Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory

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The Aryan breaks the chains of the Jew and the Freemason that held him captive, drawing of 1897 in a book by Augustin-Joseph Jacquet, in France.
French revolution: before and after: satirical drawing by French draftsman Caran d'Ache, 1898, in the middle of the Dreyfus affair and the foundation of Action Française. Although the Ancien Régime is not shown as idyllic, the contemporary situation is shown as an increase of oppression, which technical improvements (notice the plowshare) don't lighten, and to which financial capitalism (the banker with his top hat and his wallet), the Freemason (with his set square and plumb bob) and the Jew (with a curved nose) are contributors.[1]

The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy is an antisemitic and anti-Masonic conspiracy theory[2] involving an alleged secret coalition of Jews and Freemasons. These theories are popular on the far-right, particularly in France,[3] Turkey,[4][5] Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Russia, Serbia, Eastern Europe, and Japan, with similar allegations still being published.

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

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The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory merges two older strains of conspiracy claims: Masonic conspiracy theories claims and antisemitic conspiracy claims. It was heavily influenced by publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,[3] a fabricated document that appeared in the Russian Empire purporting to be an exposé of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy. The Protocols claim that the Jews had infiltrated Freemasonry and were using the fraternity to further their aims. Adherents of the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy took the claim made by the Protocols to extremes and claimed that the leaders of Freemasonry and the leaders of the Jewish plot were one and the same.

An example was the Spanish Roman Catholic priest Juan Tusquets Terrats, whose Orígenes de la revolución española and other works built on the Protocols, which he translated, to claim that Jews used Freemasons and communists to undermine Christian and Spanish civilisation, providing a justification for the Francoist régime, which expanded the threat to an international Judeo-Masonic-Communist conspiracy (see also: Jewish Bolshevism).

Conceptual influence

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According to Danny Keren, a member of the Department of Computer Science at University of Haifa, the "conceptual inspiration" of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion was the 1797 treatise, Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism by the French priest Augustin Barruel, which claimed the Revolution was a Masonic-led conspiracy with the aim of overthrowing the moral teachings of the Catholic Church. According to Keren:

[I]n his treatise, Barruel did not himself blame the Jews, who were emancipated as a result of the Revolution. However, in 1806, Barruel circulated a fabricated letter, probably sent to him by members of the state police opposed to Napoleon Bonaparte's liberal policy toward the Jews, calling attention to the alleged part of the Jews in the conspiracy he had earlier attributed to the Masons. This myth of an international Jewish conspiracy reappeared later on in 19th century Europe in places such as Germany and Poland.[6]

According to the Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon website:

While it is both simplistic and specious to lay the responsibility for the French Revolution at the door of Freemasonry, there is no question that freemasons, as individuals, were active in building, and rebuilding, a new society. Considering the large number of bodies claiming masonic authority, many men identified today as freemasons were probably unaware of each other's masonic association and clearly cannot be seen as acting in concert. Yet they did share certain beliefs and ideals.[7]

French Masonry of the time was exclusive, denying initiation to Jews and many other classes of people.[7]

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Retired admiral Barry Domvile, the founder of a British pro-Nazi association, The Link,[8] coined the title "Judmas" for the alleged Judeo-Masonic conspiracy.[9] Domvile claimed that the "activities of Judmas are confined to a small section of both Jews and Masons: the large majority have no idea of the work undertaken behind the façade of Judmas."[10] Domvile alleged that "the aim of these international Jews is a World state kept in subjection by the power of money, and working for its Jewish masters"[11] and that "Masonry is the executive partner for the conduct of Jewish policy."[12]

Domvile said that he first started thinking about a Jewish-Masonic theory as a result of Hitler.[10] Domvile referred both to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,[11] and to The Secret Powers Behind Revolution by viscount Léon de Poncins.[10] Domvile was aware that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion had been denounced as a forgery, but regarded their authorship as "immaterial".[12]

Post-Soviet Russia

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The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theories found new currency among the various marginal political forces in post-Soviet Russia, where widespread destitution created fertile ground for conspiracy theories,[13] combined with blood libel and Holocaust denial. These viewpoints are also voiced by several antisemitic writers, notably by Oleg Platonov,[14] Vadim Kozhinov [ru] and Grigory Klimov [ru].[13][15][16] An opinion poll conducted in Moscow circa 1990 has shown that 18% of Moscow residents believed that there is Zionist conspiracy against Russia and further 25% did not exclude such a possibility.

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Contemporary conspiracy theorists, who hew to theories centered on the Bilderberg Group and an alleged impending New World Order, often draw upon older concepts found in the Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory, frequently blaming the Rothschild family or "international bankers".[17] Because of the use of themes and tropes traditionally viewed as antisemitic, these contemporary conspiracy theorists tend to draw the ire of groups sensitive to antisemitic terminology, such as the Anti-Defamation League.[17]

In mass culture

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  • Catholic France driven by Jews and Freemasons, drawing by Achille Lemot in Le Pèlerin, 1902.
    Catholic France driven by Jews and Freemasons, drawing by Achille Lemot in Le Pèlerin, 1902.
  • German poster from 1935 saying, "World politics – World revolution. Freemasonry is an international organisation beholden to Jewry with the political goal of establishing Jewish domination through world-wide revolution."
    German poster from 1935 saying, "World politics – World revolution. Freemasonry is an international organisation beholden to Jewry with the political goal of establishing Jewish domination through world-wide revolution."

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "friends-partners.org The development of modern anti-semitism". Friends-partners.org. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  2. ^ Leonidas Donskis (1 January 2003). Forms of Hatred: The Troubled Imagination in Modern Philosophy and Literature. Rodopi. pp. 41–. ISBN 90-420-1066-5.
  3. ^ a b Williford, Thomas J. (2005). "Chapter IV: Conservative Political Rhetoric: The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy Theory" (PDF). Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930-1945 (PhD dissertation). Vanderbilt University. hdl:1803/13410.
  4. ^ Marc David Baer (2013). "An Enemy Old and New: The Dönme, Anti-Semitism, and Conspiracy Theories in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic". Jewish Quarterly Review. 103 (4): 523–555. doi:10.1353/jqr.2013.0033. S2CID 159483845 – via Project MUSE.
  5. ^ "The journal İnkılâp and the appeal of antisemitism in interwar Turkey" by Alexandros Lamprou, Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 58, 2022, pp. 32-47
  6. ^ "Shofar FTP Archives: documents/protocols/protocols.zion". Nizkor.org. 10 February 1993. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  7. ^ a b "The French Revolution and freemasons". Freemasonry.bcy.ca. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  8. ^ Giffiths, Patriotism Perverted, pp39-42.
    The Link was founded in July 1937 by Domvile, and had nearly 1,800 members by March 1938, and over 4,300 by June 1938.
  9. ^ Domvile, From Admiral to Cabin Boy, p80.
  10. ^ a b c Domvile, From Admiral to Cabin Boy, p81.
  11. ^ a b Domvile, From Admiral to Cabin Boy, p82.
  12. ^ a b Domvile, From Admiral to Cabin Boy, p83.
  13. ^ a b "Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories Spread Globally As World Markets Grapple With Financial Crisis". Adl.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  14. ^ "Antisemitism and Racism – The Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary". Tau.ac.il. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  15. ^ Yerofeyev, Viktor (5 December 2008). "Moscow Believes in Conspiracy Theories". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Rferl.org. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  16. ^ "Some Russians still accuse Jews of 'ritual murder' in czar's death | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California". Jewishsf.com. 19 December 1997. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  17. ^ a b Knight, Peter (1 January 2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576078129.

Sources

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Further reading

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