of July 2023 was the hottest month on record globally.^[21] September 2023 was the most anomalously warm month, averaging 1.75 °C (3.15 °F) above the preindustrial average for September.^[22] The Copernicus Programme (begun 1940) had recorded 13 August 2016, as the hottest global temperature, but by July 2024, that date had been downgraded to the fourth hottest.^[23]

Country/Region	Temperature	Town/Location	Date
Africa
Algeria	51.3 °C (124.3 °F)	Ouargla, Ouargla Province	5 July 2018[24]
Botswana	44.0 °C (111.2 °F)	Maun	7 January 2016[25][26]
Burkina Faso	47.2 °C (117.0 °F)	Dori	1984[27]
Chad	48.0 °C (118.4 °F)	Faya-Largeau	25 May 2023[28]
Comoros	36.2 °C (97.2 °F)	Hahaya International Airport	12 March 2024[29]
Egypt	51.0 °C (123.8 °F)	Aswan	4 July 1918[30][better source needed]
Eswatini (Swaziland)	47.4 °C (117.3 °F)	Lavumisa	?[31]
Ethiopia	48.9 °C (120.0 °F)	Dallol, Afar	1966[32]
Gambia	49.0 °C (120.2 °F)	Jenoi	2001[33]
Ghana	44.6 °C (112.3 °F)	Navrongo	1 May 2024[29]
Guinea	45.0 °C (113.0 °F)	Koundara, Boké Region	29 March 2017[34]
Ivory Coast	49.5 °C (121.1 °F)	Odienne	26 January 2025[35]
Madagascar	43.6 °C (110.5 °F)	Ejeda, Atsimo-Andrefana	?[36]
Mali	48.5 °C (119.3 °F)	Kayes	3 April 2024[29]
Morocco	50.4 °C (122.7 °F)	Agadir (Inezgane Airport)	11 August 2023[37]
Niger	49.5 °C (121.1 °F)	Diffa	7 September 1978[38]
Nigeria	46.5 °C (115.7 °F)	Yola	13 April 2004[citation needed]
Republic of the Congo	39.6 °C (103.3 °F)	Impfondo	13 March 2024[29]
Réunion	36.9 °C (98.4 °F)	Le Port	6 March 2004[39]
South Africa (then the  Union of South Africa)	50.0 °C (122.0 °F)	Dunbrody, Eastern Cape	3 November 1918[40][note 1]
Sudan	49.7 °C (121.5 °F)	Dongola	25 June 2010[28]
Togo	44.0 °C (111.2 °F)	Mango	31 March 2024[29]
Tunisia	50.3 °C (122.5 °F)	Kairouan	11 August 2021[42][note 2]
Zambia	42.4 °C (108.3 °F)	Mfuwe, Eastern Province	13 October 2010[28]
Antarctica
Antarctica	19.8 °C (67.6 °F)	Signy Research Station, Signy Island	30 January 1982[44]
Asia
Abkhazia	37.0 °C (98.6 °F)	Sukhumi	?
Afghanistan (then,  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan)	49.9 °C (121.8 °F)	Farah	August 2009[45]
Bangladesh	45.1 °C (113.2 °F)	Rajshahi	18 May 1972[46]
Bhutan	40.0 °C (104.0 °F)	Phuentsholing	27 August 1997[47]
Cambodia	42.8 °C (109.0 °F)	Preah Vihear and Svay Leu District	27 April 2024[29]
China	52.2 °C (126.0 °F)	Sanbu Township, Turpan, Xinjiang	16 July 2023[48]
Hong Kong	39.0 °C (102.2 °F)	Sheung Shui	24 July 2022[49]
India	51.0 °C (123.8 °F)	Phalodi, Rajasthan	19 May 2016[50][51]
Indonesia	40.6 °C (105.1 °F)	Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan	16 August 1997[52][53]
Iran	54.0 °C (129.2 °F)	Ahvaz Airport (OIAW)	29 June 2017[54]
Iraq	53.9 °C (129.0 °F)	Basra	22 July 2016[55][56]
Israel	51.2 °C (124.2 °F)	Qalya	22 June 1942[57]
Japan	41.1 °C (106.0 °F)	Kumagaya, Saitama Hamamatsu, Shizuoka	23 July 2018[58][59] 17 August 2020[59]
Jordan	50.0 °C (122.0 °F)	Jordan University Agriculture Research Center	6 September 2002[60]
Kazakhstan	49.1 °C (120.4 °F)	Turkistan	2010[61]
Kuwait	54.0 °C (129.2 °F)	Mitribah, Al Jahra Governorate	21 July 2016[62][note 3]
Kyrgyzstan	43.6 °C (110.5 °F)	Jangy-Jer	July 1944[63]
Laos	43.7 °C (110.7 °F)	Tha Ngon	1 May 2024[29]
Lebanon	44.3 °C (111.7 °F)	Houche Al Oumara	September 2020[64]
Macau	39.0 °C (102.2 °F)	Coloane	22 August 2017[34]
Malaysia	40.1 °C (104.2 °F)	Chuping	9 April 1998[65]
Maldives	35.1 °C (95.2 °F)	Hanimaadhoo	24 March 2024[29]
Mongolia	44.0 °C (111.2 °F)	Khongor, Darkhan-Uul Province	24 July 1999[66]
Myanmar	47.2 °C (117.0 °F)	Myinmu	14 May 2010[67][68]
Nepal	46.4 °C (115.5 °F)	Ataria	16 June 1995[69]
North Korea	40.5 °C (104.9 °F)	Hoeryong	30 July 1977
Oman	51.6 °C (124.9 °F)	Joba	16 June 2021[70]
Pakistan	53.7 °C (128.7 °F)	Mohenjo-daro, Turbat	26 May 2010[71] 28 May 2017[62]
Philippines (first recorded under the Insular Government)	42.2 °C (108.0 °F)	Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley	12 April 1912 11 May 1969[72]
Qatar	50.4 °C (122.7 °F)	Doha	14 July 2010[28]
