There is no generally accepted definition of Indigenous peoples ,[ a] [ 1] [ 2] [ 3]
Estimates of the population of Indigenous peoples range from 250 million to 600 million.[ 5] [ 6] [ 7] [ 9] [ 10]
The rights of Indigenous peoples are outlined in national legislation, treaties and international law. The 1989 International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples protects Indigenous peoples from discrimination and specifies their rights to development, customary laws, lands, territories and resources, employment, education and health. In 2007, the United Nations (UN) adopted a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples including their rights to self-determination and to protect their cultures, identities, languages, ceremonies, and access to employment, health, education and natural resources.
Indigenous peoples continue to face threats to their sovereignty, economic well-being, languages, cultural heritage, and access to the resources on which their cultures depend. In the 21st century, Indigenous groups and advocates for Indigenous peoples have highlighted numerous apparent violations of the rights of Indigenous peoples.
Painting of Bimbache of El Hierro by Leonardo Torriani, 1592 The San are the oldest inhabitants of Southern Africa Indigenous communities, peoples, and nations are those which have a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, and may consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing on those territories, or parts of them. They form at present non-dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve, develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories, and their ethnic identity, as the basis of their continued existence as peoples, in accordance with their own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal system.[ 14]
This historical continuity may consist of the continuation, for an extended period reaching into the present of one or more of the following factors:
Occupation of ancestral lands, or at least of part of them Common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands Culture in general, or in specific manifestations (such as religion, living under a tribal system, membership in an Indigenous community, dress, means of livelihood, lifestyle, etc.) Language (whether used as the only language, as mother-tongue, as the habitual means of communication at home or in the family, or as the main, preferred, habitual, general or normal language) Residence in certain parts of the country, or in certain regions of the world Other relevant factors. On an individual basis, an Indigenous person is one who belongs to these Indigenous populations through self-identification as Indigenous (group consciousness) and is recognized and accepted by these populations as one of its members (acceptance by the group). This preserves for these communities the sovereign right and power to decide who belongs to them, without external interference.[ 15] Hadza people, who are indigenous to the African Great Lakes A Maasai traditional dance Baka pygmy dancers in the East Province of CameroonBatwa Pygmy with traditional bow and arrowSomali women in traditional headressesTigrayan women in traditional attireWolayta chiefBerta people playing trumpets during a wedding ceremonyNilotic men in Kapoeta , South Sudan 19th century Zulu man wearing a warrior's garb Sotho women wearing the traditional Seana Marena blanket Makua mother and child Damara man wearing the ǃgūb, a traditional attire African Great Lakes [ edit ] Afar people (Qafár/'Afár): the Afar Triangle of Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia [ 32] [ 33] Amhara : Ethiopia [ 34] [ 35] [ 36] [ 37] Banna : Southwestern Ethiopia , Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)[ 38] [ 39] Basketo : Southwestern Ethiopia , Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)[ 40] Berta (Funj) : Western Ethiopia , Benishangul-Gumuz Region , Far Eastern Sudan [ 41] [ 42] Burji : Southern Ethiopia , Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)[ 43] [ 44] Gedeo : Southern Ethiopia , Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)[ 44] [ 45] Gumuz : Western Ethiopia , Benishangul-Gumuz Region , Far Eastern Sudan [ 46] [ 47] Hamer : Southwestern Ethiopia , Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)[ 48] [ 49] Karo : Southwestern Ethiopia , Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)[ 50] [ 51] Kunama : Western Eritrea , Gash-Barka Region , Far Eastern Sudan [ 52] [ 53] Maale : Southwestern Ethiopia , Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)[ 38] [ 54] Mursi (Mun): mainly in Debub Omo Zone , Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region , Southwest Ethiopia [ 55] [ 48] Nara : Western Eritrea , Gash-Barka Region , Far Eastern Sudan [ 53] [ 52] Oromo people : Ethiopia , Kenya [ 51] Saho : Central Eritrea , Southern part of Northern Red Sea Region [ 56] [ 57] Shinasha (Shinasha ): Northwestern Ethiopia [ 58] Sidama : Southern Ethiopia , Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)[ 59] [ 60] Somalis : Somalia , Djibouti , eastern Ethiopia , northeastern Kenya [ 61] [ 62] Suri Baale : Ethiopia [ 63] Suri Chai : Ethiopia [ 64] [ 48] Suri Timaga : Ethiopia [ 64] Wolayta : Southwestern Ethiopia , Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)[ 65] [ 66] Yem : Southwestern Ethiopia , Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR)[ 50] [ 67] Nuba peoples: Sudan , Nuba Hills Nubians : Far Northern North Sudan and Far Southern Egypt , along middle Nile river valley banksDinka (Jieng): mainly in Lakes , Warrap and Unity States, Upper Nile river course, Central and North South Sudan .Nuer (Naadh): mainly in Jonglei State , East of Upper Nile river course, East Central South Sudan .Anuak (Anywaa): mainly East Jonglei State , East South Sudan , and also mainly in Gambela Region , Lowlands of Far Southwest Ethiopia (border areas between South Sudan and Ethiopia ).Shilluk (Chollo/Cøllø): mainly in North South Sudan , west of the Upper Nile river course, Upper Nile State , South Sudan (Kodok or Kothok , formerly known as Fashoda is in their territory).Fur (Fòòrà): Darfur , Western Sudan Masalit : Darfur , Western Sudan Kadu peoples: Sudan , Nuba Hills Bantu languages -speaking peoples of Southern Africa : South Africa , Lesotho , Eswatini , Botswana , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Namibia , southern Angola . Southern Khoikhoi languages -speaking peoples: Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Kalahari Desert , Zimbabwe, west and southwestern South Africa. Southern San languages -speaking peoples: Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Kalahari Desert, west and southwestern South Africa. Kx'a/Ju–ǂHoan ǃKung /Juu ǂʼAmkoe ǂKxʼao-ǁʼae (Auen) Tuu ǃKwi (!Ui) ǀXam ǂKhomani (Nǀu) Khwe (Khoi, Kxoe) Taa A Dogon hunter with a flintlock musket, 2010. Serer cultural vigil in Senegal. Dogon people : Mali , and small population in Burkina Faso .[ 68] [ 69] Jola people : Guinea-Bissau , The Gambia , and Senegal [ 70] Serer people : Senegal , The Gambia , Guinea-Bissau , Mauritania , and formally North Africa. [ 71] [ 72] Mandinka people : Guinea , Mali , Senegal , The Gambia , Guinea Bissau , Ghana , Liberia , and Sierra Leone .Soninke people : Mali , Senegal , and The Gambia .Wolof people : Senegal , The Gambia , and Mauritania .Mossi people : Burkina Faso , Côte d'Ivoire , and Ghana .Hausa people : Nigeria , Niger , Cameroon , Côte d'Ivoire , Ghana , Benin , and Togo .[ 73] [ 74] Yoruba people : Nigeria , Benin , Ghana , Togo , Côte d'Ivoire , Niger , Sierra Leone , and The Gambia .[ 75] Fula people : Nigeria , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Guinea , Mali , Burkina Faso , Niger , Benin , Mauritania , Guinea Bissau , The Gambia , Togo , Ghana , and Côte d'Ivoire .Igbo people : Nigeria , Ghana , The Gambia .Shilha Berbers in Morocco Sanhaja Berber traditional dancersAfroasiatic languages Berbers (Imazighen): Morocco , Tunisia , Algeria , Libya , Egypt , Mauritania , Mediterranean Coast, Atlas Mountains (Idurar n Waṭlas), North and Western Sahara Eastern Berbers Nafusa people : Nafusa Mountains (Drar n infusen), Tripolitania , northwestern Libya Zuwara Berbers : Zuwara , coast of western Tripolitania in northwestern Libya .Matmata Berbers : Matmâta , southern Tunisia Djerba Berbers: Djerba Island , southern Tunisia coastSokna Berbers: Sokna Oasis (Isuknan), Fezzan , north central Libya , Sahara Awjila : Awjila oasis, Cyrenaica , eastern Libya , Sahara Ghadamès : Ghadamès Oasis, western Libya , Sahara Siwis : Siwa Oasis (Isiwan), western Egypt , Sahara Northern Berbers Haratin : Indigenous population of the Maghreb and Sahara of uncertain origin; members now speak either Berber languages or Arabic ; inhabit Morocco , Mauritania , Western Sahara , Algeria .Serer - current habit Senega , Gambia , Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania [ 71] [ 72] Toubou : Chad Copts (Rem en Khēmi/Rem en Kēme): Egypt , the majority of Egypt's population descended from Ancient Egyptians Beja : Northeastern Sudan , between Red Sea coast and almost to the Nile River (White Nile and Blue Nile ) eastern banks, Far Northwest Eritrea , Sahara Eastern Desert , Far Southeast Egypt Guanches : Canary Islands , Spain West and Central Asia [ edit ] Marsh Arabs/Ma'dan poling a mashoof An Assyrian woman wearing traditional clothing in Zakho Samaritans on Mount Gerizim Soqotri menAfroasiatic languages Semitic peoples Central Semitic peoples Assyrians (Āṯūrāyē/Sūrāyē/Sūryāyē): A Christian Neo-Aramaic -speaking people indigenous to Assyria , which is located in what is now northern Iraq , southeastern Turkey , northeastern Syria and northwestern Iran in Upper Mesopotamia . There is a testified historical continuity between ancient Assyrians and modern Assyrians, for the majority of Assyrians in the same land that they have lived in since antiquity: (Assyria , Athura , Roman Assyria , & Asoristan ), before the Arabization of Upper Mesopotamia , that corresponds with old Assyria (originally speakers of the Akkadian language but in antiquity, by the end of the 1st millennium BC, Assyrians adopted the Aramaic language from Aramaeans as an official language of the Assyrian Empire and in present times speak Assyrian Neo-Aramaic . However, not all Assyrians identify as Assyrian, and several are from peoples that adopted an Assyrian ethnic identity (see Terms for Syriac Christians ) .[ 76] West Semitic peoples South Semitic peoples Bathari people: Dhofar , Southern Oman . Descendants from the original people of Dhofar before Arabization .[citation needed Harasis : Jiddat al-Harasis , Central Oman . Descendants from the original people of South Arabia before Arabization .[citation needed Hobyót people: Dhofar , Southern Oman , Far Eastern Yemen . Descendants from the original people of Dhofar before Arabization .[citation needed Mehris : Al Mahrah , Eastern Yemen , Dhofar , Southern Oman . Descendants from the original people of Dhofar before Arabization .[citation needed Shehri people/Jibbali people: Dhofar , Southern Oman . Descendants from the original people of Dhofar before Arabization .[citation needed Soqotri people: Soqotra island and group of islands, southeast of mainland Yemen , Indian Ocean . Descendants from the original natives of South Arabia before Arabization .[citation needed Bedouin (Badawī) of the interior deserts of Arabia and Syria .[citation needed Druze (Al-Muwaḥḥidūn/Al-Muwaḥḥidīn/Ahl al-Tawḥīd): of Jabal al-Druze , Syria , Lebanon , Jordan and Israel . The faith of the Druze is a blend of Islam 's Ismailism , Judaism , Christianity , Neoplatonism , Pythagoreanism , Gnosticism and Greek philosophy .[citation needed The foundational text of the faith is the Epistles of Wisdom . Even though they have been a minority for their entire history, they have played a significant role in shaping the history of the Levant . Although the faith originally developed out of Ismaili Islam , Druze are usually not considered Muslims. The oldest and most densely-populated Druze communities exist in Mount Lebanon and in the south of Syria around Jabal al-Druze (literally the "Mountain of the Druze").[citation needed Mandaeans [citation needed Marsh Dwellers /Marsh Arabs (Ma'dan/ʻArab al-Ahwār): An Arabic-speaking people living in the marshes of southern Iraq or on the Iranian side of the Shatt al-Arab .[ 77] Northwest Semitic peoples Arameans (Āramayē): Central and Western Syria , ancient land of the Aramaeans (Aram ) in the Levant , an Aramaic -speaking people that descends from ancient Aramaeans .