Kosmos-3M

Kosmos-3M
(R-14 11K65M)
	Drawing of the Kosmos-3M with bulges on payload fairing for launching SAR Lupe
Function	Orbital launch vehicle
Manufacturer	Yuzhnoye / NPO Polyot
Country of origin	Soviet Union, Russia
Size
Height	32.4 m (106 ft)
Diameter	2.4 m (7 ft 10 in)
Mass	109,000 kg (240,000 lb)
Stages	2
Capacity
Payload to Low Earth orbit
Mass	1,500 kg (3,300 lb)
Payload to Sun-synchronous orbit
Mass	775 kg (1,709 lb)
Launch history
Status	Retired
Launch sites	Plesetsk Cosmodrome,; Site 132; Site 133/3; Kapustin Yar Site 107
Total launches	444
Success(es)	424
Failure(s)	20
First flight	15 May 1967
Last flight	27 April 2010
First stage – R-14U
Powered by	1 RD-216
Maximum thrust	1,485 kN (334,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	291 seconds
Burn time	131 seconds
Propellant	AK27I / UDMH
Second stage – S3M
Powered by	1 11D49
Maximum thrust	157 kN (35,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	293 seconds
Burn time	350 + 350 seconds
Propellant	AK27I/UDMH
	[edit on Wikidata]

The Kosmos-3M (Russian: Космос-3М meaning "Cosmos", GRAU index 11K65M) was a Russian space launch vehicle, member of the Kosmos rocket family. It was a liquid-fueled two-stage launch vehicle, first launched in 1967 and with over 420 successful launches to its name.

The Kosmos-3M used UDMH fuel and AK27I oxidizer (red fuming nitric acid) to lift roughly 1,400 kg (3,100 lb) of payload into orbit. It differed from the earlier Kosmos-3 in its finer control of the second-stage burn, allowing operators to tune the thrust and even channel it through nozzles that helped orient the rocket for the launching of multiple satellites at one time.

PO Polyot manufactured these launch vehicles in the Russian city of Omsk for decades. It was originally scheduled to be retired from service in 2011;^[2] however, in April 2010 the Commander of the Russian Space Forces confirmed that it would be retired by the end of 2010.^[3] One further launch, with Kanopus-ST, was planned; however, this was cancelled in late 2012 as the launch vehicle had exceeded its design life while in storage ahead of the launch.

Launches

Date	Site	Payload(s)	References
19 April 1975	Kapustin Yar	Aryabhata
7 June 1979	Kapustin Yar	Bhaskara I	^[4]
20 November 1981	Kapustin Yar	Bhaskara II	^[5]
28 April 1999	Kapustin Yar	ABRIXAS	^[6]
28 June 2000	Plesetsk	Nadezhda, Tsinghua-1, SNAP-1	^[7]^[8]
28 Nov 2002	Plesetsk	ALSAT-1, Mozhayets	^[9]^[10]
27 Sept 2003	Plesetsk	NigeriaSAT-1, BILSAT-1, UK-DMC (BNSCSat), Mozhayets-4, KAISTSat-4, Larets, Rubin-4	^[10]^[11]
2 July 2007	Plesetsk	SAR-Lupe-2
11 September 2007	Plesetsk	Kosmos-2429
27 March 2008	Plesetsk	SAR-Lupe 4
19 June 2008	Kapustin Yar	Orbcomm	^{[citation needed]}
22 July 2008	Plesetsk	SAR-Lupe 5
21 July 2009	Plesetsk Site 132/1	Kosmos 2454 (Parus) Sterkh-1

Accidents

A total of 446 Kosmos 3Ms were launched from 1967 to 2010, with 22 failures. Some of the more noteworthy ones:

On 22 December 1970, a launch of a target vehicle for ASAT tests lost thrust at liftoff and fell back onto the pad at Plesetsk, exploding and badly damaging it.^{[citation needed]}

On 26 June 1973, a Kosmos 3M exploded on the pad at Plesetsk during a propellant loading accident, killing nine people.^[12]

An attempted launch of an Intercosmos scientific satellite on 3 June 1975 failed 84 seconds into the launch when the first stage engine shut down.^{[citation needed]}