Saudi Arabia	52.0 °C (125.6 °F)	Jeddah	22 June 2010[73][28]
Singapore	37.0 °C (98.6 °F)	Tengah Ang Mo Kio	17 April 1983[74] 13 May 2023[75]
South Korea	41.0 °C (105.8 °F)	Hongcheon, Gangwon Province	1 August 2018[76]
Sri Lanka	39.8 °C (103.6 °F)	Trincomalee	13 May 1890 [77] 11 April 2019[78]
Syria	49.4 °C (120.9 °F)	Al-Hasakah	30 July 2000 [79][80]
Taiwan	41.6 °C (106.9 °F)	Fuyuan	21 August 2022[81]
Tajikistan	48.0 °C (118.4 °F)	Panji Poyon	?[82]
Thailand	45.4 °C (113.7 °F)	Tak	15 April 2023[83]
Turkey	49.5 °C (121.1 °F)	Sarıcakaya, Eskişehir Province	15 August 2023[84]
Turkmenistan (then the  Turkmen SSR,  Soviet Union)	50.1 °C (122.2 °F)	Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert	28 July 1983[85][86]
United Arab Emirates	52.1 °C (125.8 °F)	Sweihan, Al Ain	July 2002[87][88]
Uzbekistan (then the  Uzbek SSR,  Soviet Union)	50 °C (122 °F)	Termez	July 1944
Vietnam	44.2 °C (111.6 °F)	Tương Dương District, Nghệ An Province	7 May 2023[89]
Europe
Akrotiri and Dhekelia	34.0 °C (93.2 °F)	RAF Akrotiri, Dhekelia	?[90][91]
Albania	44.0 °C (111.2 °F)	Kuçovë	25 July 2023[92]
Andorra	39.4 °C (102.9 °F)	Borda Vidal	28 June 2019[93]
Armenia	43.7 °C (110.7 °F)	Meghri Yerevan	1 August 2011[94][95] 12 July 2018[96]
Austria	40.5 °C (104.9 °F)	Bad Deutsch-Altenburg	8 August 2013[97]
Azerbaijan	46.0 °C (114.8 °F)	Julfa and Ordubad	1 July 2018
Belarus	38.9 °C (102.0 °F)	Gomel	7 August 2010[28]
Belgium	41.8 °C (107.2 °F)	Begijnendijk, Flemish Brabant[note 4]	25 July 2019[98]
Bosnia and Herzegovina (then  Austria–Hungary-occupied Bosnia Vilayet,  Ottoman Empire)	46.2 °C (115.2 °F)	Mostar	31 July 1901[99][100]
Bulgaria	45.2 °C (113.4 °F)	Sadovo, Plovdiv Province	5 August 1916[101]
Croatia (then the  SR Croatia,  SFR Yugoslavia)	42.8 °C (109.0 °F)	Ploče	5 August 1981[102]
Cyprus	46.8 °C (116.2 °F)	Agios Vasileios	July 2024
Czech Republic	40.4 °C (104.7 °F)	Dobřichovice, Prague-West District	20 August 2012[103]
Denmark	36.4 °C (97.5 °F)	Holstebro, Midtjylland	10 August 1975[104]
Estonia	35.6 °C (96.1 °F)	Võru	11 August 1992[105]
Finland	37.2 °C (99.0 °F)	Joensuu Airport, Liperi	29 July 2010[106][28]
France	46.0 °C (114.8 °F)	Vérargues, Hérault	28 June 2019[100]
Germany	42.6 °C (108.7 °F)	Lingen, Lower Saxony[note 4]	25 July 2019[107]
Greece	48.0 °C (118.4 °F)	Elefsina, Attica	10 July 1977[108]
Hungary	41.9 °C (107.4 °F)	Kiskunhalas	20 July 2007[109]
Iceland (then the  Kingdom of Iceland)	30.5 °C (86.9 °F)	Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur	22 June 1939[110][111]
Ireland (then part of the  United Kingdom)	33.3 °C (91.9 °F)	Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny	26 June 1887[112]
Isle of Man	28.9 °C (84.0 °F)	Isle of Man Airport	12 July 1983
Italy	48.8 °C (119.8 °F)	Floridia, Sicily	11 August 2021[113]
Latvia	37.8 °C (100.0 °F)	Ventspils	4 August 2014[114][115]
Liechtenstein	37.4 °C (99.3 °F)	Ruggell	13 August 2003[116][117]
Lithuania	37.5 °C (99.5 °F)	Zarasai, Utena County	30 July 1994[118]
Luxembourg	40.8 °C (105.4 °F)	Steinsel, Luxembourg and Remich, Remich[note 4]	25 July 2019[119][120]
Malta	43.8 °C (110.8 °F)	Malta International Airport	9 August 1999[121][122]
Moldova	42.4 °C (108.3 °F)	Fălești	7 August 2012[123]
Monaco	35.1 °C (95.2 °F)	Monaco	20 July 2022[81]
Montenegro	44.8 °C (112.6 °F)	Podgorica Danilovgrad	16 August 2007 8 August 2012[124]
Netherlands	40.7 °C (105.3 °F)	Gilze en Rijen, North Brabant[note 4][note 5]	25 July 2019[126]
North Macedonia	45.7 °C (114.3 °F)	Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija	24 July 2007[127]
Norway	35.6 °C (96.1 °F)	Nesbyen, Buskerud	20 June 1970[128]
Poland	40.2 °C (104.4 °F)	Prószków[note 6]	29 July 1921[130]
Portugal	47.4 °C (117.3 °F)	Amareleja, Beja	1 August 2003[131]
Romania	44.5 °C (112.1 °F)	Ion Sion, Brăila County	10 August 1951[132]
Russia	45.4 °C (113.7 °F)	Utta, Kalmykia	12 July 2010[133]
San Marino	40.3 °C (104.5 °F)	Serravalle	3 August 2017 9 August 2017[34]
Serbia	44.9 °C (112.8 °F)	Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje	24 July 2007[134]
