List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel have been awarded to a total of 965 individuals and 27 organizations as of 2023[update].[1]
While numerous notable Brazilians have been nominated for the prize,[2][3] to date, no individual has received a Nobel Prize while concurrently being a Brazilian citizen. One Nobel Prize recipient, the biologist Peter Medawar[a] (who won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Australian virologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet), was born a Brazilian citizen but renounced his Brazilian citizenship at the age of 18, long before receiving the prize.[4][5]
Additionally, a number of Brazilians and Brazilian-based organizations were members of organizations at the time those organizations won a Nobel Prize, such as Sérgio Trindade and Carlos Nobre, members of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) when it was awarded the prize in 2007.[6]
Laureates
[edit]Individuals
[edit]A single individual has won the Nobel Prize who ever held Brazilian citizenship; however, he was not a Brazilian citizen at the time the award was granted:
Year | Image | Laureate | Born | Died | Field | Citation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Citizens | |||||||
1960 | ![]() | Peter Medawar[a] | 28 February 1915 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 2 October 1987 London, United Kingdom | Physiology or Medicine | "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance." (awarded together with Australian virologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet) |
Organizations
[edit]The following Brazilians and Brazilian-based organizations were affiliated with laureate organizations at the time they were awarded the prize:
- the Brazilian Red Cross[b] (CVB) being part of the 1963 Nobel laureate League of Red Cross Societies;
- the UNICEF Brazil[c] being part of the 1965 Nobel laureate UNICEF;
- Carlos Nobre[d] and Sérgio Trindade[e] being members of the 2007 Nobel laureate Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC);
- Cristian Wittmann[f] being a member of the 2017 Nobel laureate International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN).
Nominations
[edit]Nominees
[edit]Since 1909, Brazilians have started to receive nominations for the prestigious Swedish prize in different categories. The following list are the nominees with verified nominations from the Nobel Committee and recognized international organizations. There are also other purported nominees whose nominations are yet to be verified since the archives are revealed 50 years after,[14] among them:
- For Physics: Mário Schenberg[15] (1914–1990), José Leite Lopes (1918–2006), Jayme Tiomno (1920–2011), Ennio Candotti (born 1942), Celso Grebogi[16] (born 1947) and Carlos Bertulani (born 1955).
- For Chemistry: Otto Gottlieb,[17][18] (1920–2011), Blanka Wladislaw (1917–2012), Ângelo da Cunha Pinto (1948–2015), and Elisa Orth (born 1984).
- For Physiology or Medicine: Maurício Rocha e Silva[19][20] (1910–1983), Maria Carmela Lico (1927–1985), Aristides Leão (1914–1993), Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini[20] (1912–1993), Nise da Silveira[20] (1905–1999), Sérgio Henrique Ferreira[15] (1934–2016), Ivo Pitanguy[20] (1926–2016), Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig[20] (1928–2018), Ivan Izquierdo[20] (1937–2021), José Eduardo Souza[20] (1934–2022), Eduardo Krieger[21] (born 1928), Miguel Nicolelis[15][22] (born 1961), Celina Turchi[20] (born 1952), Cesar Victora[20] (born 1952)
- For Literature: Carolina Maria de Jesus[23] (1914–1977), Clarice Lispector[24][23] (1920–1977), Vinicius de Moraes (1913–1980), Cora Coralina (1889–1985), João Cabral de Melo Neto[25] (1920–1999), Haroldo de Campos (1929–2003), Rachel de Queiroz (1910–2003), Hilda Hilst (1930–2004), Josué Montello (1917–2006), Moacyr Scliar (1937–2011), Rubem Fonseca[26] (1925–2020), Nélida Piñon[27] (1937–2022), Adélia Prado[26] (born 1935), Ignacio de Loyola Brandão[26] (born 1936), Marina Colasanti[28][26] (born 1937), Marcia Theophilo (born 1941), Chico Buarque[29][30] (born 1944), Paulo Coelho[23] (born 1947), Milton Hatoum (born 1952), Bernardo Carvalho[26] (born 1960), Daniel Munduruku (born 1964), Paulo Scott (born 1966), Adriana Lisboa (born 1970), and Jeferson Tenório (born 1977).