[citation needed In recent years, there has been an attempt to revive Western Aramaic among Aramean Christians living in the Israeli village of Jish .[citation needed Canaanite peoples [citation needed Jews :[ 78] Samaritans , descend from the Israelite nation of the southern Levant, who are believed by archaeologists and historians to have branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrous—and later monotheistic—religion centered on El/Yahweh,[ 79] [ 80] [ 81] Second Temple , and their dwelling in other countries for the most part was not a result of compulsory dislocation.[ 82] Roman Siege of Jerusalem , destruction of Herod's Temple , and failed Jewish revolts, some Jews were either expelled, taken as slaves to Rome, or massacred,[ 83] Romans , Arabs , Ottomans , and the British . Additionally, a substantial number of diaspora Jews immigrated to Palestine during the 19th and 20th centuries (mainly under the Zionist movement), as well as after the modern State of Israel was established in 1948. This was coupled with the revival of Hebrew , the only Canaanite language still spoken today. DNA studies show that many major diaspora Jewish communities derive a substantial portion of their ancestry from ancient Israelites .[ 84] [ 85] [ 86] [ 87] There are competing claims that Palestinian Arabs and Jews are indigenous to historic Palestine /the Land of Israel .[ 88] [ 89] [ 90] Israeli–Palestinian conflict in the 1990s, with Palestinians claiming Indigenous status as a pre-existing population displaced by Jewish settlement, and currently constituting a minority in the State of Israel.[ 91] historic ties to the region and disputed the authenticity of Palestinian claims.[ 92] [ 93] Negev Bedouin were officially "recognized as an indigenous people of Israel" by the United Nations.[ 94] [ 95] [ 96] Armenian women in Diyarbakır Kurds wearing traditional clothing Yazidi festival at Lalish Baloch of Nimruz Province , AfghanistanTraditional Adyghe clothing. Indo-European peoples Kartvelian peoples Northeast Caucasian peoples Avar-Andic peoples Dargins (Darganti): Dagestan , European Russia , Northern Caucasus MountainsKhinalug (Kettiturdur/Kayttiodur/Ketid/Ketsh Khalkh)Lak people (Dagestan) : Dagestan , European Russia , Northern Caucasus MountainsLezgic peoples Aghul (Agular): Dagestan , European Russia , Northern Caucasus MountainsArchins (Arshishttib)Budukh (Budad )Jeks (Cekad/Dzhekad)Kryts (Kh'rytsha'/Kyrtuar)Lezgians (Lezgiyar/Leqer): Dagestan , European Russia , Northern Caucasus MountainsRutul (Mykhabyr): Dagestan , European Russia , Northern Caucasus MountainsTabasarans : Dagestan , European Russia , Northern Caucasus MountainsTsakhur (Yiqby): Azerbaijan , Southern Caucasus MountainsUdins (Udi/Uti): Northern Azerbaijan , Southern Caucasus MountainsNakh peoples Tsezic (Didoic) peoples Northwest Caucasian peoples Pamiri people of Tajikistan Kalash in traditional dress Kodava men in traditional attire, India An Indigenous Assamese woman of Assam Veddha Chief Uruwarige Wannila Aththo, leader of the Indigenous people of Sri Lanka Indian subcontinent [ edit ] Adivasis : collective term for many Indigenous peoples in India (see also Scheduled Tribes in India ) Dravidian peoples Badaga : Tamil Nadu , South India Gond : Gondwana Land , Central IndiaIrula : Tamil Nadu , South India Kisan : Indigenous peoples of the Odisha , East India Kodava : Kodagu , Karnataka , South India Kota (Kothar/Kov): Tamil Nadu , South India Kuruba : Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , South India Tamil : Tamil Nadu , South India and Sri Lanka Toda : Tamil Nadu , South India South Dravidian peoples Indo-European peoples Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples Digaro peoples Jumma people (a collective term for several peoples) Indigenous peoples of Sikkim : India Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples Burusho : Hunza and Chitral districts, Gilgit-Baltistan , Northern Pakistan Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples Vedda (Wanniyala-Aetto): Sri Lanka Dhivehi : Maldives Andaman and Nicobar Islands [ edit ] Miao (Hmong ) girls in ChinaBunun