Slovakia	40.3 °C (104.5 °F)	Hurbanovo	20 July 2007[135]
Slovenia	40.8 °C (105.4 °F)	Cerklje ob Krki	8 August 2013[136]
Spain	47.6 °C (117.7 °F)	La Rambla, Cordoba (as La Rambla Privilegio)	14 August 2021[137]
Svalbard	21.7 °C (71.1 °F)	Longyearbyen	25 July 2020
Sweden	38.0 °C (100.4 °F)	Ultuna, Uppsala County Målilla, Kalmar County	9 July 1933 29 June 1947[138]
Switzerland	41.5 °C (106.7 °F)	Grono, Moesa District	11 August 2003[139]
Ukraine	42.0 °C (107.6 °F)	Luhansk	12 August 2010[140][28]
United Kingdom	40.3 °C (104.5 °F)	Coningsby, Lincolnshire	19 July 2022[141]
Vatican City	40.8 °C (105.4 °F)	Vatican City	28 June 2022[81]
North America
Anguilla	34.2 °C (93.6 °F)	The Valley	12 September 2015[142]
Antigua and Barbuda	34.9 °C (94.8 °F)	V. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's	12 August 1995[143][144]
Barbados	35.6 °C (96.1 °F)	Saint James, Barbados	September 2023[145]
Belize	42.3 °C (108.1 °F)	Barton Creek	10 April 2024[29]
British Virgin Islands	35.0 °C (95.0 °F)	Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport	22 July 2016[146]
Canada	49.6 °C (121.3 °F)	Lytton, British Columbia	29 June 2021[147][148][149][150][151]
Cayman Islands	34.9 °C (94.8 °F)	Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman	21 August 2016[146]
Costa Rica	41.5 °C (106.7 °F)	Cerro Huacalito, Guanacaste Province	23 March 2024[29]
Cuba	39.7 °C (103.5 °F)	Veguitas (Granma Province)	12 April 2020[152]
Dominica	36.6 °C (97.9 °F)	Canefield Airport	27 August 2023[153]
Dominican Republic	43.0 °C (109.4 °F)	Mao	31 August 1954[154]
Greenland	30.1 °C (86.2 °F)	Ivittuut	23 June 1915[155][156][157]
Guatemala	45.0 °C (113.0 °F)	Estanzuela, Zacapa	12 May 1998[158][159]
Martinique	36.5 °C (97.7 °F)	Saint-Pierre	6 October 2010[160]
Mexico	52.0 °C (125.6 °F)	Mexicali area	28 July 1995[161][162]
Nicaragua	38.4 °C (101.1 °F)	Managua	May 2024
Panama	40.0 °C (104.0 °F)	San Francisco	20 March 1998[163]
Puerto Rico	40.0 °C (104.0 °F)	Mona Island	2 July 1996[164]
United States	56.7 °C (134.0 °F)	Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California	10 July 1913[13][165][14]
United States Virgin Islands	37.2 °C (99 °F)	Saint Thomas Cruz Bay	4 August 1994 and 23 June 1996[164] 31 July 1988[164]
Oceania
Australia	50.7 °C (123.3 °F)	Oodnadatta, South Australia Onslow, Western Australia	2 January 1960[166][167][168] 13 January 2022[169][170][171]
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	33.2 °C (91.8 °F)	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	3 December 2024[172]
Marshall Islands	35.6 °C (96.1 °F)	Utirik Atoll	24 August 2016[146]
New Zealand	42.4 °C (108.3 °F)	Rangiora, Canterbury	7 February 1973[173]
Palau	35.6 °C (96.1 °F)	Roman Tmetuchl International Airport	2 June 2024[29]
Samoa	35.3 °C (95.5 °F)	Asau	24 December 1968[174]
Solomon Islands	36.1 °C (97.0 °F)	Honiara, Guadalcanal Province	1 February 2010[28]
Tonga	35.5 °C (95.9 °F)	Niuafoou	1 February 2016[146]
Vanuatu	36.2 °C (97.2 °F)	Lamap Malekula	8 February 2016[146]
Wallis and Futuna	35.8 °C (96.4 °F)	Futuna Airport	10 January 2016[146]
South America
Argentina	48.9 °C (120.0 °F)	Rivadavia, Salta Province[note 7]	11 December 1905[175][176][177]
Bolivia	46.7 °C (116.1 °F)	Villamontes, Tarija Department	29 October 2010[28][note 8]
Brazil	44.8 °C (112.6 °F)	Araçuaí, Minas Gerais	19 November 2023[178]
Chile	44.9 °C (112.8 °F)	Quillón, Biobio Region[note 9]	26 January 2017[179][180]
Colombia	45.0 °C (113.0 °F)	Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca	29 December 2015[181]
French Guiana	39.3 °C (102.7 °F)	Grand-Santi	2024
Guyana	40.1 °C (104.2 °F)	Ebini	26 September 2023[182]
Paraguay	46.2 °C (115.2 °F)	Las Palmas	10 December 2022[81]
Peru	41.6 °C (106.9 °F)	Iñapari	7 October 2023[183]
Uruguay	44.0 °C (111.2 °F)	Paysandú, Paysandú Department Florida, Florida Department	20 January 1943[184][185] 14 January 2022[186]
Venezuela	43.6 °C (110.5 °F)	Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón	29 April 2015[142]

