Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis

Field Marshal The Right Honourable The Earl Alexander of Tunis KG GCB OM GCMG CSI DSO MC CD PC (Can) PC
Alexander in 1944
17th Governor General of Canada
In office 12 April 1946 – 28 January 1952
Monarch	George VI
Prime Minister	William Lyon Mackenzie King Louis St. Laurent
Preceded by	The Earl of Athlone
Succeeded by	Vincent Massey
Minister of Defence
In office 1 March 1952 – 18 October 1954
Prime Minister	Winston Churchill
Preceded by	Winston Churchill
Succeeded by	Harold Macmillan
Lord Lieutenant of the County of London
In office 25 April 1957 – 1 April 1965
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Preceded by	Alan Brooke
Succeeded by	Himself (as Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London)
Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London
In office 1 April 1965 – 28 December 1966
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Preceded by	Himself (as Lord Lieutenant of the County of London)
Succeeded by	Gerald Templer
Member of the House of Lords
Lord Temporal
In office 1 March 1946 – 16 June 1969
Preceded by	Peerage created
Succeeded by	2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis
Personal details
Born	Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander (1891-12-10)10 December 1891 London, England
Died	16 June 1969(1969-06-16) (aged 77) Slough, Buckinghamshire, England
Spouse	Margaret Alexander, Countess Alexander of Tunis ​ ​ (m. 1931)​
Children	Lady Rose Maureen Alexander Shane, 2nd Earl The Hon. Brian James Alexander
Alma mater	Harrow School Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Profession	Soldier
Signature
Nicknames	"Alex" "The Soldiers Soldier"[1]
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Branch/service	British Army
Years of service	1910–1946[2]
Rank	Field Marshal
Unit	Irish Guards
Commands	Supreme Commander Allied Forces Headquarters 15th Army Group 18th Army Group Middle East Command Southern Command I Corps 1st Infantry Division Nowshera Brigade 1st Battalion, Irish Guards 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards Baltische Landeswehr
Battles/wars	First World War Latvian War of Independence Second Mohmand Campaign Second World War
Awards	See below
Service No.	17884

Harold Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis
Earl Alexander of Tunis
Arms of Earl Alexander of Tunis
Tenure	14 March 1952 – 16 June 1969
Successor	Shane Alexander, 2nd Earl
Other titles	1st Viscount Alexander of Tunis 1st Baron Rideau
Parents	The 4th Earl of Caledon Lady Elizabeth Graham-Toler

Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis KG, GCB, OM, GCMG, CSI, DSO, KStJ, MC, CD, PC (Can), PC (10 December 1891 – 16 June 1969^[3]), was a senior and highly decorated British Army officer who served in both of the world wars. In addition, following the end of his military career, he served as Governor General of Canada and became the first Lord Lieutenant of Greater London in 1965.

Alexander was born in London and was educated at Harrow before moving on to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, for training as an army officer of the Irish Guards. He rose to prominence through his service in the First World War, and continued his military career through various British campaigns across Europe and Asia during the interwar period. In the Second World War, Alexander, initially in command of a division, oversaw the final stages of the Allied evacuation from Dunkirk and subsequently held field commands in Britain, Burma, North Africa and Italy, including serving as Commander-in-Chief Middle East and commanding the 18th Army Group in Tunisia. He then commanded the 15th Army Group for the capture of Sicily and again in Italy before being promoted to field marshal and being made Supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean in late 1944.

In 1946 he was appointed as Governor General of Canada by King George VI, on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie King, to replace the Earl of Athlone as viceroy, and he occupied the post until he was succeeded by Vincent Massey in 1952. Alexander proved to be enthusiastic about the Canadian wilderness and popular with Canadians. He was the last Governor General who was born in the United Kingdom as well as the last Governor General to be a peer.

After the end of his viceregal tenure, Alexander was sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and thereafter,^[4] in order to serve as the British Minister of Defence in the Cabinet of Winston Churchill, into the Imperial Privy Council. Alexander retired in 1954 and died in 1969.

Alexander was born in London into an aristocratic family from County Tyrone of Anglo-Irish descent. He was the third son of James Alexander, 4th Earl of Caledon, and Lady Elizabeth Graham-Toler, Countess of Caledon, a daughter of the 3rd Earl of Norbury. Alexander was educated at Hawtreys and Harrow School, there participating as the 11th batsman in the sensational Fowler's Match against Eton College in 1910.^[5] Though Alexander toyed with the notion of becoming an artist,^[6] he went instead on to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1910.^[7]

After passing out from Sandhurst he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Irish Guards on 23 September 1911.^[8] He was promoted to lieutenant on 5 December 1912.^[9][2]