- For Peace: Marcolino Gomes Candau (1911–1983), Chico Mendes (1944–1988), José "Gentileza" Datrino (1917–1996), José Lutzenberger (1926–2002), Sérgio Vieira de Mello[31] (1948–2003), Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born 1931), Chico Whitaker (born 1931), Erwin Kräutler, CPpS (born 1939), Frei Betto (born 1944), José Bustani (born 1945), Júlio Lancellotti[32] (born 1948), Davi Kopenawa Yanomami (born 1956), Izabella Teixeira (born 1961), Sônia Guajajara (born 1974), and Claudelice Silva dos Santos (born 1982).
- For Economic Sciences: André Lara Resende (born 1951), Pérsio Arida (born 1952), Gustavo Franco (born 1956) and Ricardo Amorim (born 1971).
Image | Nominee[33] | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Citation | Nominator(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physics | ||||||
![]() | César Lattes | 11 July 1924 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil | 8 March 2005 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil | 1949 | "for his pioneering discovery and researches of the pion, a composite subatmic particle made of a quark and an antiquark."[34] | Walter Scott Hill Rodríguez (1903–1987) ![]() |
James Holley Bartlett (1904–2000) ![]() | ||||||
1951 | Gleb Wataghin (1899–1986) ![]() | |||||
1952 | Marcel Schein (1902–1960) ![]() | |||||
1952, 1953, 1954 | ![]() (1887–1976) ![]() | |||||
![]() | David Bohm[g] | 20 December 1917 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States | 27 October 1992 London, United Kingdom | 1958 | "for his causal and deterministic interpretation of quantum theory (now known as De Broglie–Bohm theory)."[36] | H. Nakano (?)![]() |
Chemistry | ||||||
![]() | René Wurmser[h] | 4 September 1890 Paris, France | 9 November 1993 Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, France | 1942 | "for his research on blood preservation and transfusion."[37] | Jean Baptiste Perrin[i] (1870–1942) ![]() |
![]() | Fritz Feigl[j] | 15 May 1891 Vienna, Austria | 23 January 1971 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1955 | "for his development of spot analysis (spot test) and luminol."[38] | R. Strebinger (?)![]() |
1957 | Felix Machatschki (1895–1970) ![]() | |||||
1962 | R. Belcher (?)![]() | |||||
1963, 1966 | Hanns Malissa (1920–2010) ![]() | |||||
1963, 1969 | Friedrich Hecht (1903–1980) ![]() | |||||
1966, 1967, 1969 | P. W. West (?)![]() | |||||
1967 | Ami Glasner (?)![]() | |||||
![]() | Johanna Döbereiner | 28 November 1924 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic | 5 October 2000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1995, 1997 | "for her research on the effectivity of using nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soybean farming."[39][40] | |
Physiology or Medicine | ||||||
![]() | Carlos Chagas | 9 July 1879 Oliveira, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 8 November 1934 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1913 | "for his discovery of a new trypanosome disease (thyroidite parasitaire)."[41] | Pirajá da Silva (1873–1961) ![]() |
1921 | "for his research on malaria and paludism, and the discovery of Trypanozoma cruzi.[41] | Hilário de Gouvêa (1843–1929) ![]() | ||||
![]() | Antônio Cardoso Fontes | 6 October 1879 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 27 March 1943 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1934[k] | "for his work on the ultravirus of the tubercle bacillus."[42] | Michel Weinberg (1868–1940) ![]() |
![]() | Adolfo Lutz | 18 December 1855 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 6 October 1940 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1938 | "for his work on tropical diseases (lepra, sporotrichosis, yellow fever, malaria) and their transmission." | Octávio Coelho de Magalhães (1880–1972) ![]() |
![]() | Manuel de Abreu | 4 January 1894 São Paulo, Brazil | 30 January 1962 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1946 | "for his introduction of collective radiology photography: abreugraphy."[43] | Ugo Pinheiro Guimarães (1901–1992) ![]() |
Arnaldo de Moraes (1893–1961) ![]() | ||||||
Alfredo Monteiro (1893–1961) ![]() | ||||||
Henrique Roxo (1877–1969) ![]() | ||||||
1951 | "for his development of a collective systematic X-ray photography."[43] | ![]() (1874–1955) ![]() | ||||
1953 | No motivation given. | Francisco R. d'Ovidio (?)![]() | ||||
Literature | ||||||
