HMGB2

HMGB2
Identifiers
Aliases	HMGB2, HMG2, high mobility group box 2
External IDs	OMIM: 163906; MGI: 96157; HomoloGene: 37582; GeneCards: HMGB2; OMA:HMGB2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 4 (human)
End	173,334,432 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 8 (mouse)
End	57,969,033 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	ventricular zone; ; secondary oocyte; ; amniotic fluid; ; embryo; ; trabecular bone; ; ganglionic eminence; ; bone marrow; ; tibia; ; thymus; ; germinal epithelium;
	Top expressed in
	tail of embryo; ; genital tubercle; ; ventricular zone; ; granulocyte; ; yolk sac; ; zygote; ; embryo; ; blastocyst; ; embryo; ; morula;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	DNA binding; protein domain specific binding; DNA-binding transcription factor activity; transcription factor binding; non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending; single-stranded DNA binding; damaged DNA binding; protein binding; four-way junction DNA binding; cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding; RAGE receptor binding; chemoattractant activity; double-stranded DNA binding; DNA binding, bending; supercoiled DNA binding; RNA binding; transcription coactivator activity;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; nucleoplasm; chromosome; extracellular region; nucleolus; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; condensed chromosome; nucleus; extracellular space; protein-containing complex;
Biological process	DNA geometric change; positive regulation of interferon-beta production; nucleosome assembly; DNA recombination; apoptotic DNA fragmentation; male gonad development; regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation; inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus; immune system process; regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; response to steroid hormone; chromatin organization; negative regulation of gene expression; transcription, DNA-templated; positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; chemotaxis; response to lipopolysaccharide; positive regulation of gene expression; positive regulation of nuclease activity; defense response to Gram-negative bacterium; negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors; V(D)J recombination; spermatogenesis; positive regulation of innate immune response; cell chemotaxis; DNA ligation involved in DNA repair; spermatid nucleus differentiation; positive regulation of DNA binding; innate immune response; negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; cellular response to lipopolysaccharide; inflammatory response; positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation; regulation of neurogenesis; regulation of stem cell proliferation; DNA topological change; positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; positive chemotaxis; chromatin remodeling;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	3148
	97165
	ENSG00000164104
	ENSMUSG00000054717
	P26583
	P30681
	NM_002129; NM_001130688; NM_001130689
	NM_008252; NM_001363443; NM_001363444; NM_001363445
	NP_001124160; NP_001124161; NP_002120
	NP_032278; NP_001350372; NP_001350373; NP_001350374
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

High-mobility group protein B2 also known as high-mobility group protein 2 (HMG-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMGB2 gene.^[5]^[6]

Function

This gene encodes a member of the non-histone chromosomal high-mobility group protein family.^[7] The proteins of this family are chromatin-associated and ubiquitously distributed in the nucleus of higher eukaryotic cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that this protein is able to efficiently bend DNA and form DNA circles. These studies suggest a role in facilitating cooperative interactions between cis-acting proteins by promoting DNA flexibility. This protein was also reported to be involved in the final ligation step in DNA end-joining processes of DNA double-strand breaks repair and V(D)J recombination.^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000164104 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000054717 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Majumdar A, Brown D, Kerby S, Rudzinski I, Polte T, Randhawa Z, Seidman MM (Dec 1991). "Sequence of human HMG2 cDNA". Nucleic Acids Research. 19 (23): 6643. doi:10.1093/nar/19.23.6643. PMC 329240. PMID 1754403.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: HMGB2 high-mobility group box 2".
^ Murugesapillai D, McCauley MJ, Maher LJ, Williams MC (15 November 2016). "Single-molecule studies of high-mobility group B architectural DNA bending proteins". Biophysical Reviews. 9 (1): 17–40. doi:10.1007/s12551-016-0236-4. PMC 5331113. PMID 28303166.