dancerTurkic peoples Common Turks Karluks (Southeastern Common Turkic peoples) Uyghurs (Uyghur): Tarim Basin , Southern Xinjiang , China Ili Turks : Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture , Northern Xinjiang , China Äynus : Taklamakan Desert , Southwestern Xinjiang , China Yugur (Yogïr/Sarïg Yogïr): Sunan Yugur Autonomous County , Gansu province, China Salar (Salır): Xunhua Salar Autonomous County , Qinghai province, China Kipchaks (Northwestern Common Turkic peoples) Tibetan peoplesMongolic peoples Hmong-Mien peoples Miao : Southern China (provinces of Guizhou , Yunnan , Sichuan , Hubei , Hunan , Guangxi , Guangdong and Hainan ), Myanmar , northern Vietnam , Laos and Thailand Hmong : Southern China , Vietnam and Laos Yao (Mien): Southern China (provinces Hunan , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , and Yunnan )Bunun in 1900. Photograph by Torii Ryūzō Sakizaya Saaroa people Indigenous peoples of the island of Taiwan Ainu people of Hokkaido , 1904Representation of a Chukchi family by Louis Choris (1816) Buryat shaman of Olkhon , Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia.Nenets childYakut womanOver 40 distinct peoples, each with their own language and culture in the Asiatic part of Russia (Siberia /North Asia ).
A Wa woman carrying her child S'gaw Karen girls of Khun Yuam District , Mae Hong Son Province , ThailandAkha girl in Laos Yi /Nuosu womenA Tai Dam lady A Murut man (a member of one of the Dayak ethnicities) in Monsopiad Cultural Village, Kg. Kuai Kandazon, Penampang , Sabah , Borneo Island Ati woman, the Philippines , 2007[ 104] Negritos were the earliest inhabitants of Southeast Asia.[ 105] Irish Travellers in Cork Some sources describe the Sámi as the only recognized indigenous peoples in Europe,[ 107] [ 108] [ 109] European Union .[ 110] [ 111] [ 112] [ 113] Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 , such as the Sorbs , are generally categorized as national minorities instead.[ 114]
The Americas consist of the supercontinent comprising North and South America , and associated islands.
List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:
North America includes all of the continent and islands east of the Bering Strait and north of the Isthmus of Panama ; it includes Greenland , Canada , United States , Mexico , Central American and Caribbean countries . However a distinction can be made between a broader North America and a narrower Northern America and Middle America due to ethnic and cultural characteristics.
Two Inuit women in traditional amauti (packing parkas) Na-Dené peoples Athabaskan peoples Northern Athabaskan peoples Métis : a mixed Native American (from several peoples) and European (from several peoples) people of Canada .Algonquians Cree of Montana , United States , and Manitoba , Alberta , and Saskatchewan , Canada.Innu of Northeastern Quebec , and Western Labrador , Canada.Annishinabe of Quebec , Ontario , and Manitoba , Canada, as well as Kansas , Michigan , Minnesota , Oklahoma , and Wisconsin , United States. Beothuk of Newfoundland , Canada.Pacific Northwest Coast [ edit ] Makah of Washington , United States .Quinault of Washington , United States .Nootka of British Columbia , Canada .Kwakiutl of British Columbia , Canada .Eyak of Alaska , United States .Haida of British Columbia , Canada , and Alaska , United States .Tlingit of Alaska , United States .Tshimshian of British Columbia , Canada , and Alaska , United States .Northwest Plateau-Great Basin-California [ edit ] Ute of Utah , United States .Shoshone of Colorado , Wyoming , Nevada , and Utah , United States . Washoe of Nevada , United States .Paiute of Colorado , California , Nevada , and Utah , United States . Pais of Colorado , Arizona , and New Mexico , United States , as well as Baja California , Mexico . Yuman-Cochimi peoples Miwok of California , United States .Maidu of California , United States .Wintu of California , United States .Chumash of California , United States .Tongva of California , United States .Modoc of California , and Oregon , United States .Athabaskans Cahuilla of California , United States .Mojave of California , and Nevada , United States .Uto-Aztecans Karok of