![]() | Henrique Coelho Neto | 21 February 1864 Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil | 28 November 1934 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1933 | O Rajá de Pendjab (1898) O Morto, Memórias de um Fuzilado (1898) Theatro, vol. I–V (1897–1909) Mano, Livro da Saudade (1924)[44] | Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953) ![]() |
20 members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters | ||||||
![]() | Flávio de Carvalho | 10 August 1899 Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 4 June 1973 Valinhos, São Paulo, Brazil | 1939 | A Cidade do Homem Nu (1930) Dança do Deus Morto (1933)[45] | Paul V. Shaw (?)![]() |
![]() | Manoel Wanderley (prob. Manuel Bandeira (1886–1968)) | Brazil | Brazil | 1941 | [46] | Francisco de Aquino Correia (1885–1956) ![]() |
![]() | Pietro Ubaldi* | 18 August 1886 Foligno, Perugia, Italy | 29 February 1972 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil | 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969 | A Grande Síntese (1932–35) Ascensio Uma (1951) Ascese Mística (1983) | Academia Santista de Letras |
1964 | João de Freitas Guimarães (?)![]() | |||||
1968 | [l] | |||||
![]() | Erico Verissimo | 17 December 1905 Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | 28 November 1975 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | 1963 | As Aventuras do Avião Vermelho (1936) O Tempo e o Vento (1949–1961) Noite (1954) O Senhor Embaixador (1965) | Jean Roche (1901–1992) ![]() |
1968 | [l] | |||||
![]() | Alceu Amoroso Lima | 11 December 1893 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 14 August 1983 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1965 | Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1943) O Existencialismo e Outros Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1951) Meditações Sobre o Mundo Interior (1953) O Humanismo Ameaçado (1965)[47] | Academia Mineira de Letras |
![]() | Carlos Drummond de Andrade | 31 October 1902 Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 17 August 1987 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1967 | Sentimento do Mundo (1940) A Rosa do Povo (1945) As Impurezas do Branco (1973) O Amor Natural (1992)[48] | Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968) ![]() |
1969 | Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) ![]() | |||||
![]() | Jorge Amado | 10 August 1912 Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil | 6 August 2001 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil | 1967 | O País do Carnaval (1931) Jubiabá (1935) Capitães da Areia (1937) Terras do Sem Fim (1945) Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (1958) Tieta do Agreste (1977) Farda Fardão Camisola de Dormir (1978)[49] | Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais |
Fred P. Ellison (1922–2004) ![]() | ||||||
Earl William Thomas (1915–1981) ![]() | ||||||
1967, 1968 | Brazilian Writers Association | |||||
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 | Antônio Olinto (1919–2009) ![]() | |||||
1968, 1969 | Jean Subirats (?)![]() | |||||
1969 | Joracy Camargo (1898–1973) ![]() | |||||
Vitorino Nemésio (1901–1978) ![]() | ||||||
1969, 1971 | Laurent Versini (1932–2021) ![]() | |||||
1970 | Marcos Almir Madeira (1916–2003) ![]() | |||||
![]() | Gerardo Melo Mourão | 8 January 1917 Ipueiras, Ceará, Brazil | 9 March 2007 Humaitá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1979 | O País dos Mourões (1963) Peripécia de Gerardo (1972) Valete de Espadas (1986) O Bêbado de Deus (2000)[50] | |
![]() | Ferreira Gullar | 10 September 1930 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil | 4 December 2016 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 2002 | A Luta Corporal (1954) Poema Sujo (1976) Barulhos (1987) Indagações de Hoje (1989)[51] | Brazilian Academy of Letters |
![]() | Ariano Suassuna | 16 June 1927 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil | 23 July 2014 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil | 2012 | O Auto da Compadecida (1955) A Caseira e a Catarina (1962) O Santo e a Porca (1964) A Pedra do Reino (1971)[52][53] | Cássio Cunha Lima (b. 1963) ![]() |
![]() | Moniz Bandeira | 30 December 1935 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil | 10 November 2017 Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Brazil | 2015 | Retrato e Tempo (1960) O Feudo – A Casa da Torre de Garcia d'Ávila (2001) Formação do Império Americano (2005)[54] | Brazilian Writers Union |
![]() | Lygia Fagundes Telles | 19 April 1918 São Paulo, Brazil | 3 April 2022 São Paulo, Brazil | 2016 | Ciranda de Pedra (1955) Antes do Baile Verde (1970) As Meninas (1973) Seminário dos Ratos (1998)[55] | |
