Kuaizhou

Kuaizhou (KZ, Chinese: 快舟; pinyin: kuàizhōu, meaning "speedy vessel")[1] (also called Feitian Emergency Satellite Launch System, Feitian-1, FT-1)[2][3][4] is a family of Chinese "quick-reaction" orbital launch vehicles. Flying since 2013, Kuaizhou 1 and 1A consist of three solid-fueled rocket stages, with a liquid-fueled fourth stage as part of the satellite system.[5] Kuaizhou 11, which flew an unsuccessful maiden flight in July 2020 (and successful second flight in 2022), is a larger model able to launch a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) payload into low Earth orbit. Heavy-lift models KZ-21 and KZ-31 are in development.[6] The Kuaizhou series of rockets is manufactured by ExPace, a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC), as their commercial launch vehicles.[7][8]

History

[edit]
Kuaizhou 11 Y2 carrier rocket pre-launch
Kuaizhou 1A Y6 on the transporter erector launcher prior to launch, 12 May 2020

The rocket series is based on CASIC's Anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) and BMD mid-course interceptor rockets, in particular the DF-21 Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) (another Chinese rocket that was based on DF-21 was the Kaituozhe-1). Development on the KZ launch vehicles started in 2009. The Kuaizhou launch vehicles were to provide an integrated launch vehicle system with the rapid ability to replace Chinese satellites that might be damaged or destroyed in an act of aggression in orbit. The vehicle uses mobile launch platform. The launch vehicle is operated by the PLA Rocket Force.[7][9][5]

The maiden flight of Kuaizhou 1 launch vehicle, orbiting the Kuaizhou 1 natural disaster monitoring satellite, occurred on 25 September 2013, launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.[10]

Second flight of Kuaizhou 1 launch vehicle, orbiting the Kuaizhou 2 natural disaster monitoring satellite, was launched at 06:37 UTC on 21 November 2014, again from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.[5][1]

The first commercial launch inaugurated the Kuaizhou 1A version on 9 January 2017, from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. It placed three small satellites into a polar orbit.[11]

The maiden launch of Kuaizhou 11 was on 10 July 2020. The launch was a failure, and the rocket was initially declared retired in April 2022,[12] but later that year it was revealed that a second launch was planned for December.[13] The successful launch of Kuaizhou 11 on 7 December 2022 marked the rocket's return to service.[14]

Specifications

[edit]

The solid-fuel KZ-1A can place 200 kg payload into a Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 700 kilometres. The KZ-11 version is able to put 1000 kg to the same orbit.[15]

Launch preparations are designed to take very little time, and the launch can be conducted on rough terrain.[8] The rocket's low requirements for launch help with cost savings, yielding a launch price under US$10,000 per kilogram of payload. This price level is very competitive in the international market.[9]

Satellites can be installed on a Kuaizhou launch vehicle and stored in a maintenance facility. Once needed, the launch vehicle is deployed by a Transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicle to a secure location. Launch readiness time can be as short as several hours.[16][4]

Models

[edit]
Rocket First launch Last Launch Payload fairing size Payload to LEO Payload to SSO Lift-off mass Length Diameter Thrust Payload cost
Kuaizhou 1
(KZ-1) 		25 September 2013 21 November 2014 430 kg (950 lb) (500 km)[5][17][18] 30–32 tonnes[5] 19.4 m (64 ft) 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in)
Kuaizhou 1A
(KZ-1A) 		9 January 2017 20 September 2024 1.2–1.4 m (3 ft 11 in – 4 ft 7 in)[19] 400 kg (880 lb)[20][21] 250 kg (550 lb) (500 km)
200 kg (440 lb) (700 km)[19] 		30 tonnes, TEL-capable[17] 19.4 m (64 ft)[19] 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in)[19] $20,000/kg ($9,100/lb)[22]
Kuaizhou 1A Pro
(KZ-1A Pro) 		4 December 2024 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)[23] 450 kg (990 lb)[24] 360 kg (790 lb) (500 km) [25] 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in)[19]
Kuaizhou 11
(KZ-11) 		10 July 2020[26] 2.2–2.6 m (7 ft 3 in – 8 ft 6 in)[19] 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) (700 km)[19] 78 tonnes,[19] TEL-capable[17] 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in)[19] $10,000/kg ($4,500/lb)[9]
Kuaizhou 21
(KZ-21) 		2025 (projected)[17] 20,000 kg (44,000 lb)[6] 4 m (13 ft)[6]
Kuaizhou 31
(KZ-31) 		(TBD)[citation needed] 70,000 kg (150,000 lb)[6] 4 m (13 ft) (engines)[6]