An attempted launch of a military radar calibration satellite on 25 January 1983 suffered another first stage failure about 40 seconds into launch when the RD-219 started losing thrust. The onboard computer automatically shut the engine off and the launch vehicle fell into the Northern Dvina. Due to the tense relations between the U.S. and Soviet Union at this time, the U.S. military was widely suspected of having shot down the launch vehicle and General Secretary Yuri Andropov personally informed of this possibility. However, a group of locals ice fishing in the Dvina had witnessed the booster plunge into the river and reported what they'd seen to authorities. After this and a quick examination of telemetry, sabotage was ruled out. The failure was traced to high-frequency combustion instability, which had been a problem with the RD-219 engine and was also responsible for the 1970 and 1975 Kosmos 3M failures. The engine was redesigned and no further launches were lost due to first stage engine failures.^{[citation needed]}

More recently, on 21 November 2000, a Kosmos 3M launcher failed to place the QuickBird 1 satellite into orbit due to a failure of its second stage. The launch vehicle and satellite reentered the atmosphere over Uruguay, and an inquest into the accident was inconclusive.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ "Kosmos 11K65M". Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ "С космодрома Плесецк запущена ракета-носитель с двумя спутниками". Lenta. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
^ "Чтобы виделось лучше". ВЗГЛЯД. 9 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ "Bhaskara-I". ISRO. Indian Space Research Organization. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
^ "Bhaskara-II". ISRO. Indian Space Research Organization. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
^ NASA
^ NASA, "SPACEWARN Bulletin", Number 560, 1 July 2000
^ "SSTL satellites launched on board Cosmos 3M booster", Flight International 4–10 July 2000, page 22
^ NASA "SPACEWARN Bulletin", Number 589, 1 December 2002
^ ^a ^b D Gibbon, L Boland, N Bean, Y Hashida, A da Silva Curiel, M Sweeting, P Palmer, "Commissioning of a Small Satellite Constellation – Methods and Lessons Learned", 18th AIAA / USU Conference on Small Satellites, 2004
^ NASA "SPACEWARN Bulletin", Number 600, 1 November 2003
^ "It happened today... on June 26th". AvioNews.

External links

[1] "Kosmos 11K65M". Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.

[2] "С космодрома Плесецк запущена ракета-носитель с двумя спутниками". Lenta. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.

[3] "Чтобы виделось лучше". ВЗГЛЯД. 9 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.

[Bhaskara-I-4] "Bhaskara-I". ISRO. Indian Space Research Organization. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

[5] "Bhaskara-II". ISRO. Indian Space Research Organization. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2020.

[6] NASA

[7] NASA, "SPACEWARN Bulletin", Number 560, 1 July 2000

[8] "SSTL satellites launched on board Cosmos 3M booster", Flight International 4–10 July 2000, page 22

[9] NASA "SPACEWARN Bulletin", Number 589, 1 December 2002

[UsuConfGibbonCommissioning-10] D Gibbon, L Boland, N Bean, Y Hashida, A da Silva Curiel, M Sweeting, P Palmer, "Commissioning of a Small Satellite Constellation – Methods and Lessons Learned", 18th AIAA / USU Conference on Small Satellites, 2004

[11] NASA "SPACEWARN Bulletin", Number 600, 1 November 2003

[12] "It happened today... on June 26th". AvioNews.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

v t e Soviet and Russian launch vehicles
Active	Angara 1.2 A5 Soyuz-2 2.1a 2.1b 2-1v UR Proton-M
In development	Amur Irtysh Yenisei
Retired	Dnepr Energia Kosmos 1 2I 3 3M N1 R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original L M U U2 FG Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna Start-1 Tsyklon original 2 3 UR UR-500 Proton-K Rokot Strela Zenit 2 2M 3SL 3SLB 3F
Cancelled (no launch attempts)	Tsyklon-4 Proton Light Medium

v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H-IIA H3 Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 7 7A 8 11 11H 12 LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB 2-1v SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega C Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Cyclone-4M Deca Epsilon S Eris Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 Miura 5 MLV Neutron New Glenn New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zhuque 3 Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 RS1^† Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard Vega original VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^†
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)

Kosmos-3M

Launches

Accidents

See also

References

External links