![]() | Carlos Nejar | 11 January 1939 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | — | 2017 | Livro de Silbion (1963) Ordenações (1971) Árvore do Mundo (1977) A Idade da Eternidade (2001)[56] | Brazilian Academy of Letters |
![]() | Emanuel Medeiros Vieira | 31 March 1945 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil | 29 July 2019 Brasília, Brazil | 2018 | Sexo, Tristeza e Flores (1976) Um Dia Estarás Comigo no Paraíso (1985) No Altiplano: Contemplando o Comandante Ernesto (2000) Olhos Azuis – Ao Sul do Efêmero (2009)[57] | International Writers Association |
![]() | Deonísio da Silva | 1948 Siderópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil | — | 2022 | Avante, Soldados: Para Trás (1992) Teresa D'Ávila (1997) Goethe e Barrabás (2008) Stefan Zweig Deve Morrer (2012)[58] | Academia Internacional de Escritores Basileiros |
Peace | ||||||
![]() | Sebastião de Magalhães Lima | 30 May 1850 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 7 December 1928 Lisbon, Portugal | 1909 | No motivation given.[59] | Feio Terenas (1850–1920) ![]() |
![]() | José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco | 20 April 1845 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 10 February 1912 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1911 | "for his efforts to secure Brazil's borders through several boundary settlements and to solve the conflicts between Brazil and its neighboring countries, and also for participating in the Brazilian abolitionist movement and directly engaging in 27 arbitration treaties."[60] | Gonzalo de Quesada y Aróstegui (1868–1915) ![]() |
![]() | Érico da Gama Coelho | 7 March 1849 Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 26 November 1922 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1916 | No motivation given.[61] | Alcindo Guanabara (1865–1918) ![]() |
![]() | Raimundo Teixeira Mendes | 5 January 1855 Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil | 28 June 1927 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1924 | "for his role as the leader of 'Eglis positiviste' in Brazil."[62] | Joaquim Luís Osório (?)![]() |
![]() | Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute | founded on 21 October 1838 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1924 | No motivation given.[63] | Clóvis Beviláqua (1859–1944) ![]() | |
![]() | Afrânio de Melo Franco | 25 February 1870 Paracatu, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 1 January 1943 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1935 | "for his role as mediator in the conflict between Colombia and Peru."[m][64] | ![]() ![]() |
1935, 1937 | Carlos Concha Cárdenas (1888–1944) ![]() | |||||
1937 |
| |||||
1938[o] |
| |||||
![]() | Oswaldo Aranha | 15 February 1894 Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | 27 January 1960 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1948 | "for his peace efforts when he was serving as Brazilian ambassador to the United States, and for his work while serving as president of the United Nations General Assembly."[65] | members of the Costa Rican Government |
Americano Jorge (?)![]() | ||||||
Enrique García Sayán (1905–1978) ![]() | ||||||
Edwin Borchard (1884–1951) ![]() | ||||||
Philadelpho Azevedo (1894–1951) ![]() | ||||||
83 members of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies | ||||||
40 members of the Brazilian Senate | ||||||
![]() (1878–1959) ![]() | ||||||
![]() ![]() | ||||||
![]() | Henrique Vasconcellos | Brazil | Brazil | 1952 | "for his books on World Government."[66] | Saulo Ramos (1929–2013) ![]() |
![]() | Josué de Castro | 5 September 1908 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil | 24 September 1973 Paris, France | 1953 | "for his work on increase in population and access to food through his book Geography of Hunger (1952)."[67] |
|
Richard Acland (1906–1990) ![]() | ||||||
Aneurin Bevan (1897–1960) ![]() | ||||||
1963 | "for his book The Geography of Hunger (1952)."[67] | Lewis Silkin (1889–1972) ![]() | ||||
1965 | "for his efforts in the pursuit of a world at peace, a world freed from war, and a world freed from hunger."[67] | |||||
1964 | "for his outstanding service to the establishment of permanent peace and towards the abolishment of hunger."[67] | Gilbert McAllister (1906–1964) ![]() | ||||
1965 | "for his relentless work to eradicate hunger."[67] | R. B. Vieilleville (?)![]() | ||||