Alexander spent most of the First World War on the Western Front. As a 22-year-old platoon commander in the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, he served with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in 1914. He took part in the retreat from Mons and was wounded at First Ypres and invalided home.^[10] He was promoted to temporary captain on 15 November 1914 and permanent captain in the newly raised 2nd Battalion on 7 February the following year.^[11][2]

Alexander returned to the Western Front in August 1915, fought at the Battle of Loos and was, for ten days in October 1915, an acting major and acting Commanding Officer (CO) of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, as a "Battle Casualty Replacement". He then returned to the 2nd Battalion as a company officer^[10] and, in January 1916, received the Military Cross for his bravery at Loos.^[12] For service in the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916, he was, in October, appointed to the Distinguished Service Order (DSO),^[13] the citation for which read:

For conspicuous gallantry in action. He was the life and soul of the attack, and throughout the day led forward not only his own men but men of all regiments. He held the trenches gained in spite of heavy machine gun fire.^[13]

In the same month, Alexander was further honoured with induction into the French Légion d'honneur.^[14]

On 10 December 1916, his twenty-fifth birthday, Alexander became second-in-command (2-i-c) of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, as an acting major.^[10][2] By May, he was briefly acting CO of the 1st Battalion,^[10] as an acting lieutenant colonel, while still only a substantive captain.^[15][16] He became a permanent major on 1 August 1917,^[17] and was again promoted acting lieutenant colonel,^[10] this time confirmed as CO of the 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards, on 15 October.^[18] Alexander commanded his battalion at Third Ypres, where he was slightly wounded, then at Bourlon Wood (part of the battle of Cambrai), where his battalion suffered 320 casualties out of 400 men.^[10] Alexander, between 23 and 30 March 1918, had to assume command of the 4th Guards Brigade, during the British retreat from the German Army's Spring Offensive.^[10][19] He once again commanded the 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards, at Hazebrouck in April 1918, where it took such severe casualties that it saw no further action.^[10] Still an acting lieutenant colonel, he then commanded a corps infantry school in October 1918, a month before the war ended on 11 November 1918.^[20]

Rudyard Kipling, who wrote a history of the Irish Guards, in which his own son, Jack Kipling, fought and was killed in action, noted that, "it is undeniable that Colonel Alexander had the gift of handling the men on the lines to which they most readily responded ... His subordinates loved him, even when he fell upon them blisteringly for their shortcomings; and his men were all his own."^[21]

Alexander in 1919 served with the Allied Control Commission in Poland. As a temporary lieutenant-colonel,^[22] he led the Baltic German Landeswehr in the Latvian War of Independence, commanding units loyal to Latvia in the successful drive to eject the Bolsheviks from Latgalia. During service there, he was accidentally wounded by one of his own sentries on 9 October 1919.^[23][24]

Alexander returned to Britain in May 1920 as a major, second in command of the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards;^[10] in May 1922, he was promoted substantive lieutenant-colonel and appointed commanding officer.^[25] He commanded the battalion at Constantinople (a sensitive posting in the runup to the Chanak Crisis), then Gibraltar from October 1922, then in London from April 1923 until January 1926, when he was released from that role to attend the Staff College at Camberley, England, from 1926 to 1927.^[26][27] By now Alexander had gained an excellent reputation for himself. In addition, he was older than many of his fellow students—and even some of his instructors—at the college. Among his many fellow students were Douglas Wimberley, who would later become a major-general and command the 51st (Highland) Division from 1941—1943, including at the Second Battle of El Alamein, who formed a high opinion of Alexander, who, despite his outstanding war record, showed little sign of being overly pleased with himself.^[24] Instead, he showed "simplicity, directness and kindness" and gained the respect of all at the college, with two notable exceptions—the future field marshals Alan Brooke and Bernard Montgomery—who did not come away with a particularly favourable impression of him.^[28]

After graduating from the Staff College, Alexander was then, in February 1928, promoted to colonel (backdated to 14 May 1926^[26]) and was the next month appointed Officer Commanding the Irish Guards Regimental District and 140th (4th London) Infantry Brigade, part of the 47th (1/2nd London) Division, in the Territorial Army (TA),^[26][29][30] a post he held until January 1930, when he again returned to study, attending the Imperial Defence College in London for one year.^[31][32]

Alexander then held staff appointments as (from January 1931) GSO2 in the Directorate of Military Training at the War Office and (1932–1934) GSO1 at HQ Northern Command in York,^[26] before being made in October 1934 a temporary brigadier and given command of the Nowshera Brigade,^[33][34] on the Northwest Frontier in India.^[35][36] For his service there, and in particular for his actions in the Loe-Agra operations against the Pathans in Malakand between February and April 1935, Alexander was that year made a Companion of the Order of the Star of India and was mentioned in dispatches.^[37][38] He was mentioned once more for his service during the Second Mohmand Campaign in Northwest Frontier Province from August to October of the same year, serving under Brigadier Claude Auchinleck. Alexander had a reputation for leading from the front and for reaching mountain crests with or even ahead of his troops.^[26][39][40]

