Islam in Iraq

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Islam in Iraq has a rich complicated history that has come to be over almost 1,400 years, since the Prophet Muhammad lived and died in 632 CE.^[1] As one of the first places in the world to accept Islam, Iraq is mostly Muslim nation, with about 98% of the people identifying as Muslim.^[2] There are the two main types of Islam in Iraq: Shia Islam, which is practiced by about 55-60% of Muslims, and Sunni Islam, which is practiced by about 35-40%.^[3]

Baghdad, which was once the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and a center of Islamic scholarship, is one of the most important religious cities in Iraq.^[4] It is very important to both Shia and Sunni communities. The Kadhimiya neighborhood in Baghdad is famous for having the shrines of two important Shia Imams.^[5] Karbala, on the other hand, is respected for being the site of the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE, which had a signifant impact on Shia beliefs and practices.^[6] The tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia Imam and the fourth caliph, is in Najaf, which is another important city. This makes it a major pilgrimage spot.^[7]

The famous Sunni thinker Abu Hanifah taught in Kufa.^[8] This is historical evidence of how important Iraq is as a hub for Islamic thought and government. Another important place of worship is the al-Askari Mosque in Samarra, which is home to the tombs of the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams.^[9] Throughout history, Iraq has also been the site of many fitnas, or religious splits, that have changed the way sects interact with each other.^[10][11] This makes it an important place to study Islamic history and the relationships between different sects.^[12]

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Iraq is home to many religious cities important for both Shia and Sunni Muslims.^[13]Baghdad was a hub of Islamic learning and scholarship for centuries and served as the capital of the Abbasids.^[14] Baghdad also is home to two prominent Shia Imams in what is known as Kadhimiya, Iraq. The city of Karbala has substantial prominence in Shia Islam as a result of the Battle of Karbala, fought in 10 October 680. Similarly, Najaf is renowned as the site of the tomb of Alī ibn Abī Tālib (also known as "Imām Alī"), whom the Shia consider to be the righteous caliph and first imām. The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shi'a Islamic world and it is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims. The city of Kufa was home to the famed scholar Abu Hanifah, whose school of thought is followed by many Sunni Muslims internationally. Kufa was also the capital of the Rashidun Caliphate during the time of Ali. Likewise, Samarra is also home to the al-Askari Mosque, containing the mausoleums of the Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams respectively, as well as the maqam (or "point") of Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is the twelfth and final Imam of the Shia Madhhab. This has made it an important pilgrimage centre for Ja'farī Shia Muslims. In addition, some female relatives of Muhammad are buried in Samarra, making the city one of the most significant sites of worship for Shia Muslims and a venerated location for Sunni Muslims. Iraq was also the place of many the fitnas (schisms) that occurred in the beginning.

The data on the religious affiliation of Iraq's population are uncertain. 95–99% of the population are Muslims.^[15][16] The CIA World Factbook reported a 2015 estimate according to which 36–39% were Sunni Muslims and 61-64% Shia Muslims.^[15] According to a 2011 survey by Pew Research, 51% of the Muslims identified as Shia and 42% as Sunni.^[16] David Smock of the United States Institute of Peace stated in 2003 that Shiites constituted about 55-60 percent of the Muslim population and Sunnis represented 35-40 percent.^[17]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2023)

In 1968 the Ministry of the Interior had a prohibition on miniskirts, stating that sharia was one reason why.^[18]

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  Al-Khulafa Mosque, Baghdad
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  Imam Husayn Shrine, Karbala
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  Shia commemorating Muharam in the holy city of Karbala
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  Imam Ali Shrine, Najaf
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  The spiral minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra

• Demographics of Iraq
• Religion in Iraq
• List of mosques in Baghdad
• Iraqi Sunni Arabs
• Iraqi Shia Arabs

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