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X-box binding protein 1, also known as XBP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the XBP1 gene.[5][6] The XBP1 gene is located on chromosome 22 while a closely related pseudogene has been identified and localized to chromosome 5.[7] The XBP1 protein is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes important to the proper functioning of the immune system and in the cellular stress response.[8]
Discovery
[edit]The X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a transcription factor containing a bZIP domain. It was first identified by its ability to bind to the Xbox, a conserved transcriptional element in the promoter of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR alpha.[6]
Function
[edit]MHC class II gene regulation
[edit]The expression of this protein is required for the transcription of a subset of class II major histocompatibility genes.[9] Furthermore, XBP1 heterodimerizes with other bZIP transcription factors such as c-fos.[9]
XBP1 expression is controlled by the cytokine IL-4 and the antibody IGHM.[10] XBP1 in turn controls the expression of IL-6 which promotes plasma cell growth and of immunoglobulins in B lymphocytes.[10]
Plasma cell differentiation
[edit]XBP1 is also essential for differentiation of plasma cells (a type of antibody secreting immune cell).[10] This differentiation requires not only the expression of XBP1 but the expression of the spliced isoform of XBP1s. XBP1 regulates plasma cell differentiation independent of its known functions in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (see below).[11] Without normal expression of XBP1, two important plasma cell differentiation-related genes, IRF4 and Blimp1, are misregulated, and XBP1-lacking plasma cells fail to colonize their long-lived niches in the bone marrow and to sustain antibody secretion.[11]
Eosinophil differentiation
[edit]XBP1 is required for eosinophil differentiation. Eosinophils lacking XBP1 exhibit defects in granule proteins.[12]
Angiogenesis
[edit]XBP1 acts to regulate endothelial cell proliferation through growth factor pathways,[13] leading to angiogenesis. Additionally, XBP1 protects endothelial cells from oxidative stress by interacting with HDAC3.[14]
Viral replication
[edit]This protein has also been identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the Human T-lymphotropic virus 1.[15] The generation of XBP1s during plasma cell differentiation also seems to be the cue for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein Barr virus reactivation from latency.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress response
[edit]XBP1 is part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and the unfolded protein response (UPR).[10] Conditions that exceed capacity of the ER provoke ER stress and trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR). As a result, GRP78 is released from IRE1 to support protein folding.[16] IRE1 oligomerises and activates its ribonuclease domain through auto (self) phosphorylation. Activated IRE1 catalyses the excision of a 26 nucleotide unconventional intron from ubiquitously expressed XBP1u mRNA, in a manner mechanistically similar to pre-tRNA splicing. Removal of this intron causes a frame shift in the XBP1 coding sequence resulting in the translation of a 376 amino acid, 40 kDa, XBP-1s isoform rather than the 261 amino acid, 33 kDa, XBP1u isoform. Moreover, the XBP1u/XBP1s ratio (XBP1-unspliced/XBP1-spliced ratio) correlates with the expression level of expressed proteins in order to adapt the folding capacity of the ER to the respective requirements.[17]
Clinical significance
[edit]Abnormalities in XBP1 lead to a heightened ER stress and subsequently causes a heightened susceptibility for inflammatory processes that may contribute to Alzheimer's disease.[18] In the colon, XBP1 anomalies have been linked to Crohn's disease.[19]
A single nucleotide polymorphism, C116G, in the promoter region of XBP1 has been examined for possible associations with personality traits. None were found.[20]
Interactions
[edit]XBP1 has been shown to interact with estrogen receptor alpha.[21]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100219 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020484 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: XBP1 X-box binding protein 1".
- ^ a b Liou HC, Boothby MR, Finn PW, Davidon R, Nabavi N, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Ting JP, Glimcher LH (March 1990). "A new member of the leucine zipper class of proteins that binds to the HLA DR alpha promoter". Science. 247 (4950): 1581–4. Bibcode:1990Sci...247.1581L. doi:10.1126/science.2321018. PMID 2321018.
- ^ Liou HC, Eddy R, Shows T, Lisowska-Grospierre B, Griscelli C, Doyle C, Mannhalter J, Eibl M, Glimcher LH (1991). "An HLA-DR alpha promoter DNA-binding protein is expressed ubiquitously and maps to human chromosomes 22 and 5". Immunogenetics. 34 (5): 286–92. doi:10.1007/BF00211992. PMID 1718857. S2CID 2939108.