1970 | "for his active part in all organizations working for world peace."[67] | ![]() (1880–1971) ![]() | ||||
1973 | [68] | David Wismark (?)![]() | ||||
![]() | Raul Fernandes | 24 October 1877 Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 6 January 1968 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1953, 1954 | "for his contribution in establishing The International Court of Justice."[69] | Haroldo Valladão (1901–1987) ![]() |
1953 | Sousa Arruda (?)![]() | |||||
![]() | Cândido Rondon | 5 May 1865 Santo Antônio do Leverger, Mato Grosso, Brazil | 19 April 1958 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1953 | "for promoting peace in the territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru and working with the Indian Protection Service."[70] | ![]() (1867–1961) ![]() |
Álvaro Pereira de Sousa Lima (1890–1968) ![]() | ||||||
Damião Peres (1889–1976) ![]() | ||||||
Jean Silvandre (1896–1960) ![]() | ||||||
1957 | "for his outstanding devotion to protect the Indians of Brazil, and his contribution to creating peace in the conflict between Peru and Columbia, concerning Leticia."[70] | Nereu Ramos (1888–1958) ![]() | ||||
"for his splendid work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, in addition he did much for cordiality and world peace as in de conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Colombia."[70] | Mario Faria[p] (?)![]() | |||||
"for his outstanding work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, among whom he had lived for many years and having done much for cordiality and world peace as in the conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Columbia."[70] | Henry P. De Vries (1911–1986) ![]() | |||||
"for his activities in favour of the Indians of Brazil and for promoting peace while acting as a president of the Arbitration Committee in the conflict between Columbia and Peru, concerning Leticia."[70] | Raul Jobim Bittencourt (1902–1985) ![]() | |||||
"for his lengthy work in Brazil where he demonstrated extraordinary qualities by helping to ensure Peace."[70] | Damião Peres (1889–1976) ![]() | |||||
"for his extraordinary humanitarian work on behalf of the indigenous people in Brazil, and his efforts to restore peace during the conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Columbia."[70] | Cesar Salay (?)![]() | |||||
![]() | Hélder Câmara | 7 February 1909 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil | 27 August 1999 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil | 1970 | "for his work to promote development as a foundation for peace and his belief that progress must be made in a non-violent way."[71] | Brendan Corish (1918–1990) ![]() |
14 members of the Irish Parliament | ||||||
![]() | Cláudio Villas-Bôas | 8 December 1916 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil | 1 March 1998 São Paulo, Brazil | 1971,[q] 1972, 1973[68] | "in recognition of their lifelong struggle to save the Indians in Amazonia, and their unique achievements in approaching and pacifying primitive tribes and protecting them in Brazil's first national park."[72][73] | Alan Lennox-Boyd (1904–1983) ![]() |
![]() | Orlando Villas-Bôas | 12 January 1914 Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, Brazil | 12 December 2002 São Paulo, Brazil | |||
![]() | Abdias do Nascimento | 14 March 1914 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil | 23 May 2011 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1978 | "for his important contributions to black civil rights and Afro-Brazilian culture for several decades in Brazil through art and education."[74] | Gerardo Melo Mourão (1917–2007) ![]() |
2004 | "for his dedications to combat racism in the diverse realms of social and political activism as well as culture and the arts." | Institute of Racial and Environmental Advocacy[r] | ||||
2009 | "for his major contributions to Négritude and Pan-African movements, and for his efforts to end and resist racial discrimination in Brazil."[75] | Clóvis Brigagão[s] (?)![]() | ||||
![]() | Chico Xavier | 2 April 1910 Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 30 June 2002 Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 1981, 1982 | "for his contributions to Spiritist movement and for his outstanding charity towards the poor in Brazil."[76][77] | |
![]() | Dulce de Souza Pontes, S.M.I.C. | 26 May 1914 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil | 13 March 1992 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil | 1988, 1992 | "for her tireless caring of the poor and defending the rights of workers in Bahia."[78][77] | José Sarney (b. 1930)![]() |