In March 1937, Alexander was appointed as one of the aides-de-camp to the recently acceded King George VI and in May returned to the United Kingdom to take part in this capacity in the state procession through London during the King's coronation.^[41][42] Alexander would have been seen in this event by two of his Canadian viceregal successors: Vincent Massey, who was then the Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom, and Massey's secretary, Georges Vanier, who watched the procession from the roof of Canada House on Trafalgar Square.^[43] Following the coronation celebration, Alexander returned to India, where he was made the honorary colonel of the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment,^[44] and then in October 1937 was promoted to the rank of major-general,^[45] making Alexander the youngest general in the British Army.^[14] He relinquished command of his brigade in January 1938,^[46] and in February returned to the United Kingdom to take command of the 1st Infantry Division.^[47] In June 1938 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath.^[48][40][2]

Following the outbreak of the Second World War, in September 1939, Alexander brought the 1st Division to France, where it became part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and served there for the next eight months. In May 1940, when the German Army invaded France, he successfully led the division's withdrawal to Dunkirk, where it was evacuated to England, along with the rest of the BEF. Shortly after Major-General Bernard Montgomery had been appointed to command II Corps (and before that the 3rd Division), Alexander was, while still on the beachhead, placed in command of I Corps, and left the eastern mole on the destroyer Venomous late on 2 June after ensuring that all British troops had been evacuated.^{[49][26][50][51]} In recognition of his services in the field from March to June 1940, Alexander was again mentioned in despatches.^[52]

After Dunkirk, Alexander returned to the United Kingdom and continued to command I Corps, now guarding the coasts of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire as part of Northern Command.^[53] He was promoted acting lieutenant-general in July 1940,^[54] and in December 1940 he was appointed to succeed Claude Auchinleck as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of Southern Command, which was responsible for the defence of south-west England.^{[55][56][57][24]} His rank of lieutenant-general was made permanent in December 1940.^[53] While he was here he came into contact with Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, who was then serving under his command as GOC of V Corps. Montgomery and Auchinleck had never seen eye-to-eye on much but Alexander, believing Montgomery, who had been one of Alexander's instructors at the Staff College in the mid-1920s, knew what he was doing, simply allowed Montgomery (or "Monty") to continue with what he was doing. The two men got along well and their relationship would continue in a similar manner later on in the war.^[55]

It was during this period and most of 1941 where Alexander came to the attention of his superiors, the most notable among them being General Sir Alan Brooke, then the Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces (and in December 1941 succeeding John Dill as Chief of the Imperial General Staff), and Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister. Churchill in particular became a great admirer of Alexander and visited him numerous times throughout 1941, nominating him as the commander of Force 110. Created on paper as the first expeditionary force since the BEF's evacuation from France the year before, Force 110 was considered for several projects throughout the year of 1941, such as landings in the Azores, the Canary Islands and Sicily, but these were, perhaps fortunately, all ultimately abandoned.^[55][58]

On 1 January 1942 he was knighted and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath,^[59] and in February, after the Japanese invasion of Burma, was sent to India to become GOC-in-C of British Forces in Burma as a full general.^[56][60] Alexander was unable to fulfil his orders to hold Rangoon, which was abandoned on 6–7 March.^[61] He took personal charge of some small local engagements,^[53] and was encircled by the Japanese troops in the Battle of Yenangyaung. Rescued by Chinese troops commanded by General Sun Li-jen, Alexander was able to escape. Following that, Alexander increasingly left much of the tactical conduct of the campaign to his corps commander, Lieutenant-General William Slim, while he himself handled the more political aspects of relations with Joseph Stilwell, the nominal commander of the Chinese forces.^[62] Alexander was promoted to Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of Allied Land Forces in Burma, March 1942, and ordered Slim to abandon Mandalay and retreat to India.^[53]

By July 1942, the British and Indian forces in Burma had completed their fighting retreat into India, and Alexander, having yet again been mentioned in despatches for his Burma service,^[63] was recalled to the United Kingdom. He was at first selected to command the British First Army, which was to take part in Operation Torch, the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa. However, following a visit in early August to Egypt by the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), General Sir Alan Brooke, Alexander flew to Cairo on 8 August to replace General Claude Auchinleck, Alexander's predecessor at Southern Command in the United Kingdom, as C-in-C of Middle East Command, the post responsible for the overall conduct of the campaign in the desert of North Africa. At the same time, Lieutenant-General Montgomery replaced Auchinleck as GOC of the British Eighth Army.^[62] Alexander presided over Montgomery's victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein and the advance of the Eighth Army to Tripoli, for which Alexander was elevated to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,^[64] and, after the Anglo-American forces of the First Army (under Lieutenant-General Kenneth Anderson) from Operation Torch and the Eighth Army converged in Tunisia in February 1943, they were brought under the unified command of a newly formed 18th Army Group headquarters, commanded by Alexander and reporting to General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean theatre at Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ).^[65] The American General Omar Bradley, who fought in the Tunisian campaign, then commanding the U.S. II Corps, credited Alexander's patience and experience with helping an inexperienced United States "field command mature and eventually come of age".^[66]