Alexandre S, Li WW, Lee AS (Dec 1992). "A human HMG2 cDNA with a novel 3'-untranslated region". Nucleic Acids Research. 20 (23): 6413. doi:10.1093/nar/20.23.6413. PMC 334538. PMID 1475204.
Shirakawa H, Yoshida M (Apr 1992). "Structure of a gene coding for human HMG2 protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (10): 6641–5. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50475-6. PMID 1551873.
Bernués J, Espel E, Querol E (May 1986). "Identification of the core-histone-binding domains of HMG1 and HMG2". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 866 (4): 242–51. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(86)90049-7. PMID 3697355.
Zwilling S, König H, Wirth T (Mar 1995). "High mobility group protein 2 functionally interacts with the POU domains of octamer transcription factors". The EMBO Journal. 14 (6): 1198–208. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07103.x. PMC 398197. PMID 7720710.
Shykind BM, Kim J, Sharp PA (Jun 1995). "Activation of the TFIID-TFIIA complex with HMG-2". Genes & Development. 9 (11): 1354–65. doi:10.1101/gad.9.11.1354. PMID 7797075.
Paull TT, Haykinson MJ, Johnson RC (Aug 1993). "The nonspecific DNA-binding and -bending proteins HMG1 and HMG2 promote the assembly of complex nucleoprotein structures". Genes & Development. 7 (8): 1521–34. doi:10.1101/gad.7.8.1521. PMID 8339930.
Wanschura S, Schoenmakers EF, Huysmans C, Bartnitzke S, Van de Ven WJ, Bullrdiek J (Jan 1996). "Mapping of the human HMG2 gene to 4q31". Genomics. 31 (2): 264–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0046. PMID 8824816.
Nagaki S, Yamamoto M, Yumoto Y, Shirakawa H, Yoshida M, Teraoka H (May 1998). "Non-histone chromosomal proteins HMG1 and 2 enhance ligation reaction of DNA double-strand breaks". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 246 (1): 137–41. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8589. PMID 9600082.
Boonyaratanakornkit V, Melvin V, Prendergast P, Altmann M, Ronfani L, Bianchi ME, Taraseviciene L, Nordeen SK, Allegretto EA, Edwards DP (Aug 1998). "High-mobility group chromatin proteins 1 and 2 functionally interact with steroid hormone receptors to enhance their DNA binding in vitro and transcriptional activity in mammalian cells". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (8): 4471–87. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.8.4471. PMC 109033. PMID 9671457.
Yumoto Y, Shirakawa H, Yoshida M, Suwa A, Watanabe F, Teraoka H (Sep 1998). "High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 can function as DNA-binding regulatory components for DNA-dependent protein kinase in vitro". Journal of Biochemistry. 124 (3): 519–27. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022143. PMID 9722660.
Aidinis V, Bonaldi T, Beltrame M, Santagata S, Bianchi ME, Spanopoulou E (Oct 1999). "The RAG1 homeodomain recruits HMG1 and HMG2 to facilitate recombination signal sequence binding and to enhance the intrinsic DNA-bending activity of RAG1-RAG2". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (10): 6532–42. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.10.6532. PMC 84623. PMID 10490593.
Butteroni C, De Felici M, Schöler HR, Pesce M (Dec 2000). "Phage display screening reveals an association between germline-specific transcription factor Oct-4 and multiple cellular proteins". Journal of Molecular Biology. 304 (4): 529–40. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4238. PMID 11099378.
Stros M, Ozaki T, Bacikova A, Kageyama H, Nakagawara A (Mar 2002). "HMGB1 and HMGB2 cell-specifically down-regulate the p53- and p73-dependent sequence-specific transactivation from the human Bax gene promoter". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (9): 7157–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110233200. PMID 11748232.
Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Lieberman J (Apr 2002). "HMG2 interacts with the nucleosome assembly protein SET and is a target of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protease granzyme A". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22 (8): 2810–20. doi:10.1128/MCB.22.8.2810-2820.2002. PMC 133744. PMID 11909973.
Dubois T, Howell S, Zemlickova E, Aitken A (Apr 2002). "Identification of casein kinase Ialpha interacting protein partners". FEBS Letters. 517 (1–3): 167–71. Bibcode:2002FEBSL.517..167D. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02614-5. PMID 12062430. S2CID 84792445.
Fan Z, Beresford PJ, Zhang D, Xu Z, Novina CD, Yoshida A, Pommier Y, Lieberman J (Feb 2003). "Cleaving the oxidative repair protein Ape1 enhances cell death mediated by granzyme A". Nature Immunology. 4 (2): 145–53. doi:10.1038/ni885. PMID 12524539. S2CID 29433133.
Lv X, Xu DD, Liu DP, Li L, Hao DL, Liang CC (2003). "High-mobility group protein 2 may be involved in the locus control region regulation of the beta-globin gene cluster". Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 80 (6): 765–70. doi:10.1139/o02-164. PMID 12555809.
Pallier C, Scaffidi P, Chopineau-Proust S, Agresti A, Nordmann P, Bianchi ME, Marechal V (Aug 2003). "Association of chromatin proteins high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 and HMGB2 with mitotic chromosomes". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 14 (8): 3414–26. doi:10.1091/mbc.E02-09-0581. PMC 181577. PMID 12925773.
Aird KM, Iwasaki O, Kossenkov AV, Tanizawa H, Fatkhutdinov N, Bitler BG, Le L, Alicea G, Yang TL, Johnson FB, Noma K, Zhang R (Oct 2016). "HMGB2 orchestrates the chromatin landscape of senescence-associated secretory phenotype gene loci" (PDF). The Journal of Cell Biology. 215 (3): 325–334. doi:10.1083/jcb.201608026. PMC 5100296. PMID 27799366. Loss of HMGB2 (High-mobility group protein box 2) during senescence blunts SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype) gene expression by allowing for spreading of repressive heterochromatin into SASP gene loci. This correlates with incorporation of SASP gene loci into SAHF (senescence-associated heterochromatin foci), which in turn represses SASP gene expression