![]() | Paulo Evaristo Arns, O.F.M. | 14 September 1921 Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina, Brazil | 14 December 2016 São Paulo, Brazil | 1989 | "for his courageous struggle and relentless opposition against the Brazilian military dictatorship and its human rights abuses."[77] | |
![]() | Paulo Freire | 19 September 1921 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil | 2 May 1997 São Paulo, Brazil | 1993 | "for helping people both through his philosophy and his practice of critical pedagogy."[79] | |
![]() | Herbert de Souza | 3 November 1935 Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 9 August 1997 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1994 | "for having carried out various activities in defense of human rights and action against economic injustices and government corruption."[77] | |
![]() | 52 Brazilian women (part of the 1000 PeaceWomen)[t] | began in 2003 in Bern, Switzerland | 2005 | "in recognition of women's efforts and visibility in promoting peace all over the world."[81] | Ruth-Gaby Vermont-Mangold (b. 1941) ![]() | |
![]() | Zilda Arns Neumann | 25 August 1934 Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina, Brazil | 12 January 2010 Port-au-Prince, Haiti | 2005 | being part of the 1000 PeaceWomen | |
2006 | "for her humanitarian work on behalf of Pastoral da Criança."[77] | |||||
![]() | Augusto Boal | 16 March 1931 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 2 May 2009 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 2008 | "for the importance of his work, considerably helping expand the use and practice of Theatre of the Oppressed techniques for the benefit of many oppressed people and communities."[82] | |
![]() | Flávio Duncan | 12 September 1979 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | — | 2012 | "in recognition of his social engagements and innovative projects benefitting thousands of youths and children."[83][84] | |
![]() | Gaetano Brancati Luigi[u] | Italy | — | 2015 | "for his work in sowing the culture of peace on all continents."[77][85] | |
![]() | Maria da Penha | 1 February 1945 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil | — | 2017 | "for her courageous commitment to end domestic violence against women."[77][86] | |
![]() | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | 27 October 1945 Caetés, Pernambuco, Brazil | — | 2018 | "for throughout his social commitments to trade unions and as a politician, he has developed public policies to overcome hunger and poverty in his country."[87][88][89] | ![]() (b. 1931) ![]() |
![]() | Luiz Gabriel Tiago | — | — | 2018 | "for his social actions in Brazil and abroad on behalf of his enterprise, Pontinho de Luz."[90][91] | Célio Celli de Oliveira Lima (?)![]() |
![]() | Raoni Metuktire | c. 1932 Kapot Indigenous Territory, Mato Grosso, Brazil | — | 2020 | "for a lifetime of work protecting the Amazon rainforest."[92][93] | Darcy Ribeiro Foundation |
![]() | Moura Ribeiro | 28 September 1953 Santos, São Paulo, Brazil | — | 2020 | "for his application of humanistic capitalism in the judicial activity."[94][95] | Ricardo Sayeg (b. 1967) ![]() |
![]() | Alysson Paolinelli | 10 July 1936 Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil | — | 2021 | "for his efforts, as an agronomist, to reduce hunger in the country and in the world."[96][97] | Durval Dourado Neto (?)![]() |
Economic Sciences | ||||||
![]() | Celso Furtado | 26 July 1920 Pombal, Paraíba, Brazil | 20 November 2004 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 2004 | "for his research on development and underdevelopment and on the persistence of poverty in peripheral countries throughout the world – a key contribution to economic structuralism."[98][99] |
|
Nominators
[edit]The following list of Brazilian-based organizations and individuals became nominators of various candidates, local and international, for the Nobel Prize.[100]
Image | Nominator | Born | Died | Nominee | Motivation | Year Nominated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physics | ||||||
![]() | Carlos Chagas | 9 July 1879 Oliveira, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 8 November 1934 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Donald William Kerst (1911–1993) ![]() | "for the development of the betatron, a novel type of particle accelerator used to accelerate electrons." | 1947[101] |
Physiology or Medicine | ||||||