The Axis forces in Tunisia surrendered by May 1943, with some 250,000 Axis troops surrendering, the largest surrender yet in the war. Alexander telegraphed Churchill in response, stating:

Sir, it is my duty to report that the Tunisian campaign is over. All enemy resistance has ceased. We are masters of the North African shores.^[65][67]

After the Tunisian campaign, Alexander's command became the 15th Army Group, which became responsible (under General Eisenhower) for mounting the July 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily (codenamed Operation Husky). Once again, Alexander directed two field armies, both commanded by strong-willed characters who were not easy to control: General Montgomery's British Eighth Army and Lieutenant General George S. Patton's U.S. Seventh Army. The campaign did not portray Alexander at his best and he failed to grip his two commanders. Montgomery's Eighth Army found itself in a slogging match against typically skilful German opposition on the Catanian plain and on the slopes of Mount Etna.^[65] Patton, resentful in his belief that he and his Seventh Army had been given a secondary role in the campaign, confronted Alexander and successfully argued for his army to be allowed to drive to the northwest and to capture Palermo. Although initially reluctant to allow Patton such a role, Alexander eventually, but reluctantly, allowed the Seventh Army commander to have his way, although Palermo did not appear to have much strategic significance.^[65][68] Despite this, it turned out to be the key to unlocking the Axis forces' defences and gave the Americans an easier route towards Messina. The brief campaign in Sicily proved largely successful, but some (with Montgomery among the loudest of the critics) believed that the campaign lacked direction - and blamed Alexander. Furthermore, although the Axis forces had been forced to withdraw from Sicily, they had managed to do so in relatively good order, crossing the Straits of Messina into Italy.^[65]

After Sicily, planning began for the Allied invasion of Italy, which began on 3 September 1943 (the fourth anniversary of Britain's entry into the war). Montgomery's Eighth Army launched Operation Baytown, crossing over into Calabria but initially facing little real opposition and slowly making its way up the Italian peninsula. Six days later the U.S. Fifth Army (which, despite its name, included the British X Corps under Lieutenant-General Richard McCreery, under its command) under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark landed at Salerno as part of Operation Avalanche, which, initially at least, started off well, before encountering heavy resistance and almost being thrown back into the sea.^[69] He supported McCreery when he refused to consider evacuation plans that Clark had been considering. Alexander was also instrumental in convincing Clark to replace the U.S. VI Corps commander, Major General Ernest J. Dawley - who had not performed well and whom Alexander described as "a broken reed" - with Major General John P. Lucas.^[70] Despite the heavy casualties sustained at Salerno, the Allies managed to force the Axis forces back and, with both the Fifth and Eighth Armies now united at last, began pursuing the retreating enemy. By December 1943 progress had virtually ground to a halt as the Axis had Alexander's 15th Army Group held up at the Winter Line (also known as the Gustav Line) and ground was gained only at the expense of heavy casualties.^[71] At around this time there were numerous Allied command changes, with Montgomery handing over the Eighth Army to Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese and departing for the United Kingdom to take up command of the 21st Army Group, which controlled all Allied land forces for the planned invasion of Normandy, whilst General Sir Henry Wilson replaced Eisenhower as the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean in January 1944.^[71][72]

The fighting in Italy would continue to prove even more difficult for Alexander's forces over the following few months. Between January and May 1944, numerous Allied attacks were repulsed at Monte Cassino (which was also bombed in February 1944, with Alexander taking responsibility for the decision to bomb it) and the Anzio landings of January 1944 by Lucas's U.S. VI Corps began well but did not live up to expectations and eventually ended up in a stalemate, like the rest of the Italian fighting so far. Alexander had a large part in planning the landings (code-named "Operation Shingle"), and intended to draw German strength away from the Winter Line and to cut their lines of communication.^[71] The scheme was supported by Prime Minister Churchill, who had very high expectations for Shingle. However, the operation was flawed in many ways. In particular, Alexander's plan of seizing the Alban Hills might possibly have led to the entire Allied force (comprising only two infantry divisions, elements of the U.S. 1st Armored Division, and other smaller units in support) being wiped out.^[71] Despite Churchill's and Alexander's intentions, the Allied forces at Anzio did not achieve the somewhat unrealistic expectations, and were essentially cut off from any support, although they did manage to lure German reserves from elsewhere, which might otherwise have been available for service on the Eastern Front or during the impending Allied invasion of Normandy.^[71]