California , United States .White Cloud, Chief of the Iowa , by George Catlin , 1845 Sioux man, 1899Comanche of Texas and Oklahoma , United States .Osage of Kansas and Nebraska , United States .Sioux of North Dakota , South Dakota , and Minnesota , United States , as well as Saskatchewan , and Alberta , Canada . Kiowa of Texas , and Oklahoma . Crow of Montana .Omaha of Nebraska .Blackfoot of Montana , United States , Alberta , Canada , and Saskatchewan , Canada .Northeastern Woodlands [ edit ] Iroquoian peoples Haudenosaunee of New York , Wisconsin , and Oklahoma , United States , as well as Quebec and Ontario , Canada . Mohawk of Quebec , Canada , and New York , United States .Seneca of New York , and Oklahoma, United States , as well as Ontario , Canada .Cayuga of Oklahoma , and New York , United States , as well as Ontario , Canada .Oneida of Wisconsin and New York , United States , as well as Ontario , Canada .Tuscarora of New York , United States , and Ontario , Canada .Onondaga of New York , United States , and Ontario , Canada .Wyandot of Kansas , Michigan , and Oklahoma , United States , as well as Ontario , Canada .Nation du chat Upstate New York , Ohio , and Northwest Pennsylvania , United States .Conestoga (Susquehannock ) of Pennsylvania , West Virginia , New York , and Maryland (United States ). St. Lawrence Iroquoians : St. Lawrence River , Quebec , Canada , and New York , United States .Monongahela : Pennsylvania , West Virginia , and Ohio , United States .Nottoway of Virginia , United States .Westo of Virginia and South Carolina , United States .Algic peoples Algonquian peoples Chowanoke of North Carolina .Carolina Algonquian Powhatan Confederacy of Virginia . Wampanoag of Massachusetts .Wabanaki of Maine , United States , and New Brunswick and Newfoundland , Canada . Shawnee of the Ohio River Valley , now Oklahoma .Central Algonquian peoples Kikapú (Kiikaapoa /Kiikaapoi ): Indigenous peoples from southeast Michigan , United States , also in Coahuila , Mexico .Peoria (Illiniwek)Annishinabe Ojibwe of Minnesota , North Dakota , and Michigan , United States , as well as Ontario , Canada .Potawatomi of Michigan and Indiana , United States , as well as Ontario , Canada .Odawa of Oklahoma and Michigan , United States , as well as Ontario , Canada .Cree of Alberta , Manitoba , Ontario , Saskatchewan , and the Northwest Territories , Canada , as well as Montana , United States .Southeastern Woodlands [ edit ] Cherokee of North Carolina , Georgia , and Oklahoma .Natchez of Louisiana and Arkansas .Muskogeans Indigenous peoples of Florida Siouans Caddoans Caddo of Texas , Arkansas , and Louisiana .Pawnee of Oklahoma , Nebraska and Kansas , United States .Southern Plains villagers of Western Oklahoma , Texas , Kansas , and Southeastern Colorado .Arikara of North Dakota , United States .Hidatsa of North Dakota , United States .Wichita of Oklahoma , Kansas , and Texas , United States .Navajo man in Monument Valley, UtahHopi dancers in 2017Tzeltal dancers waiting to perform, San Cristobal Mayan family from Yucatán Amuzgos in traditional dressMazatec girls performing a dance in Huautla de Jimenez Huichol woman and childCentral America is generally defined as a subregion in North America located between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Darién Gap .
Mam peopleIsthmo-Colombian Area [ edit ] A Kuna woman in traditional dress Umalali featuring the Garifuna Collective on the Peace Corps World Stage at Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2011Emberá womenUrarina shaman , 1988Bororo -Boe man from Mato Grosso at Brazil's Indigenous Games , 2007Pai Tavytera people in Amambay Department , Paraguay, 2012Quechua woman and child in the Sacred Valley , PeruSouth America generally includes all of the continent and islands south of the Isthmus of Panama .
Isthmo-Colombian Area [ edit ] [ edit ] The Selk'nam of Tierra del Fuego , c. 1915 Portrait of the Kali'na exhibited at the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris in 1892 The West Indies , or the Caribbean , generally includes the island chains of the Caribbean Sea , namely the Lucayan Archipelago , the Greater Antilles , and the Lesser Antilles .