Country/Region	Temperature	Town/Location	Date	Record	Info
Australia	37.8 °C (100.0 °F)	Marble Bar, Western Australia	31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924 (160 days)	Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F)[187]	-
Iran	70.7 °C (159.3 °F)	Lut Desert	2005	Highest natural ground surface temperature 70.7 °C (159.3 °F)[188][189]	-
USA ( California)	48.9 °C (120.0 °F)	Death Valley	9 July 1917 to 17 August 1917 (40 days)	Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F)[190]	-
USA ( California)	48.3 °C (118.9 °F)	Imperial, California	24 July 2018	Highest temperature during rain[191]	-
Oman	44.2 °C (111.6 °F)	Khasab weather station	17 June 2017	Highest overnight low temperature[192][note 10]	-

• Highest minimum temperature for a 24-hour period and for a calendar day: 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) at Qurayyat, Oman on 25 June 2018.^[194]
• Highest average monthly temperature: 42.3 °C (108.1 °F), in Death Valley, California, for the month of July 2018.^[195][196]
• Highest temperature north of the Arctic Circle: 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) in Verkhoyansk, Russia on 20 June 2020.^{[197][198][199][200]}
• Highest temperature ever recorded north of the 50th parallel north: 49.6 °C (121.3 °F) at Lytton, British Columbia, Canada on 29 June 2021.^{[149][150][151]}

• Highest dew point temperature: A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) — while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F) — was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on 8 July 2003.^[201]
• Highest heat index: In the observation above at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, the heat index ("feels like" temperature) was 81.1 °C (178.0 °F).^[201]
• Highest temperature with 100% relative humidity: A temperature of 34 °C (93 °F) with 100% relative humidity in Jask, Iran, on 21 July 2012.^[202]

The lowest temperature recorded is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), in Vostok Station, Antarctica on 21 July 1983.

