Gómez de Alvarado

Capitán Gómez de Alvarado
Birth name	Gómez de Alvarado y Contreras
Nickname(s)	El Viejo
Born	1482 Badajoz, Crown of Castile
Died	September 1542 (aged 59–60) Vilcashuamán, Viceroyalty of Peru
Allegiance	Spanish Empire
Years of service	1510–1542
Battles / wars	Spanish colonization of the Americas Conquest of the Aztec Empire Conquest of Guatemala Conquest of El Salvador Conquest of the Inca Empire †

Gómez de Alvarado y Contreras (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈɡomeθ ðe alβaˈɾaðoj konˈtɾeɾas]; 1482 – September 1542) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer. He was a member of the Alvarado family and the older brother of the famous conquistador Pedro de Alvarado.

Alvarado participated in the Spanish colonization of the Americas beginning in 1510. He held the rank of captain of the cavalry and served in the Spanish campaigns against the Aztec Empire, the Maya in Guatemala and El Salvador, and the Inca Empire. He founded the Peruvian city of Huánuco in 1539 and died of an illness shortly following the Battle of Chupas in 1542.

Gómez de Alvarado y Contreras was born in 1482 in Badajoz, Extremadura, Crown of Castile. He was a member of the Alvarado family, a notable Spanish family of conquistadors. His parents were Gómez de Alvarado y Mexía de Sandoval and Leonor Contreras Carvajal y Gutiérrez.^[1][2] His siblings were Jorge (b. 1460), Pedro (b. 1485), Sarra (b. 1485), Juan (b. 1490), and Gonzalo (b. 1490).^[3] Alvarado married Bernardina de Frias and fathered two children: Isabel and Ana.

Alvarado left Extremadura for Spanish America in 1510 with his brothers Jorge, Pedro, and Gonzalo, their uncle Diego de Alvarado y Mexía de Sandoval, and their cousins Hernando, Diego, and Gonzalo.^[3][4][5][6] They served under Hernán Cortés during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.^[4][5][6]

On 6 December 1523, Pedro led his brothers, cousins, and uncle, including Gómez, out of Tenochtitlan in command of a Spanish army consisting of 120 horsemen with 170 horses, 300 foot soldiers, and 130 crossbowmen to what is modern-day Guatemala, beginning the Spanish conquest of Guatemala that would last well into the 17th century.^[6][7][8] Pedro was known for his cruelness and ruthlessness during his conquest of Guatemala, and the same attributes were shared by his brothers, including Gómez. Atrocities, such as massacres, looting, village burning, rapes, and kidnapping indigenous people for slave labor, were commonly committed by their men.^[8][9]

By the end of 1524, Pedro, Jorge, and Gómez began the conquest of Cuzcatlan in modern-day El Salvador.^[4][6][10] In the Battle of Tacuzcalco, Alvarado commanded twenty cavalrymen against the left flank of the indigenous army under Atlácatl.^[11] During the conquest, the city of San Salvador was founded on 1 April 1525 at the current site of Ciudad Vieja with Diego de Holguín as the city's first mayor.^{[10][12][13][14]} The city was refounded on 1 April 1528 at its modern-day location and Diego de Alvarado (es), Alvarado's nephew, became its mayor.^[13][15]

In 1532, Pedro left New Spain to join Francisco Pizarro in the conquest of the Inca Empire and Gómez joined him in 1534 after serving as mayor of San Salvador from 1532 until 1534.^[4][6][16] Alvarado served under Diego de Almagro in the conquest.^[4][6] Alvarado commanded 90 cavalrymen in the Spanish victory at the Battle of Reinogüelén against Mapuche forces under Michimalonco in September 1536.^[4][17][18]

When civil war erupted between forces under Pizarro and Almagro in 1537, Alvarado sided with Almargo under the banner of Nueva Toledo against Pizarro's Nueva Castile.^[4][19][18] He participated in the Almagrist victory at the Battle of Abancay on 12 July 1537 and was captured during the Almagrist defeat during the Battle of Las Salinas on 6 April 1538.^[4][19][20] He refused to surrender his sword to a Spaniard, and instead gave it to an African slave.^[4] After Almagro was executed, Alvarado received a pardon from Pizarro and later founded the Peruvian city of Huánuco in 1539.^[4][20][21] The city was abandoned and refounded in 1541 and later received the title of "Very Noble and Very Loyal" by the Spanish Emperor Carlos I in 1543.^[4]

Pizarro was assassinated on 26 June 1541 on orders of Diego de Almagro II in revenge for executing his father in 1538.^[4][20][22] The assassination sparked a second civil war where Cristóbal Vaca de Castro sought to regain full control of Spanish Peru from Almagro who also sought to control the territory.^[4][23] The armies of Almagro and Vaca de Castro engaged at the Battle of Chupas with Alvarado serving under Almagro.^[4][19][24] The Almagrists were defeated in battle; Almagro fled but was later captured and executed, suffering the fate of many other captured Almagrists who were hanged by Vaca de Castro's forces.^[24]

Alvarado evaded capture by Vaca de Castro following the battle, but he was taken ill with a fever shortly after the battle.^[4] His health deteriorated and he died a few days after the battle in September 1542 in the town of Vilcashuamán.^[4] His body was transferred to Huamanga and he was buried in the local parish.^[4] Since his death, Alvarado has been confused with another Gómez de Alvarado, who is nicknamed "el Mozo," to distinguish him from Alvarado who is nicknamed "el Viejo."^[4]

• Diego de Almagro
• Pedro de Alvarado
• Spanish colonization of the Americas
• Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

• Alvarado family genealogy (in Spanish)
• Alvarado y Contreras family genealogy (in Spanish)