- ^ Yoshida H, Nadanaka S, Sato R, Mori K (2006). "XBP1 is critical to protect cells from endoplasmic reticulum stress: evidence from Site-2 protease-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells". Cell Structure and Function. 31 (2): 117–25. doi:10.1247/csf.06016. PMID 17110785.
- ^ a b Ono SJ, Liou HC, Davidon R, Strominger JL, Glimcher LH (May 1991). "Human X-box-binding protein 1 is required for the transcription of a subset of human class II major histocompatibility genes and forms a heterodimer with c-fos". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (10): 4309–12. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.4309O. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.10.4309. PMC 51648. PMID 1903538.
- ^ a b c d Iwakoshi NN, Lee AH, Vallabhajosyula P, Otipoby KL, Rajewsky K, Glimcher LH (April 2003). "Plasma cell differentiation and the unfolded protein response intersect at the transcription factor XBP-1". Nature Immunology. 4 (4): 321–9. doi:10.1038/ni907. PMID 12612580. S2CID 20161577.
- ^ a b Hu CC, Dougan SK, McGehee AM, Love JC, Ploegh HL (June 2009). "XBP-1 regulates signal transduction, transcription factors and bone marrow colonization in B cells" (PDF). The EMBO Journal. 28 (11): 1624–36. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.117. PMC 2684024. PMID 19407814.
- ^ Bettigole SE, Lis R, Adoro S, Lee AH, Spencer LA, Weller PF, Glimcher LH (August 2015). "The transcription factor XBP1 is selectively required for eosinophil differentiation". Nature Immunology. 16 (8): 829–37. doi:10.1038/ni.3225. PMC 4577297. PMID 26147683.
- ^ Zeng L, Xiao Q, Chen M, Margariti A, Martin D, Ivetic A, Xu H, Mason J, Wang W, Cockerill G, Mori K, Li JY, Chien S, Hu Y, Xu Q (April 2013). "Vascular endothelial cell growth-activated XBP1 splicing in endothelial cells is crucial for angiogenesis". Circulation. 127 (16): 1712–22. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001337. PMID 23529610.
- ^ Martin D, Li Y, Yang J, Wang G, Margariti A, Jiang Z, Yu H, Zampetaki A, Hu Y, Xu Q, Zeng L (October 2014). "Unspliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) protects endothelial cells from oxidative stress through interaction with histone deacetylase 3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (44): 30625–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.571984. PMC 4215241. PMID 25190803.
- ^ Ku, SC (2008). "XBP-1, a novel human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) tax binding protein, activates HTLV-1 basal and tax-activated transcription". J Virol. 82 (9): 4343–53. doi:10.1128/JVI.02054-07. PMC 2293026. PMID 18287238.
- ^ Kaufman RJ (May 1999). "Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum: coordination of gene transcriptional and translational controls". Genes & Development. 13 (10): 1211–33. doi:10.1101/gad.13.10.1211. PMID 10346810.
- ^ Kober L, Zehe C, Bode J (October 2012). "Development of a novel ER stress based selection system for the isolation of highly productive clones". Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 109 (10): 2599–611. doi:10.1002/bit.24527. PMID 22510960. S2CID 25858120.
- ^ Casas-Tinto S, Zhang Y, Sanchez-Garcia J, Gomez-Velazquez M, Rincon-Limas DE, Fernandez-Funez P (June 2011). "The ER stress factor XBP1s prevents amyloid-beta neurotoxicity". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (11): 2144–60. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr100. PMC 3090193. PMID 21389082.
- ^ Kaser A, Lee AH, Franke A, Glickman JN, Zeissig S, Tilg H, Nieuwenhuis EE, Higgins DE, Schreiber S, Glimcher LH, Blumberg RS (September 2008). "XBP1 links ER stress to intestinal inflammation and confers genetic risk for human inflammatory bowel disease". Cell. 134 (5): 743–56. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.021. PMC 2586148. PMID 18775308.
- ^ Kusumi I, Masui T, Kakiuchi C, Suzuki K, Akimoto T, Hashimoto R, Kunugi H, Kato T, Koyama T (December 2005). "Relationship between XBP1 genotype and personality traits assessed by TCI and NEO-FFI". Neuroscience Letters. 391 (1–2): 7–10. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.023. hdl:2115/8420. PMID 16154272. S2CID 505223.
- ^ Ding L, Yan J, Zhu J, Zhong H, Lu Q, Wang Z, Huang C, Ye Q (September 2003). "Ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptor alpha by XBP-1". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (18): 5266–74. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg731. PMC 203316. PMID 12954762.