Table of values

Country/Region	Temperature	Town/Location	Date
Africa
Algeria	−13.8 °C (7.2 °F)	Mécheria	28 January 2005[203]
Burkina Faso	5.0 °C (41.0 °F)	Markoye	January 1975[27]
Egypt	−18.0 °C (−0.4 °F)	Gabal Katrina at elevation of 2,629 m While −6 °C in Saint Katherine City at 1,586 m. Sinai Peninsula is geologically part of the African Plate, but geographically it is considered to be in Asia.	?[204][205]
Botswana	−15.0 °C (5.0 °F)	Tsabong	?[206]
Eswatini (Swaziland)	−6.7 °C (19.9 °F)	Big Bend	?[31]
Gambia	4.0 °C (39.2 °F)	Jenoi	2003[33]
Ghana	11.0 °C (51.8 °F)	Kumasi, Tafo	?[207]
Guinea	2.5 °C (36.5 °F)	Bareing	2 January 1982[208]
Lesotho	−21.0 °C (−5.8 °F)		?[209]
Madagascar	−1.0 °C (30.2 °F)	Antsirabe, Vakinankaratra	?[36]
Morocco (then the French protectorate in Morocco)	−23.9 °C (−11.0 °F)	Ifrane	11 February 1935[210]
Niger	−2.4 °C (27.7 °F)	Bilma	13 January 1995[38]
Réunion	−5.0 °C (23.0 °F)	Gite de Bellecome	10 September 1975[39]
South Africa	−20.1 °C (−4.2 °F)	Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape	23 August 2013[211]
Spain ( Canarias)	−14.5 °C (5.9 °F)	Teide, Tenerife	29 January 2018[212]
Sudan	−1.0 °C (30.2 °F)	Zalingei	December 1961 January 1962[213]
Antarctica
Antarctica	−89.2 °C (−128.6 °F)	Vostok Station	21 July 1983[214][215][note 11]
Asia
Afghanistan	−52.2 °C (−62.0 °F)	Shahrak	January 1964[45]
Armenia (then the  Armenian SSR,  Soviet Union)	−42.0 °C (−43.6 °F)	Paghakn and Ashocq	1961[94]
Azerbaijan	−33.0 °C (−27.4 °F)	Julfa and Ordubad	?[216]
Bangladesh (then the Bengal Presidency of British India)	1.1 °C (34.0 °F)	Dinajpur	3 February 1905[217]
China	−53.0 °C (−63.4 °F)	Mohe City, Heilongjiang	22 January 2023[218][219][220]
Cambodia	7.0 °C (44.6 °F)	Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri and Preah Vihear	29 January 2007[221]
Hong Kong	−6.0 °C (21.2 °F)	Tai Mo Shan	24 January 2016
India	−45.0 °C (−49.0 °F)	Dras, Ladakh	9 January 1995[222]
Indonesia	−9.0 °C (15.8 °F)	Dieng Plateau	24 June 2019[223]
Iran	−36.0 °C (−32.8 °F)	Saqqez	1972[224]
Israel (Syrian territory occupied by Israel)	−14.2 °C (6.4 °F)	Merom Golan	10 January 2015[225]
Japan	−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F)	Asahikawa, Hokkaidō	25 January 1902[59]
Jordan	−16.0 °C (3.2 °F)	Shoubak	15 December 2013[60]
Kazakhstan	−57.0 °C (−70.6 °F)	Atbasar	?[61]
Kuwait	−4.8 °C (23.4 °F)	Salmy	3 January 2009[226][227]
Kyrgyzstan	−53.6 °C (−64.5 °F)	Fergana Valley	?[228]
Lebanon	−23.1 °C (−9.6 °F)	Yammoune	January 20, 1964[229]
Malaysia	7.8 °C (46.0 °F)	Cameron Highlands	1 February 1978[65]
Maldives	17.2 °C (63.0 °F)	Hulhulé Island, located at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport	11 April 1978[230]
Mongolia	−55.3 °C (−67.5 °F)	Züüngovi, Uvs Province	31 December 1976[66][231]
Myanmar	−5.0 °C (23.0 °F)	Hakha	30 December 1990[232][28]
Nepal	−45.0 °C (−49.0 °F)	Sagarmatha	?[69]
North Korea (then Japanese Korea)	−43.6 °C (−46.5 °F)	Chunggangjin	12 January 1933[233]
Oman	−9.7 °C (14.5 °F)	Jabel Shams	January 2015[234]
Pakistan|  Pakistan/ India (undemarcated Kashmir area in disputed territory of Kashmir)	−24.0 °C (−11.2 °F)	Skardu	7 January 1995[235]
Philippines	6.3 °C (43.3 °F)	Baguio	18 January 1961[72][236] [note 12]
Qatar	1.5 °C (34.7 °F)	Abu Samra	5 February 2017[34]
Russia (first in the  Russian Empire, then in the  Russian SFSR,  Soviet Union)	−67.8 °C (−90.0 °F)	Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic	15 January 1885 5, 7 February 1892 6 February 1933[238]
Saudi Arabia	−12.0 °C (10.4 °F)	Turaif	?[239]
Singapore	19.0 °C (66.2 °F)	Paya Lebar	14 February 1989[74]
South Korea	−32.6 °C (−26.7 °F)	Yangpyeong	5 January 1981[240]
Sri Lanka	−2.6 °C (27.3 °F)	Nuwara Eliya	14 January 1929[241]
Syria	−23.0 °C (−9.4 °F)	Idlib	January 1951[242]
Taiwan	−18.4 °C (−1.1 °F)	Yushan	31 January 1970[243][244]
Thailand	−1.4 °C (29.5 °F)	Sakon Nakhon	2 January 1974[245]
Turkey	−46.4 °C (−51.5 °F)	Çaldıran, Van Province	9 January 1990[84]
Turkmenistan	−36.0 °C (−32.8 °F)	Daşoguz Region	?[85]
United Arab Emirates	−5.4 °C (22.3 °F)	Jebel Jais, Fujairah	3 February 2017[34]
Vietnam (then DR Vietnam)	−6.1 °C (21.0 °F)	Sa Pa	4 January 1974[246]
Europe
Albania	−29.0 °C (−20.2 °F)	Shtylle	9 January 2017[247]
Austria	−52.6 °C (−62.7 °F)	Grünloch doline	19 February 1932[248]
Belarus (then the  Byelorussian SSR,  Soviet Union)	−42.2 °C (−44.0 °F)	Slavnom, Vitebsk Region	17 January 1940[249]
Belgium	−30.1 °C (−22.2 °F)	Valley of the Lesse in Rochefort	20 January 1940[250]
Bosnia and Herzegovina (then the  SR Bosnia and Herzegovina,  SFR Yugoslavia)	−42.5 °C (−44.5 °F)	Igman in Sarajevo Canton	24 January 1963[251]
Bulgaria	−38.3 °C (−36.9 °F)	Tran	25 January 1947[101]
Croatia	−34.6 °C (−30.3 °F)	Gračac	13 January 2003[252][note 13]
Cyprus	−12.8 °C (9.0 °F)	Trikoukia, Prodromos	30 January 1964[253]
Czech Republic (then part of  Czechoslovakia)	−42.2 °C (−44.0 °F)	Litvínovice	11 February 1929[103]
Denmark	−31.2 °C (−24.2 °F)	Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region	8 January 1982[104]