Oceania includes most islands of the Pacific Ocean, New Guinea , New Zealand and the continent of Australia .
List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:
A group of Aboriginal men in possum-skin cloaks (c. 1858 ) in Victoria Aboriginal farmers in Victoria, Australia, 1858 Aboriginal men in Northern Territory , circa 1905 Indigenous Australians include Aboriginal Australians on the mainland and Tiwi Islands as well as Torres Strait Islander peoples from the Torres Strait Islands .
Pama-Nyungan peoples Kunapa : Northern Territory , Australia Pini : Western Australia , Australia Spinifex : Western Australia , Australia Wangkatha : Western Australia , Australia Warumungu : Northern Territory , Australia Wati peoples Antakirinja : South Australia , Australia Kokatha : South Australia , Australia Luritja : Northern Territory , Australia Madoidja : Western Australia , Australia Maduwongga : Western Australia , Australia Martu peoples Marrngu peoples Ngaanyatjarra : Northern Territory , Australia Ngaatjatjarra : Western Australia , Australia Pintupi : Western Australia , Australia Pitjantjatjara : Northern Territory , Australia Wangkatjunga : Western Australia , Australia Yankunytjatjara : South Australia , Australia Yulparija : Western Australia , Australia Yumu : Northern Territory , Australia Yankuntjatjarra : South Australia , Australia Mirndi peoples Bunuban peoples Jarrakan peoples Nyulnyulan peoples Nyulnyulic peoples Bardi : Dampier Peninsula , Western Australia , Australia Jabirr Jabirr : Dampier Peninsula , Western Australia , Australia Jawi : Dampier Peninsula , Western Australia , Australia Nimanburru : Dampier Peninsula , Western Australia , Australia Nyulnyul : Dampier Peninsula , Western Australia , Australia Dyukun peoples Jugun : Dampier Peninsula , Western Australia , Australia Ngombal : Dampier Peninsula , Western Australia , Australia Nyigina : Dampier Peninsula , Western Australia , Australia Warrwa : Dampier Peninsula , Western Australia , Australia Yawuru : Dampier Peninsula , Western Australia , Australia Worrorran peoples Pama-Nyungan peoples Ngayarda peoples Bailgu : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Inawongga : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Jadira : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Kurrama : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Mardudunera : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Ngarla : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Ngarluma : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Niabali : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Nhuwala : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Nyamal : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Panyjima : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Tjuroro : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Kanyara-Mantharta peoples Kanyara peoples Baiyungu : Gascoyne region, Western Australia , Australia Binigura : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Buruna : Mid West region, Western Australia , Australia Thalanyji : Pilbara region, Western Australia , Australia Yinikutira : Exmouth, Western Australia , Australia Mantharta peoples Kartu peoples Badimaya : Mid West region, Western Australia , Australia Maia : Mid West region, Western Australia , Australia Malgana : Mid West region, Western Australia , Australia Nanda : Mid West region, Western Australia , Australia Nokaan : Mid West region, Western Australia , Australia Wajarri : Mid West region, Western Australia , Australia Widi : Mid West region, Western Australia , Australia Yingkarta : Gascoyne region, Western Australia , Australia Pama-Nyungan peoples Nyungic peoples Noongar peoples Amangu : Geraldton Sandplains , Western Australia , Australia Ballardong : Avon Wheatbelt , Western Australia , Australia Yued : Swan Coastal Plain , Western Australia , Australia Kaneang : Jarrah Forest , Western Australia , Australia Koreng : Mallee , Western Australia , Australia Mineng : Warren , Western Australia , Australia Njakinjaki : Avon Wheatbelt , Western Australia , Australia Njunga : Esperance Plains , Western Australia , Australia Bibulman : Warren , Western Australia , Australia Pindjarup : Jarrah Forest , Western Australia , Australia Wardandi : Swan Coastal Plain , Western Australia , Australia Whadjuk : Jarrah Forest , Western Australia , Australia Wiilman : Western Australia , Australia Wudjari : Mallee , Western Australia , Australia Kalaako : Goldfields–Esperance region, Western Australia , Australia Kalamaia : Western Australia , Australia Mirning peoples Yingkarta : Gascoyne region, Western Australia , Australia Yirram peoples Macro-Gunwinyguan peoples Daly peoples Wagaydic peoples Mulluk-Mulluk : Northern Territory , Australia Western Daly peoples Emmiyangal : Anson Bay , Northern Territory , Australia Marranunggu : Daly River , Northern Territory , Australia Menthe : Northern Territory , Australia Marrithiyal : Daly River , Northern Territory , Australia Maramanindji : Northern Territory , Australia Marridan : Northern Territory , Australia Marri Amu : Northern Territory , Australia Marri Tjevin : Northern Territory , Australia Marijedi : Northern Territory , Australia Marri Ngarr : Moyle River , Northern Territory , Australia Mati Ke : Wadeye, Northern Territory , Australia Eastern Daly peoples Southern Daly peoples Pama-Nyungan peoples Macro-Gunwinyguan peoples Maningrida peoples Burarra : Maningrida, Northern Territory , Australia Gadjalivia : Blyth River , Northern Territory , Australia Gunavidji : Maningrida, Northern Territory , Australia Gurr-Goni : Maningrida, Northern Territory , Australia Nagara : Blyth River , Northern Territory , Australia East Arnhem peoples Marran peoples Gaagudju : Northern Territory , Australia Gunwinyguan peoples Iwaidjan peoples Marrku-Wurrugu peoples Pama-Nyungan peoples Paman peoples North Cape York Paman peoples Djagaraga : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Tjungundji : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Injinoo : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Luthigh : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Mbewum : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Tjungundji : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Totj : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Unduyamo : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Wik peoples Wik-Mungkan : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Kugu Nganhcara : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Wiknatanja : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Wik Me'anh : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Wik Epa : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Wik Elken : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Wik Paach : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Wik Ompom : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Wimaranga : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Winduwinda : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Thaypan peoples Pama-Nyungan peoples Paman peoples North Cape York Paman peoples Yadhaykenu : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Wuthathi : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Kaantju , Coen, Queensland , Australia Pakadji : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Uutaalnganu : Cape York Peninsula , Queensland , Australia Lamalamic peoples Northeast Paman peoples Daintree Rainforest [ edit ] Pama-Nyungan peoples Thura-Yura peoples Wirangu : South Australia , Australia Nauo : Eyre Peninsula , South Australia , Australia Barngarla : Eyre Peninsula , South Australia , Australia Kuyani : South Australia , Australia Adnyamathanha : Flinders Ranges , South Australia , Australia Malyangapa : New South Wales , Australia Ngadjuri : South Australia , Australia Nukunu : South Australia , Australia Narungga : Yorke Peninsula , South Australia , Australia Kaurna : Adelaide Plains , South Australia , Australia Peramangk : Adelaide Plains , South Australia , Australia Murray-Darling Basin [ edit ] Pama-Nyungan peoples Lower Burdekin peoples Maric peoples Biri peoples Gugu-Badhun : Burdekin River , Queensland , Australia Yilba : Mackay, Queensland , Australia Gia : Queensland , Australia Biria : Queensland , Australia Yambina : Queensland , Australia Garaynbal : Queensland , Australia Yangga : Queensland , Australia Baranha : Queensland , Australia Miyan : Queensland , Australia Yuwibara : Queensland , Australia Kingkel peoples Waka-Kabic peoples Pama-Nyungan peoples Yugambeh-Bundjalung peoples Gumbaynggiric peoples Anēwan : Northern Tablelands , New South Wales , Australia Yuin-Kuric peoples Djangadi : Macleay Valley , New South Wales , Australia Geawegal : Hunter Valley , New South Wales , Australia Worimi : New South Wales , Australia Wonnarua : New South Wales , Australia Awabakal : New South Wales , Australia Eora : New South Wales , Australia Darug : New South Wales , Australia Gandangara : New South Wales , Australia Tharawal : Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Ngarigo : New South Wales and Victoria , Australia Koori : New South Wales and Victoria , Australia Gippsland peoples Kulinic peoples 
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