Pygmy owl

Pygmy owls
Temporal range: Late Pliocene to Recent
African barred owlet
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Genus: Glaucidium
F. Boie, 1826
Type species
Strix passerina
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text

Guatemalan pygmy owl (left) and red-chested owlet (right); illustration by Keulemans, 1875
Ferruginous pygmy owl

Pygmy owls are members of the genus Glaucidium. They belong to the typical owl family, Strigidae. The genus consists of 29 species distributed worldwide. These are mostly small owls, and some of the species are called "owlets". The genus includes nocturnal, diurnal, and crepuscular species. Birds in this genus mainly hunt large insects and other small prey.[1]

Taxonomy

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The genus Glaucidium was introduced in 1826 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie.[2] The type species was designated as the Eurasian pygmy owl by George Robert Gray in 1840.[3][4] The genus name is from Ancient Greek glaukidion meaning "little owl" or "owlet". It is diminutive of glaux meaning "owl".[5]

A molecular phylogenetic study of the owls published in 2019 found that the widely distributed northern hawk-owl (Surnia ulula) is sister to the genus Glaucidium.[6]

Species

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The genus contains 29 living species:[7]

Etymology

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The word "pygmy" has its roots in the Greek word "πυγμαῖος" (pygmaioi), which means "of the fist," suggesting the small stature of the object in question.[8] The earliest evidence of this term's usage to describe species in the Glaucidium genus dates back to the 1850s, believed to be coined by zoologist Spencer Baird.[9]

Fossil specimens

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Kurochkin's pygmy owl (Glaucidium kurochkini) is a fossil species known from the La Brea Tar Pits that likely went extinct during the Quaternary extinction. The supposed prehistoric species "Glaucidium" dickinsoni is now recognized as a burrowing owl, probably a paleosubspecies providentiae. Bones of an indeterminate Glaucidium have been recovered from Late Pliocene deposits in Poland.[10] Fossil material belonging to a new species of Glaucidium was described in 2020 as G. ireneae. The fossils were recovered from Pliocene/Pleistocene transitional strata in South Africa.[11]

Description and characteristics

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Pygmy owls' ears, similar to other owls, are covered by feathers on the side of the face behind the eyes. To better triangulate sounds and make hunting easier, the pygmy owl's ears may be asymmetrically placed.[12] Female owls tend to be bigger than males.[13]

Some species of pygmy owl, including the northern pygmy owl, have ocelli on the back of their heads.[14] These eyespots may contribute to the owls' self-defense against mobbing. [15]

Habitat

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The pygmy owl in a forest environment.

Pygmy owl species are found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. In Northern America, pygmy owls can primarily be found in western North America, with regions encompassing Canada, the United States, and Mexico. In line with the diversity of countries, these animals display incredible flexibility in terms of specific habitats by which they reside.[16] The predominant environment they are found in is forests, ranging from temperate and moist to deciduous woods. However, they can also be found in savannas, wetlands, open woodlands, swamps, and meadows.[17] In correspondence with this, their preference for elevation greatly depends on the region they affiliate with. However, the general range of altitudes they prefer are between 3,000 and 6,000 feet above sea level.[18]

The pygmy owl's habitat also depends on availability in their country of residence. In Mexico, they tend to be found in pine-oak and scrub forests, while their Honduras counterparts plant their roots in highland pine and cloud forests.[19] Due to their preferred reproduction method of exploiting tree cavities produced by woodpeckers, this forest environment works to their advantage in terms of conserving their energy finding potential nesting locations.[20]

Human impact and conservation efforts

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As an inevitable and at times inadvertent consequence of human development, the pygmy owl's habitat, and by extension the animal itself, is under threat. A broader characterization of human impact on the pygmy owl is climate change, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and more. As a direct result, habitat fragmentation is occurring at an alarming rate—a rate at which the owls cannot adapt to naturally.[21] While the general trajectory of habitat destruction for pygmy owls is that of a declining one, certain regions are experiencing more difficulty than others. For instance, California and Arizona, which typically harbor drier conditions that are exacerbated by climate change, are prime areas that have seen pygmy owl populations decline due to reduced prey and decreased vegetative environments from extreme weather and droughts.[22]

Under the United States Endangered Species Act, the pygmy owl's critical habitat areas are under federal protection, and their recovery plan is being monitored and implemented constantly to foster long term viability.[23] Such rebound plans are happening at the state and local level concurrently. As governments step up their efforts to protect this species from extinction, they are engaging in habitat acquisition to ensure no private activities are harming the pygmy owls.[21] While public campaigns step up to protect this species, the fact of the matter remains that human impact continues to have a colossal influence on the pygmy owls' existence, and their numbers are decreasing at alarming rates.