List of launches

[edit]
Flight No. Date (UTC) Launch site Version; Flight number Payload Orbit Result
1 25 September 2013
04:37 [10] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1
Y1 		Kuaizhou 1 SSO Success
2 21 November 2014
06:37 [5] 		Jiuquan, LS-95B Kuaizhou 1
Y2 		Kuaizhou 2 SSO Success
3 9 January 2017
04:11 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y1 		Jilin-1-03 SSO Success
4 29 September 2018
04:13 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y8 		Centispace 1-S1 SSO Success
5 30 August 2019
23:41 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y10 		KX-09 SSO Success
6 13 November 2019
03:40 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y11 		Jilin-1-02A SSO Success
7 17 November 2019
09:52 [27] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y7 		KL-Alpha A and B LEO Success
8 7 December 2019
02:55 [28] 		Taiyuan, LC-16 Kuaizhou 1A
Y2 		Jilin-1-02B SSO Success
9 7 December 2019
08:52 [28] 		Taiyuan, LC-16 Kuaizhou 1A
Y12 		HEAD-2 A/B, SPACETY-16/17, Tianqi-4 A/B SSO Success
10 16 January 2020
03:02 [29] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y9 		Yinhe-1 LEO Success
11 12 May 2020
01:16 [30] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y6 		Xingyun 2-01 and Xingyun 2-02 LEO Success
12 10 July 2020
04:17 [31] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 11
Y1 		Jilin-1-02E and Centispace-1-S2 SSO Failure
13 12 September 2020
05:02 [32] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y3 		Jilin-1 Gaofen-02C SSO Failure
14 27 September 2021
06:19 [33] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y4 		Jilin-1 Gaofen-02D SSO Success
15 27 October 2021
06:19[34][32] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y5 		Jilin-1 Gaofen-02F SSO Success
16 24 November 2021
23:41[35] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y13 		Shiyan 11 SSO Success
17 15 December 2021
02:00[36] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y17 		GeeSAT-1A/1B LEO Failure
18 22 June 2022
02:08[37] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y23 		Tianxing-1 LEO Success
19 23 August 2022
02:36[38] 		Xichang Kuaizhou 1A
Y15 		Chuangxin-16 A/B LEO Success
20 6 September 2022
02:24[39] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y16 		Centispace 1-S3/S4 LEO Success
21 24 September 2022
22:55[40] 		Taiyuan, LC-16 Kuaizhou 1A
Y14 		Shiyan 14/Shiyan 15 SSO Success
22 7 December 2022
01:15[41] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 11
Y2 		Xingyun Jiaotong VDES SSO Success
23 22 March 2023
09:09[42] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y19 		Tianmu-1 03–06 SSO Success
24 9 June 2023
02:35[43] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y20 		Longjiang-3 LEO Success
25 20 July 2023
03:20[44] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y22 		Tianmu-1 07–10 SSO Success
26 14 August 2023
05:32[45] 		Xichang (Mobile Launcher Pad) Kuaizhou 1A
Y21 		Jiaotong 06–10 (HEAD 3A–3E) LEO Success
27 25 December 2023
01:00[46] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y26 		Tianmu-1 11–14 SSO Success
28 27 December 2023
06:50[47] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y27 		Tianmu-1 19–22 SSO Success
29 5 January 2024
11:20[48] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y28 		Tianmu-1 15–18 SSO Success
30 11 January 2024
03:52[49] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 1A
Y24 		Tianxing-1 02 SSO Success
31 21 May 2024
04:15[50] 		Jiuquan, LS-95A Kuaizhou 11
Y4 		Wuhan-1, VLEO test satellite, Tianyan-22, Lingque-3-01 SSO Success
32 20 September 2024
09:43[51] 		Xichang, (Mobile Launcher Pad) Kuaizhou 1A
Y31 		Tianqi 29-32 (4 satellites) LEO Success
33 4 December 2024
04:46[52] 		Xichang, (Mobile Launcher Pad) Kuaizhou 1A Pro
Y30 		Haishao-1 LEO Success