![]() | Braut P. Lewe | — | — | Carlos Finlay (1833–1915) ![]() | "for work on the transmission of yellow fever." | 1912[102] |
![]() | Pirajá da Silva | 28 January 1873 Camamu, Bahia, Brazil | 1 March 1961 São Paulo, Brazil | Carlos Chagas (1879–1934) ![]() | "for his discovery of a new trypanosome disease (thyroidite parasitaire)." | 1913[103] |
![]() | Hilário de Gouvêa | 23 September 1843 Caeté, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 25 October 1923 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | "for his research on malaria and paludism, and the discovery of Trypanozoma cruzi." | 1921[104] | |
![]() | C. S. de Magalhães | — | — | Patrick Manson (1844–1922) ![]() | "for his work in the field of tropical medicine." | 1921[105] |
![]() | J. A. Pupo | — | — | Constantin Levaditi (1874–1953) ![]() | "for his work on experimental syphilis." | 1924[106] |
![]() | Martin Ficker | 17 November 1868 Sohland an der Spree, Saxony, Germany | 22 November 1950 São Paulo, Brazil | Hermann Rein (1898–1953) ![]() | "for his work on blood circulation." | 1936[107] |
![]() | Octávio Coelho de Magalhães | 31 January 1880 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 16 June 1972 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Adolfo Lutz (1855–1940) ![]() | "for his work on tropical diseases (lepra, sporotrichosis, yellow fever, malaria) and their transmission." | 1938[108] |
![]() | Flamínio Fávero | 26 October 1895 São Paulo, Brazil | 12 February 1982 São Paulo, Brazil | Walter Bradford Cannon (1871–1945) ![]() | "for his research on the secretion of adrenalin and its relation to the sympathetic nervous system." | 1941[109] |
![]() | Franklin de Moura Campos | 26 October 1896 Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil | 4 October 1962 São Paulo, Brazil | 1941[110] | ||
![]() | Luciano Gualberto | 14 January 1883 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 21 September 1959 São Paulo, Brazil | 1941[111] | ||
![]() | Renato Locchi | 7 May 1896 Anhembi, São Paulo, Brazil | 21 May 1978 São Paulo, Brazil | 1941[112] | ||
António Egas Moniz (1874–1955) ![]() | "for his research on surgical treatment of functional mental disorders and diagnosis of brain tumors by means of arterial encephalography." | 1949[112] | ||||
![]() | L. da Cunha Motta | Brazil | Brazil | Harry Goldblatt (1891–1977) ![]() | "for his experimental method of producing hypertension through renal ischemia." | 1941[113] |
Irvine Page (1901–1991) ![]() | "for his studies on experimental arterial hypertension." | |||||
![]() | Antônio de Almeida Prado | 13 June 1889 Itu, São Paulo, Brazil | 7 June 1965 São Paulo, Brazil | Walter Bradford Cannon (1871–1945) ![]() | "for his research on the secretion of adrenalin and its relation to the sympathetic nervous system." | 1941[114] |
António Egas Moniz (1874–1955) ![]() | "for his work on surgical treatment of mental disorders and on cerebral angiography." | 1950[114] | ||||
![]() | Henrique Roxo | 4 July 1877 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 17 February 1969 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Manuel de Abreu (1894–1962) ![]() | "for his introduction of collective radiology photography: abreugraphy." | 1946[115] |
![]() | Alfredo Pereira Monteiro | 15 May 1891 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 9 February 1961 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1946[116] | ||
![]() | Arnaldo de Moraes | 28 August 1893 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 6 April 1961 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1946[117] | ||
![]() | Ugo Pinheiro Guimarães | 12 March 1901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 29 December 1992 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1946[118] | ||
![]() | Agenor Porto | Brazil | Brazil | Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1887–1971) ![]() | "for his discovery of the physiological role of the anterior hypophysis in carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes, work on heart sounds, the relation of the kidney to hypertension, work on the adrenal glands, thymus, thyreoidea and snake venom." | 1946[119] |
"for his work on endocrine secretion, role of the kidney in arterial hypertension, and work on snake venom." | 1947[119] | |||||
![]() | Ernesto de Sousa Campos | 21 September 1882 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil | 1 January 1970 São Paulo, Brazil | António Egas Moniz (1874–1955) ![]() | "for his research on surgical treatment of functional mental disorders and diagnosis of brain tumors by means of arterial encephalography." | 1949[120] |