Estonia	−43.5 °C (−46.3 °F)	Jõgeva, Jõgeva County	17 January 1940[105]
Finland	−51.5 °C (−60.7 °F)	Pokka, Kittilä, Lapland	28 January 1999[106][254]
France	−41.2 °C (−42.2 °F)	Mouthe, Doubs	17 January 1985[255]
Germany	−45.9 °C (−50.6 °F)	Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria	24 December 2001[256]
Greece	−27.8 °C (−18.0 °F)	Ptolemaida	27 January 1963[257]
Hungary	−35.0 °C (−31.0 °F)	Görömbölytapolca	16 February 1940[109]
Iceland (then Danish Iceland)	−37.9 °C (−36.2 °F)	Grímsstaðir	21 January 1918[110]
Ireland (then part of the  United Kingdom)	−19.1 °C (−2.4 °F)	Markree Castle, County Sligo	16 January 1881[112]
Italy	−50.6 °C (−59.1 °F)	Busa Riviera, Pale di San Martino	7 January 2022[258]
Latvia	−43.2 °C (−45.8 °F)	Daugavpils	8 February 1956[114]
Lithuania	−42.9 °C (−45.2 °F)	Utena, Utena County	1 February 1956[118]
Luxembourg	−20.2 °C (−4.4 °F)		2 February 1956[259]
Malta	1.4 °C (34.5 °F)	Malta International Airport	29 January 1981[121][122]
Moldova	−35.5 °C (−31.9 °F)	Brătușeni, Edineț District	20 January 1963[123]
Monaco	−5.2 °C (22.6 °F)	Monaco	10 February 1986[260]
Netherlands (then Nazi-occupied Netherlands)	−27.4 °C (−17.3 °F)	Winterswijk, Gelderland	27 January 1942[261]
North Macedonia (then the  SR Macedonia,  SFR Yugoslavia)	−31.5 °C (−24.7 °F)	Berovo, Berovo Municipality	27 January 1954[262]
Norway (then part of  Sweden–Norway)	−51.4 °C (−60.5 °F)	Karasjok, Finnmark	1 January 1886[128]
Poland (then Nazi-occupied Poland)	−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F)	Siedlce, Masovian Voivodeship	11 January 1940[130]
Portugal	−16.0 °C (3.2 °F)	Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality Miranda do Douro	16 January 1945 and 5 February 1954[263]
Romania	−38.5 °C (−37.3 °F)	Bod, Brașov County	25 January 1942[264]
Serbia	−39.8 °C (−39.6 °F)	Karajukića Bunari, Zlatibor District	26 January 2006[265]
Slovakia (then  Czechoslovakia)	−41.0 °C (−41.8 °F)	Vígľaš-Pstruša	11 February 1929[135]
Slovenia (then  SR Slovenia,  SFR Yugoslavia)	−34.5 °C (−30.1 °F)	Babno Polje	15 February 1956 16 February 1956 13 January 1968[note 14][266]
Spain	−32.0 °C (−25.6 °F)	Estany Gento (Province of Lleida)[note 15]	2 February 1956[267]
Sweden	−52.6 °C (−62.7 °F)	Vuoggatjålme, Lappland	2 February 1966[138]
Switzerland	−41.8 °C (−43.2 °F)	La Brévine	12 January 1987[139]
Ukraine (then the  Ukrainian SSR,  Soviet Union)	−41.9 °C (−43.4 °F)	Luhansk	8 January 1935[140][268]
United Kingdom	−27.2 °C (−17.0 °F)	Braemar, Aberdeenshire Altnaharra, Sutherland	11 February 1895 10 January 1982 30 December 1995[269]
North America
Antigua and Barbuda	16.1 °C (61.0 °F)	V. C. Bird International Airport, Antigua	31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976[143][144]
Canada	−63.0 °C (−81.4 °F)	Snag, Yukon	3 February 1947[214][270]
Cayman Islands	11.1 °C (52.0 °F)	Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman	?[271]
Cuba	0.6 °C (33.1 °F)	Bainoa, Mayabeque Province	18 February 1996[272]
Dominican Republic	−7.0 °C (19.4 °F)	Valle Nuevo, La Vega Province	17 January 1983[273]
Greenland	−69.6 °C (−93.3 °F)	Klinck Automated Weather Station, Greenland Ice Sheet	22 December 1991[197]
Guatemala	−11.5 °C (11.3 °F)	Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango Department	?[158]
Martinique	14.1 °C (57.4 °F)	Le Lamentin	25 December 1964[160]
Mexico	−25.1 °C (−13.2 °F)	Madera, Chihuahua	27 December 1997[274]
Panama	2.0 °C (35.6 °F)	Bajo Grande, Chiriquí Province	20 February 1995[163]
Puerto Rico	4.4 °C (40 °F)	Aibonito San Sebastián	9 March 1911 24 January 1966[164]
US Virgin Islands	10.6 °C (51 °F)	Anna's Hope, Saint Croix	31 January 1954[164]
United States ( Alaska)	−62.2 °C (−80 °F)	Prospect Creek, Alaska	23 January 1971[275]
United States (contiguous)	−56.7 °C (−70 °F)	Rogers Pass, Montana	20 January 1954[276]
South America
Argentina	−32.8 °C (−27.0 °F)	Sarmiento, Chubut Province	1 June 1907[277][note 16]
Brazil	−14.0 °C (6.8 °F)	Caçador, Santa Catarina	11 June 1952[278][279]
Chile	−28.5 °C (−19.3 °F)	Balmaceda, Aysen Region	16 June 1958[280]
Colombia	−11.0 °C (12.2 °F)	Páramo de Berlín, Tona, Santander	11 December 1974[281]
Curaçao	18.9 °C (66.0 °F)	Willemstad	12 December 2017[282]
Guyana	12.7 °C (54.9 °F)	Timehri, Demerara-Mahaica	August 2006[283]
French Guiana	16.9 °C (62.4 °F)	Maripasoula	23 January 1964[284]
Paraguay	−7.5 °C (18.5 °F)	Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department	13 July 2000[285]
Peru	−25.2 °C (−13.4 °F)	Mazo Cruz, Puno Region	30 June 1966[286]
Uruguay	−11.0 °C (12.2 °F)	Melo, Cerro Largo Department	14 June 1967[184][185]
Oceania
Australia	−23.0 °C (−9.4 °F)	Charlotte Pass, New South Wales	29 June 1994[287][288]
United States ( Hawaii)	−11.1 °C (12.0 °F)	Mauna Kea, Hawaii	17 May 1979[289]
Nauru	20.0 °C (68.0 °F)	Yaren District	?[citation needed]
New Zealand	−25.6 °C (−14.1 °F)	Ranfurly, Central Otago	18 July 1903[290]
Samoa	11.1 °C (52.0 °F)	Afiamalu	29 September 1971[174]
Solomon Islands	17.0 °C (62.6 °F)	Tigoa, Rennell	June 2016[291]

• Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F); Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.^[292]
• Lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −69.6 °C (−93.3 °F); Greenland Ice Sheet, Greenland on 22 December 1991.^[197]
• Coldest average monthly temperature in the Northern Hemisphere: −54.1 °C (−65.4 °F); Oymyakon, Russia for the month of January 1931. ^[293]
• Coldest temperature in the tropics: −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F); Mazocruz, Peru on 30 June 1966. ^[286]

• Greatest 2-minute temperature increase: 27 °C (80 °F), from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F); Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.^[214]
• Greatest 24-hour temperature increase: +57 °C (+102.6 °F), from −48 °C (−54 °F) to 9 °C (48 °F); Loma, Montana, on 15 January 1972.^[294]
• Fastest temperature drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 minutes; Rapid City, South Dakota, 10 January 1911.^[214]
• Largest temperature range ever in 1 area: 105.8 °C (190.4 °F), from −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) on 15 January 1885, 5,7 February 1892 to 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 20 June 2020; Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia^{[295][296][297][200]}

• Least per year (locale): 0.2 millimetres (0.008 in) per year or less, Quillagua, Antofagasta Region, Chile.^[298]

• Most in 60 seconds (1 minute): 38 mm (1.5 in). Barot, Sainte-Anne, Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe, France 11:03–11:04 am on 26 November 1970.^[299]
• Most in 180 seconds (3 minutes): 62 mm (2.4 in). Portobelo, Colón, Panama, 29 November 1911^[300][301]
• Most in 300 seconds (5 minutes): 106 mm (4.2 in). Portobelo, Colón, Panama, 29 November 1911^[300][301]
• Most in 60 minutes (1 hour): 305 mm (12.0 in). Holt, Missouri, United States, 22 June 1947.^[108]
• Most in 12 hours (1⁄2-day): 1,144 mm (45.0 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.^[108]
• Most in 24 hours (1 day): 1,825 mm (71.9 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 7–8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.^[108]
• Most in 48 hours (2 days): 2,493 mm (98.1 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 15–16 June 1995.^[108]
• Most in 72 hours (3 days): 3,929 mm (154.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–26 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.^[108]
• Most in 96 hours (4 days): 4,869 mm (191.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 February 2007, during Cyclone Gamede.^[108]
• Most in one year: 26,470 mm (1,042 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 1860–1861.^[108]
• Most from a single tropical cyclone: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.^[302][303]
• Highest average annual total (observed over 10 years): 11,872 mm (467.4 in) (over 38 years) and 12,701 mm (500.0 in) (1998–2010); Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India or 13,466 mm (530.2 in) (1980–2011); López de Micay, Cauca, Colombia.^[108][304]
• Most consecutive days with measurable rain a day with at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of rainfall: 331 days in Oahu, Hawaii, 1939–1940^[305]

• Most in a 24-hour period: 230 centimetres (90.6 in) of snow on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.^[306]
• Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell in Tamarack, California, in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).^[307][308]
• Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.^[307]
• Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.^[214]
• Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) on Mount Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.^[309]
• Lowest latitude that snow has been recorded at sea level in North America: Snow fell as far south as the city of Tampico, Mexico, in February 1895 during the Great Freeze.^[310][311]