When Eisenhower was appointed in December 1943 as Supreme Allied Commander for the planned Normandy landings, he suggested that Alexander become ground-forces commander, as he was popular with both British and American officers. Omar Bradley (who had commanded U.S. II Corps in Sicily, and later the U.S. First Army and then the U.S. 12th Army Group) remarked that he would have preferred to work with Alexander rather than Montgomery, as he regarded the former as "a restrained, self-effacive and punctilious soldier". Of the problems that subsequently surfaced with Montgomery's command of the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, Bradley suspected they would not have occurred with Alexander in command.^[73] Brooke, however, applied pressure to keep Alexander in Italy, considering him unfit for the assignment in France.^[74] Thus Alexander remained in command of the 15th Army Group, and, with the support of numerous Allied commanders, controversially authorised the bombing of the historic abbey at Monte Cassino (February 1944), which resulted in little advance on the German Winter Line defences, which had managed to halt the Allied advance in Italy. It was not until the fourth attempt that the Winter Line was breached by the Allies, and Alexander's forces moved on to capture Rome in June 1944, thereby achieving one of the strategic goals of the Italian campaign. However, the U.S. VI Corps, now under Major General Lucian Truscott, in the Anzio beachhead, under U.S. Fifth Army commander Clark's orders, failed to follow their original break-out plan that would have trapped the German 10th Army escaping northwards in the aftermath of the Battle of Monte Cassino, instead favouring an early and highly publicised entry into Rome two days before the Allied landings in Normandy.^[71] Although Alexander was angry at Clark for deliberately disobeying his specific orders in order to reach Rome first, he chose to say nothing, believing that it would do nothing for the Allied cause if he were to do so.^[71]

Alexander remained in command of the 15th Army Group, as well as of its successor, the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI), for most of the Italian campaign, until December 1944, when he relinquished his command to Clark and took over as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces Headquarters, responsible for all military operations in the Mediterranean theatre. Alexander was concurrently promoted to the rank of field marshal,^[75] though this was backdated to the fall of Rome on 4 June 1944,^[76] so that Alexander would once again be senior to Montgomery, who had himself been made a field marshal on 1 September 1944, after the end of the Battle of Normandy.^[77][78]

Alexander received the German surrender in Italy on 29 April 1945. As a reward for his leadership in North Africa and Italy, Alexander, along with a number of other prominent British Second World War military leaders, was elevated to the peerage on 1 March 1946 by King George VI; he was created Viscount Alexander of Tunis and of Errigal in the County of Donegal.^[79]

Brooke felt that Alexander needed an able chief of staff "to think for him",^[80] while Montgomery (Alexander's subordinate in North Africa, Sicily and Italy) claimed to think of Alexander as "incompetent" and believed that success was attained in Tunisia only because Montgomery lent Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks, the commander of IX Corps of Anderson's First Army, to organise the coup de grace.^[80] However, Harold Macmillan (British Minister Resident in the Mediterranean from 1942 to 1945) was impressed by Alexander's calm and style - the general conducted dinners in his mess like those at an Oxbridge high table, discussing architecture and the campaigns of Belisarius, rather than the current war.^[80] Macmillan thought Alexander's urbane manner and willingness to discuss and compromise were a sensible way to maintain inter-Allied cooperation, but Alexander's reserve was such that some thought him empty of strategic ideas and unable to make decisions.^{[n 1]} Graham and Bidwell, however, wrote that Alexander's impenetrable reserve made it hard to judge whether or not he had any military ideas. They state that he was "unable or unwilling" to assert his will over his army commanders, and that Mark Clark, who often referred to Alexander scornfully as a "peanut" and a "feather duster", exploited this weakness.^[80]

With the cessation of hostilities, Alexander was under serious consideration for appointment to the post of Chief of the Imperial General Staff, the British Army's most senior position beneath the sovereign. He was invited, though, by Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King to be his recommendation to the King for the post of Governor General of Canada. Alexander thus chose to retire from the army and take up the new position, in anticipation of which he was on 26 January 1946 appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George^[85] and created Viscount Alexander of Tunis, of Errigal in the County of Donegal, on 1 March.^[86] On 21 March 1946, the commission under the royal sign-manual and signet appointing Alexander was issued.^[87] Alexander was subsequently sworn in during a ceremony in the Senate chamber on 12 April that year.^[88]

Alexander took his duties as the viceroy quite seriously, feeling that as governor general, he acted as a connection between Canadians and their King, and spent considerable time travelling Canada during his term; he eventually logged no less than 294,500 km (184,000 mi) during his five years as governor general. On these trips, he sought to engage with Canadians through various ceremonies and events; he was keenly interested in his role as Chief Scout of Canada and, in preparation for his kicking of the opening ball in the 1946 Grey Cup final, practised frequently on the grounds of the royal and viceregal residence, Rideau Hall. Also, in commemoration of Alexander being named the first non-aboriginal chief of the Kwakiutl tribe, he was given a totem pole on 13 July 1946; crafted by Mungo Martin, it remains on the grounds of Rideau Hall today.^[14] By the end of the year, Alexander was also distinguished with his induction as a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter.^[89]