References

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  1. ^ Heraldo V. Norambuena; Andrés Muñoz-Pedreros (September 2012). "Diurnal Activity of the Austral Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium nana) in Southern Chile". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 124 (3): 633–635. doi:10.1676/11-118.1.
  2. ^ Boie, Friedrich (1826). "Generalübersicht der ornithologischen Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen". Isis von Oken (in German and Latin). 19. cols 969–981 [970]. Archived from the original on 2021-05-24. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  3. ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1940). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 127. Archived from the original on 2021-05-24. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  4. ^ Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 6. Archived from the original on 2021-05-24. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  5. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ^ Salter, J.F.; Oliveros, C.H.; Hosner, P.A.; Manthey, J.D.; Robbins, M.B.; Moyle, R.G.; Brumfield, R.T.; Faircloth, B.C. (2019). "Extensive paraphyly in the typical owl family (Strigidae)". The Auk. 137 (ukz070). doi:10.1093/auk/ukz070. hdl:2346/93048.
  7. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Owls". IOC World Bird List Version 11.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  8. ^ "pygmy owl | Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2023-12-20. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  9. ^ "pygmy owl, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary". www.oed.com. Archived from the original on 2023-12-20. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  10. ^ Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002). Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe (PDF). Prague: Ninox Press. p. 215. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-11.
  11. ^ Pavia, Marco (2020-11-15). "Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Cradle of Humankind during the Plio-Pleistocene transition, inferred from the analysis of fossil birds from Member 2 of the hominin-bearing site of Kromdraai (Gauteng, South Africa)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 248: 106532. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106532. ISSN 0277-3791. S2CID 224866137.
  12. ^ Santillan, Miguel Angel; Sarasola, Jose Hernán; Dolsan, Marcelo (June 2008). "Ear Tufts in Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) as Alarm response". Journal of Raptor Research. 42 (2): 153–154. doi:10.3356/JRR-06-81.1. hdl:11336/81723. ISSN 0892-1016.
  13. ^ "Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl". American Bird Conservancy. Archived from the original on 2023-11-04. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  14. ^ "These Birds of Prey Have Eyes in the Backs of Their Heads". www.audubon.org. National Audubon Society. 2019-07-02. Archived from the original on 2023-11-04. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  15. ^ Deppe, Caroline; Holt, Denver; Tewksbury, Josh; Broberg, Len; Petersen, Julie; Wood, Kristin (July 2003). "Effect of Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium Gnoma) Eyespots on Avian Mobbing". The Auk. 120 (3): 765–771.
  16. ^ Strøm, Hallvard. "Home range and habitat selection in the Pygmy Owl Glaucidium passerinum".
  17. ^ "Northern Pygmy Owl". www.peregrinefund.org. The Peregrine Fund. Archived from the original on 2023-11-04. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  18. ^ Pačenovský, Samuel; Shurulinkov, Peter (January 2008). "Latest data on distribution of the Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum) in Bulgaria and Slovakia including population density comparison". Raptor Journal. 2 (2008): 91–106. doi:10.2478/v10262-012-0023-5.
  19. ^ "Northern Pygmy-Owl Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Archived from the original on 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  20. ^ Baroni, Daniele; Korpimäki, Erkki; Selonen, Vesa; Laaksonen, Toni (2020-03-15). "Tree cavity abundance and beyond: Nesting and food storing sites of the pygmy owl in managed boreal forests". Forest Ecology and Management. 460: 117818. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117818. ISSN 0378-1127.
  21. ^ a b "Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Listed". FWS.gov. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 2023-07-06. Archived from the original on 2023-11-04. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  22. ^ "Federal Register :: Request Access". unblock.federalregister.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 2023-10-25.[verification needed]
  23. ^ "The US Endangered Species Act". World Wildlife Fund. Archived from the original on 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
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