• Fastest ever recorded: 484±32 km/h (301±20 mph) (3-second gust); calculated by a DOW (Doppler On Wheels) radar unit in the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado between Oklahoma City and Moore, Oklahoma, USA, 3 May 1999. Recently, the wind speeds were re-examined and adjusted to a maximum official wind speed of 321 mph (516.6 km/h). ^[312] A DOW calculation of a subvortice of the 2013 El Reno tornado was estimated in a range of 257–336 mph (414–541 km/h) in 2024.^[313]
• Fastest non-tornadic winds: 408 km/h (254 mph) (3-second gust); recorded by anemometer in Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia passing over Barrow Island, Western Australia, 10 April 1996.^[314][315]
• Fastest non-cyclonic winds: 372 km/h (231 mph) (1-minute average); recorded by anemometer on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, USA, 12 April 1934.^[314][315]
• Fastest daily average: 174 km/h (108 mph); Port Martin (Adélie Land), Antarctica, 24-hour period from 21 March 1951 to 22 March 1951.^[214]

• On Earth: Approximately 1,300 deaths (Daulatpur–Saturia tornado); Manikganj District, Bangladesh on 26 April 1989.^[316]
• In North America: 695 deaths (Tri-State Tornado); Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, United States, 18 March 1925.^[214]
• In Europe: 600 or more deaths (Grand Harbour Tornado); Valletta, Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (sources conflict).^[317]
• In South America: 63 deaths, San Justo, Santa Fe, Argentina, 10 January 1973.^[318]
• In Australia: Three deaths, Kin Kin, Queensland tornado, 14 August 1971.^[319]

• Largest: The 2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours on April 27, 2011, with a total of 367 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 rated EF4 and 4 rated EF5.^[320]
• Most severe: The 1974 Super Outbreak produced 7 F5, 23 F4, 34 F3, and 34 F2 tornadoes on April 3–4, 1974. It received a score on expert Thomas P. Grazulis's outbreak intensity score of 578, surpassing the 2011 outbreak's score of 378.^[321]

• Most intense ever recorded: 870 hPa (25.69 inHg); eye of Super Typhoon Tip over the northwest Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.^[214]
• Most intense in the Western Hemisphere: 872 hPa (25.75 inHg); eye of Hurricane Patricia over the eastern Pacific Ocean, 23 October 2015.^[322]
• Most intense ever recorded on land: 892 hPa (26.35 inHg); Craig Key, Florida, United States, eye of the Labor Day Hurricane, 2 September 1935. While other landfalling tropical cyclones potentially had lower pressures, data is vague from areas other than the Atlantic basin, especially before the invention of weather satellites.^[323]
• Most intense landfall (estimated): 884 hPa (26.10 inHg); Rakiraki District, Viti Levu, Fiji, during Cyclone Winston, 20 February 2016. Although no official land pressure readings were recorded at the landfall site, it is estimated that Winston made landfall with the aforementioned pressure.^[324]

• Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.

• Heaviest officially recorded: 1.02 kg (2.25 lb); Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, 14 April 1986.^[325]
• Largest diameter officially measured: 20 cm (8.0 in) diameter, 47.3 cm (18.625 in) circumference; Vivian, South Dakota, USA, 23 July 2010.^[326]
• Largest circumference officially measured: 47.6 cm (18.75 in) circumference, 17.8 cm (7.0 in) diameter; Aurora, Nebraska, USA, 22 June 2003.^[325][327]

• Longest lightning bolt: 768 km (477 mi) on 29 April 2020 in the southern United States.^[328]
• Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 17.1 seconds on 18 June 2020 in Uruguay and northern Argentina.^[328]

• Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, a UV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia's Licancabur volcano, at 19,423 feet (5,920 m) altitude. A light-skinned individual in such conditions may experience moderate sunburn in as little as 4 minutes.^[329]

• Tallest non-tropical thunderstorm The official confirmed tallest thunderstorm was a supercell that occurred on May 24, 2016 near Nueva Rosita, in rural areas of the Mexican state of Coahuila, in the Big Bend area of the Rio Grande basin. This storm had a cloud top height of 68,000 ft (21 km; 12.9 mi). Lightning from this storm was detected as far as 50–60 mi (80–97 km) away from the center of the storm.^[330] A supercell thunderstorm that struck Chicago, Illinois and surrounding areas on June 13, 2022 may have surpassed its height, being at least over 60,000 ft (18 km; 11 mi) and potentially reaching as high as 65,000–70,000 ft (20–21 km; 12.3–13.3 mi) above the ground.^[331]

• Highest air pressure ever recorded [above 750 meters (2,461 feet)]: 1084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Zavkhan, Mongolia, 19 December 2001.^[332] This is the equivalent sea-level pressure; Tosontsengel is located at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level.

The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenkiyskiy, Russia (66°53′N 93°28′E / 66.883°N 93.467°E / 66.883; 93.467, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).^[333]

The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.^[332][333]

• Weather of 2013
• Extremes on Earth
• List of extreme temperatures in Canada
• List of snowiest places in the United States by state
• U.S. state and territory temperature extremes
• United Kingdom weather records
• Weather extremes in Canada
• Climate change