In 1947, the King issued letters patent granting his Canadian governor general permission to exercise all those powers belonging to the monarch in respect of Canada and, at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference of 1949, the decision was reached to use the term "member of the Commonwealth" instead of "Dominion" to refer to the non-British member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. That same year, Alexander oversaw the admission of the Newfoundland (a dominion by name but not self-governing) into the Canadian Confederation and toured the new province that summer. Then, during a later visit to Alberta, the Governor General was admitted to the Blackfoot tribe as Chief Eagle Head. However, though the post-war period saw a boom in prosperity for Canada, the country was again at war by 1950, with Alexander, in his role as acting commander-in-chief, deploying to the Korean War soldiers, sailors, and airmen, whom he would visit prior to their departure for north-east Asia.^[14] In May 1951, as Commander-in-Chief of Canada, he was deemed a fitting inaugural recipient of the Canadian Forces' Decoration, starting a long tradition of every governor general accepting the CD, usually shortly after their installation as the Sovereign's personal representative in Canada.^[90]

Alexander travelled abroad on official trips—in 1947 visiting US president Harry S. Truman and in June 1948 Brazilian president Eurico Gaspar Dutra—as well as hosting a number of dignitaries. The visit of the Irish Taoiseach, John A. Costello, in 1948 caused Alexander some embarrassment when Costello chose the occasion to announce that most of Ireland would leave the Commonwealth (Northern Ireland would remain a constituent part of the United Kingdom). Although the decision had been taken in principle earlier, the sudden announcement caused a diplomatic storm and Costello, to deflect criticism, claimed that he had been provoked into making the announcement by a series of diplomatic snubs by Lord Alexander. In his memoirs, Costello was to admit that Alexander's behaviour had in fact been perfectly civil and could have had no bearing on a decision which had already been made to declare the Republic of Ireland.^[91]

The Alexanders' relatively informal lifestyle at Rideau Hall was demonstrated when during the Canadian tour of Princess Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Viscount and Viscountess hosted a square dance in the palace's ballroom. Alexander painted (creating a personal studio in the former dairy at Rideau Hall and mounting classes in art at the National Gallery of Canada^[14]), partook in a number of sports (including golf, ice hockey, and rugby), and enjoyed the outdoors, particularly during Ontario and Quebec's maple syrup harvest, himself overseeing the process on Rideau Hall's grounds.^[14] The Viscount was known to escape from official duties to partake in his most favourite pastime of fishing, once departing from the 1951 royal tour of Princess Elizabeth to take in a day's fishing at Griffin Island, in Georgian Bay, and granting a day off for students in the town of Drayton, Ontario, where his train briefly stopped.^[92] He presented the Alexander Cup to the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association in November 1950; the cup became the championship trophy of the Major Series of senior ice hockey.^[93]

Among Canadians, Alexander proved to be a popular viceroy, despite the calls for a Canadian-born governor general that had preceded his appointment.^[94] He not only had a much praised military reputation (he was considered to be the best military strategist since the 1st Duke of Wellington^[92]) but also was a charismatic figure, with an easy ability to communicate with people.^[14] Others, however, did not fully approve of Alexander; editor Hugh Templin, from Fergus, Ontario, met with Alexander during Templin's time as a special correspondent with the Canadian Press during the Second World War, and he said of the encounter: "Lord Alexander impressed us considerably, if not too favourably. He was an aristocratic type, who didn't like newspaper men."^[92]

Lord Alexander gave up the office of Governor General of Canada officially on 28 January 1952 after Churchill asked him to return to London to take the post of Minister of Defence in the British government.^[94] The aging Churchill had found it increasingly difficult to cope with holding that portfolio concurrently with that of prime minister, although he still took many major decisions himself, leaving Alexander with little real power.^[95] George VI died on the night of 5–6 February and Alexander, in respect of the King's mourning, departed quietly for the United Kingdom, leaving Chief Justice of Canada Thibaudeau Rinfret as administrator of the government in his place. After his return to the UK, Alexander was on 14 March 1952 elevated in the peerage by Queen Elizabeth II, becoming Earl Alexander of Tunis, Baron Rideau of Ottawa and Castle Derg.^[96] He was also appointed to the organising committee for the Queen's coronation and was charged with carrying the Sovereign's Orb in the state procession on that occasion in 1953.^[97][98]

The Earl served as the British defence minister until 1954, when he retired from politics. In 1959 the Queen appointed Alexander to the Order of Merit.^[99] From 1960 to 1965, he served as Constable of the Tower of London.^[100] Alexander was an active freemason.^[101]