Launch Statistics

[edit]

Kuaizhou configurations

[edit]
1
2
3
4
5
6
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
  •   Kuaizhou 1
  •   Kuaizhou 1A
  •   Kuaizhou 11

Launch sites

[edit]
1
2
3
4
5
6
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
  •   Jiuquan
  •   Xichang
  •   Taiyuan

Launch outcomes

[edit]
1
2
3
4
5
6
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
  •   Success
  •   Partial failure
  •   Failure
  •   Planned

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Clark, Stephen (21 November 2014). "China launches for the second time in 24 hours". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  2. ^ "Kuaizhou-1 (KZ-1) / Fei Tian 1". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  3. ^ "Chinese Kuaizhou-1A rocket launches several small satellites". 9 January 2017.
  4. ^ a b "China Unveils New Rocket, People Get Real Curious About What It's For". 13 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Barbosa, Rui C. (21 November 2014). "China launches Kuaizhou-2 in second launch within 24 hours". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e "China to test large solid-fuel rocket engine". China Daily. 25 December 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  7. ^ a b Keane, Phillip (20 September 2016). "ExPace, China's Very Own SpaceX". Asian Scientist.
  8. ^ a b "First commercial space base to be built in Wuhan". SpaceDaily. 14 September 2016.
  9. ^ a b c Lin, Jeffrey; Singer, P.W. (7 October 2016). "China's Private Space Industry Prepares To Compete With SpaceX And Blue Origin". Popular Science. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  10. ^ a b "China launches satellite to monitor natural disaster". Xinhua. 25 September 2013.
  11. ^ Clark, Stephen (9 January 2017). "Kuaizhou rocket lifts off on first commercial mission". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  12. ^ China Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (23 April 2022). "In a summary of "other" launch vehicles, Kuaizhou-11 of CASIC was labeled "retired". [...]" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  13. ^ "新型"太空快递员"运力再升级，快舟十一号计划年底发射" [The capacity of the new "space courier" has been upgraded, and Kuaizhou 11 is scheduled to launch at the end of the year]. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  14. ^ Todd, David (7 December 2022). "Kuaizhou-11 returns to operational status with launch of Jiaotong VDES". Seradata. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  15. ^ Kuaizhou-11 (KZ-11) Gunter's Space Page
  16. ^ "New rocket readies for liftoff in 2016". www.spacedaily.com. 10 November 2015.
  17. ^ a b c d "Kuai Zhou (Fast Vessel)". China Space Report. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  18. ^ "TSE - Kuaizhou".
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i "快舟十一号小型固体运载火箭(KZ-11)：推迟到2018年首飞" [Kuaizhou 11 small solid launch vehicle (KZ-11): First flight planned for 2018] (in Chinese). 30 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  20. ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Kuaizhou-1". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  21. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Kuaizhou-1A Launch". YouTube. 14 January 2017.
  22. ^ Zhou, Xin (30 October 2017). "Kuaizhou-11 to send six satellites into space". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  23. ^ "The new Kuaizhou-1A has larger upper stages, 1.2m to 1.4m, and wider fairings, 1.4m to 1.8m. LEO capacity increases to 450kg from 300kg 500km SSO to 360kg from 260kg 500km 45° to 500kg from 390kg 700km SSO to >300kg from 200kg Upper stage is restartable, good for ride-sharing". X. CNSpaceflight. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  24. ^ "The new Kuaizhou-1A has larger upper stages, 1.2m to 1.4m, and wider fairings, 1.4m to 1.8m. LEO capacity increases to 450kg from 300kg 500km SSO to 360kg from 260kg 500km 45° to 500kg from 390kg 700km SSO to >300kg from 200kg Upper stage is restartable, good for ride-sharing". X. CNSpaceflight. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  25. ^ "The new Kuaizhou-1A has larger upper stages, 1.2m to 1.4m, and wider fairings, 1.4m to 1.8m. LEO capacity increases to 450kg from 300kg 500km SSO to 360kg from 260kg 500km 45° to 500kg from 390kg 700km SSO to >300kg from 200kg Upper stage is restartable, good for ride-sharing". X. CNSpaceflight. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  26. ^ "Next Launch". twitter.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  27. ^ "KL-Alpha A, KL-Alpha B Mission (Kuaizhou 1A) - RocketLaunch.Live". www.rocketlaunch.live. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  28. ^ a b Barbosa, Rui C. (7 December 2019). "China conducts double Kuaizhou-1A launch from Taiyuan". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  29. ^ Barbosa, Rui C. (16 January 2020). "Kuaizhou-1A lofts Yinhe-1 for China". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  30. ^ "First two smallsats launched for Chinese data relay constellation". Spaceflight Now. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  31. ^ "New Chinese satellite launcher fails on first flight". spaceflightnow.com. Spaceflight Now. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  32. ^ a b Clark, Stephen (13 September 2020). "Chinese smallsat launcher fails". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  33. ^ Corbett, Tobias (27 September 2021). "Chinese KZ-1A returns to flight and lofts new remote sensing satellite into orbit". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  34. ^ "【TBD】快舟一号甲 • 吉林一号遥感卫星星座 • 高分02-F星 • Kuaizhou-1A • Jinlin-1(Gaofen02-F)". spaceflightfans.cn (in Chinese). 14 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  35. ^ "我国成功发射试验十一号卫星" [Our country successfully launched the Shiyan-11 satellite]. Xinhua (in Chinese). 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  36. ^ "Launch of GeeSAT commercial satellites fails". Xinhua. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  37. ^ "China launches new test satellite". Xinhua. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  38. ^ Davenport, Justin (24 August 2022). "Kuaizhou-1A, Chang Zheng 2D launches highlight busy China week in spaceflight". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
  39. ^ Davenport, Justin (6 September 2022). "China launches twice in under two hours and conducts spacewalk". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  40. ^ "China launches two new experimental satellites". Xinhua. 25 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  41. ^ Jones, Andrew (7 December 2022). "Private Chinese rocket reaches orbit 2 years after test-flight failure". Space.com. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  42. ^ "中国成功发射天目一号气象星座03~06星" [China successfully launched satellites 03~06 of the Tianmu-1 meteorological constellation]. China News (in Chinese). 22 March 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  43. ^ Andrew, Jones (9 June 2023). "China's first stackable satellite reaches orbit on solid rocket launch". spacenews.com. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  44. ^ China 'N Asia Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (20 July 2023). "Kuaizhou-1A launched Tianmu-1 07~10 satellites from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center at ~03:20UTC on July 20" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  45. ^ "China's Kuaizhou-1A rocket launches five new satellites". Xinhua. 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  46. ^ "China launches four meteorological satellites". Xinhua. 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  47. ^ "China launches four meteorological satellites". Xinhua. 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  48. ^ "China launches four meteorological satellites". Xinhua. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  49. ^ "China launches test satellite using Kuaizhou-1A carrier rocket". Xinhua. 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  50. ^ "China's Kuaizhou-11 Y4 rocket launches 4 new satellites". Xinhua. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  51. ^ "China launches new Tianqi constellation satellites". Xinhua. 20 September 2024. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  52. ^ "China launches new remote-sensing satellite". Xinhua. 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
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