French
DeutschKrama Inggil
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Krama Inggil is a polite form of the Javanese language used in daily conversations,[1] especially with older people. The opposite of this speaking manner is called "Boso Ngoko".[2][3][4] Nowadays, this manner of speaking is rarely used by the residents of Java, often because it is viewed as an outdated or old fashioned manner of speaking. An example of this language is the word meaning head sirrah, "sampean" meaning you, and much more. From the framework of language ideology, some may view Bahasa Indonesia as more "modern" and "democratic," and more progressive in terms of gender [5]
Example and comparison
[edit]- Ngoko: Aku arep mangan. ("I want to eat.")
- Madyå: Kula ajeng nedha.
- Krama:
- (Neutral) Kula badhé nadhi.
- (Humble) Dalem badhé nedhi.
References
[edit]- ^ Stuart O. Robson (1994). "Speaking to God In Javanese". L'Homme. 34 (132): 133–142. doi:10.3406/hom.1994.369832. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- ^ "Seasite". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- ^ "Guide Card". Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- ^ Wolff, John U.; Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo (1982). Communicative Codes in Central Java. Cornell Southeast Asia Program. p. 4. ISBN 0-87727-116-X.
- ^ Smith-Hefner, Nancy J. 2009. “Language Shift, Gender, and Ideologies of Modernity in Central Java, Indonesia.” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 19 (1): 57–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2009.01019.x.
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