Canada remained a favourite second home for the Alexanders and they returned frequently to visit family and friends until Alexander died on 16 June 1969 of a perforated aorta.^[2] His funeral was held on 24 June 1969, at St. George's Chapel, in Windsor Castle, and his remains are buried in the churchyard of Ridge, near Tyttenhanger, his family's Hertfordshire home.^[14]

Alexander married Lady Margaret Bingham, daughter of George Bingham, 5th Earl of Lucan, on 14 October 1931. They had three children together and adopted a fourth:^[102]

• Lady Rose Maureen Alexander (born 28 October 1932, died 21 August 2017)
• Shane William Desmond Alexander, 2nd Earl Alexander of Tunis (born 30 June 1935)
• Hon. Brian James Alexander, CMG (born 31 July 1939)
• Lady Susan Mary Alexander (born 26 February 1948) (adopted)

• 10 December 1891 – 1 March 1946: The Honourable Harold Alexander
• 1 March 1946 – 16 June 1969: The Right Honourable The Viscount Alexander of Tunis^[79]
• 14 March 1952 – 16 June 1969: The Right Honourable The Earl Alexander of Tunis^[96]

• 23 September 1911: Second Lieutenant, Irish Guards^[8]
• 5 December 1912: Lieutenant, Irish Guards^[9]
• 15 November 1914: Tempory Captain, Irish Guards
• 7 February 1915: Captain, Irish Guards^[11]
• 1 August 1917: Major, Irish Guards^[17]
• 14 May 1922: Lieutenant Colonel, Irish Guards^[25]
• 14 May 1926: Colonel, 140th (4th London) Infantry Brigade
• 13 October 1934: Brigadier, Nowshera Brigade^[35]
• 15 October 1937: Major General, Nowshera Brigade^[45]
• 13 July 1938: Lieutenant General^[54]
• 17 January 1942: General^[60]
• 4 June 1944: Field Marshal^[76]

• 20 October 1916: Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO)^[13]
• 7 February 1936: Companion of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (CSI)^[37]
• 7 June 1938: Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (CB)^[48]
  • 1 January 1942: Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (KCB)^[59]
  • 11 November 1942: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB)^[64]
• 1 January 1946: Knight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (KStJ)^[103]
  • 20 January 1946 – 28 January 1952: Knight of Justice, Prior, and Chief Officer in Canada of the Venerable Order of Saint John of Jerusalem^{[n 3]}
• 29 January 1946: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG)^[85]
  • 25 March 1960 – 12 October 1967: Grand Master of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George^[105]
• 3 December 1946: Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG)^[89]
• 1 January 1959: Member of the Order of Merit (OM)^[106]

• 14 January 1916: Military Cross (MC)^[12]
• 7 June 1951: Canadian Forces' Decoration (CD)^[107]

• 1917: 1914 Star with bar
• 1919: British War Medal
• 1919: Victory Medal with mention in despatches oak leaf
  • 2 January 1917: mention in despatches oak leaf^[108]
• 6 May 1935: King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
• 1935: India General Service Medal (1909)
  • 7 February 1936: mention in dispatches oak leaf^[38]
  • 8 May 1936: mention in dispatches oak leaf^[39]
• 12 May 1937: King George VI Coronation Medal
• 1945: 1939–45 Star
• 1945: Burma Star
• 1945: Africa Star with 1st Army Insignia and North Africa 1942-1943 bar
• 1945: War Medal 1939–1945
  • 20 December 1940: mention in dispatches oak leaf^[52]
  • 27 October 1942: mention in dispatches oak leaf^[63]
• 2 June 1953: Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal

• 20 October 1916: Knight of the Legion of Honour^[109]
• : Croix de guerre with palm^[110]
• : Member Second Class with Swords of the Order of St. Anna^[2]
• 29 February 1944: Member First Class of the Order of Suvorov^[111]
• 20 June 1944: Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of George I^[112]
• : Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer^[110]
• 5 December 1944: Member Fifth Class of the Order Virtuti Militari^[113]
• : Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit^[110]
• 2 August 1945: Distinguished Service Medal^[114]
• : European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
• : Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II^[110]
• : Croix de geurre with palm^[110]
• : Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit^[110]
• : Grand Cross of the Order of Tri Shakti Patta^[110]
• : Grand Cordon of the Order of Nichan Iftikhar^[110]
• : Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite^[110]
• : Officer of the Order of Military Merit^[110]
• : Campaign Medal (Army)^[110]
• : Order of the White Lion^[110]
• : Czechoslovak War Cross 1939^[110]
• : War Merit Cross^[110]
• : Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Africa^[110]

• 12 April 1946 – 28 January 1952: Chief Scout of Canada^[115]
• 1950: Chief of the Blackfoot Tribe^[109]
• 13 July 1946: Honorary Chief of the Kwakiutl Tribe^[109]
• 29 January 1952: Member of the King's Privy Council for Canada (PC (Can))^[116]
• 1952: Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (PC)
• 17 May 1957 – 1 April 1965: Lord Lieutenant of the County of London^[117]
• 1 April 1965 – 28 December 1966: Lord Lieutenant of Greater London^[118]
• 1960–1965: Constable of the Tower of London^[100]
• 1945: Freedom of the City of Manchester^[119]
• 25 March 1946: Freedom of the City of London^[120][121]
• Freedom of the City of Edinburgh^[122]

• 7 March 1936 – 19 November 1937: Aide-de-Camp to His Majesty the King (ADC)^[41][123]
• 2 July 1937 – 14 August 1947: Colonel of the 3rd Battalion 2nd Punjab Regiment^[44]
• 20 July 1944 – 2 August 1946: Aide-de-Camp General to His Majesty the King (ADC General)^[124][125]
• 28 August 1946 – 16 June 1969: Colonel of the Irish Guards^[126]
• 10 November 1949 – n/a: Colonel of the Royal Ulster Rifles (London Irish Rifles)^[127]
• 10 July 1951: Colonel of the Oxford University Contingent of the University Training Corps^[128]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2016)

• 22 May 1946: McGill University, Quebec Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[129]
• 1946: Queen's University, Ontario Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[130]
• 1946: University of Toronto, Ontario Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[131]
• 13 May 1948: University of British Columbia, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[132]
• 21 March 1949: University of California Los Angeles, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[133]
• 22 October 1949: University of Western Ontario, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[134]
• 1953: University of Liverpool, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[135]
• 1955: University of Nottingham, Doctor of Laws (LLD)^[136]

Alberta

• Chief Eagle Head^[109]

Geographic locations

•  Ontario: Viscount Alexander Park, Ottawa

Schools

•  Ontario: Viscount Alexander Public School, Ottawa^[137]
•  Manitoba: École Viscount Alexander, Winnipeg

Coat of arms of Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis

Notes Arms of The Earl Alexander of Tunis: Per pale argent and sable a chevron and in base a crescent all counterchanged on a canton azure a harp or stringed argent.

• Alexander, Harold (3 February 1948). "The African Campaign from El Alamein to Tunis, from 10 August 1942 to 13 May 1943". London Gazette (Supplement 38196). London: King's Printer: 839–887. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
• Alexander, Harold (10 February 1948). "Conquest of Sicily 10 July 1943 to 17 August 1943". London Gazette (Supplement 38205). London: King's Printer: 1009–1025. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
• Alexander, Harold (6 June 1950). "The Allied Armies in Italy, from 3 September 1943 to 12 December 1944". London Gazette (Supplement 38937). London: King's Printer: 2879–2975. Retrieved 22 March 2009.

• Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II

• Works by or about Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis at the Internet Archive
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Earl Alexander of Tunis

• Website of the Governor General of Canada entry for Harold Alexander
• The Canadian Encyclopedia entry for Harold Alexander
• Newspaper clippings about Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
• British Army Officers 1939–1945
• Generals of World War II

Military offices
Preceded by Clement Armitage	GOC 1st Infantry Division 1938–1940	Succeeded by Kenneth Anderson
Preceded by Michael Barker	GOC I Corps June–December 1940	Succeeded by Laurence Carr
Preceded by Sir Claude Auchinleck	GOC-in-C Southern Command 1940–1942	Succeeded by Sir Charles Loyd
	C-in-C Middle East Command 1942–1943	Succeeded by Sir Henry Wilson
New command	C-in-C 15th Army Group 1943–1944	Succeeded by Mark Clark
Preceded by Sir Henry Wilson	Supreme Commander Allied Force Headquarters 1944–1945	Post deactivated
Government offices
Preceded by The Earl of Athlone	Governor General of Canada 1946–1952	Succeeded by Vincent Massey
Honorary titles
Preceded by The Earl of Cavan	Colonel of the Irish Guards 1946–1969	Succeeded by Sir Basil Eugster
Political offices
Preceded by Winston Churchill	Minister of Defence 1952–1954	Succeeded by Harold Macmillan
Honorary titles
Preceded by The Viscount Alanbrooke	Lord Lieutenant of the County of London 1956–1965	County of London abolished
Preceded by The Earl of Halifax	Grand Master of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George 1959–1967	Succeeded by The Duke of Kent
Preceded by The Lord Wilson	Constable of the Tower of London 1960–1965	Succeeded by Sir Gerald Templer
New title	Lord Lieutenant of Greater London 1965–1966
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New title	Earl Alexander of Tunis 1952–1969	Succeeded by Shane Alexander
	Viscount Alexander of Tunis 1946–1969 Member of the House of Lords (1946–1969)