![]() | Jayme Periera | — | — | 1949[121] | ||
![]() | Raul Carlos Briquet | 8 February 1887 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil | 5 September 1953 São Paulo, Brazil | Edwin Joseph Cohn (1892–1953) ![]() | "for his research on the fractionation of plasma proteins, and their therapeutic use." | 1950[122] |
![]() | Francisco d'Ovidio | — | — | Manuel de Abreu (1894–1962) ![]() | No motivation given. | 1953[123] |
![]() | Paulo Tibiriçá | — | — | Hans Selye (1907–1982) ![]() | No motivation given. | 1953[124] |
![]() | Paulo Moreira | — | — | 1953[125] | ||
![]() | Luiz Francisco Guerra Blessmann | 10 December 1891 Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | — | 1953[126] | ||
Literature | ||||||
![]() | Imperial Academy of Fine Arts | founded in 1816 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Guglielmo Ferrero (1871–1942) ![]() | Between Two Worlds (1913) The Greatness and Decline of Rome, vol. 1–5 (1907–1909) Peace and War (1933) The Two Truths (1933–39) | 1923[127] | |
![]() | Academia Brasileira de Letras | founded on 20 July 1897 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Henrique Coelho Neto (1864–1934) ![]() | O Rajá de Pendjab (1898) O Morto, Memórias de um Fuzilado (1898) Theatro, vol. I–V (1897–1909) Mano, Livro da Saudade (1924) | 1933[128] | |
Enrique Larreta (1875–1961) ![]() | La Gloria de Don Ramiro (1908) La que buscaba Don Juan (1923) Santa Maria del Buen Aire: Drama en Tres Actos (1935) | 1942[129] | ||||
Júlio Dantas (1876–1962) ![]() | A Ceia dos Cardeais (1902) La Cortina Verde (1919) A Severa (1931) Pecado (1951) | 1951[130] | ||||
![]() | Paul V. Shaw | — | — | Flávio de Carvalho (1899–1973) ![]() | A Cidade do Homem Nu (1930) Dança do Deus Morto (1933) | 1939[131] |
![]() | Francisco de Aquino Correia, S.D.B. | 2 April 1885 Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil | 22 March 1956 São Paulo, Brazil | Manoel Wanderley (prob. Manuel Bandeira (1886–1968)) | 1941[132] | |
![]() | Afonso Costa | 2 August 1885 Jacobina, Bahia, Brazil | 30 December 1955 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Gabriela Mistral (1889–1957) ![]() | Sonetos de la Muerte (1914) Desolación (1922) Ternura (1924) Tala (1938) and Lagar (1954) | 1942[133] |
![]() | Fidelino de Figueiredo[v] | 20 July 1888 Lisbon, Portugal | 20 March 1967 Lisbon, Portugal | Alfonso Reyes (1889–1959) ![]() | Cuestiones Estéticas (1911) El Cazador: Ensayos y Divagaciones (1911–20) Visión de Anáhuac (1917) Árbol de Pólvora (1953) | 1953[134] |
![]() | Paulo de Medeiros | — | — | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) ![]() | Crónicas Generales de España (1898) Orígenes del Español (1926) Flor Nueva de Romances Viejos (1928) La España del Cid (1929) Romancero Hispánico: Teoría e Historia (1953) | 1956[135] |
![]() | Brazilian PEN-Club | founded on 2 April 1936 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Rómulo Gallegos (1884–1969) ![]() | Doña Bárbara (1929) Cantaclaro (1934) Canaima (1935) El Último Patriota (1957) | 1960[136] | |
![]() | Academia Santista de Letras | founded on 23 June 1956 Santos, São Paulo, Brazil | Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972) ![]() | A Grande Síntese (1932–35) Ascensio Uma (1951) Ascese Mística (1983) | 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969[137] | |
![]() | João de Freitas Guimarães | — | — | 1964[138] | ||
![]() | Academia Mineira de Letras | founded in 1919 in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil | Alceu Amoroso Lima (1893–1983) ![]() | Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1943) O Existencialismo e Outros Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1951) Meditações Sobre o Mundo Interior (1953) O Humanismo Ameaçado (1965) | 1965[139] | |
![]() | Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais | founded on 27 September 1917 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Jorge Amado (1912–2001) ![]() | O País do Carnaval (1931) Jubiabá (1935) Capitães da Areia (1937) Terras do Sem Fim (1945) Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (1958) Tieta do Agreste (1977) Farda Fardão Camisola de Dormir (1978) | 1967[140] | |
![]() | Brazilian Writers Association | Brazil | 1967, 1968[141] | |||
![]() | Antônio Olinto | 10 May 1919 Ubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 12 September 2009 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970[142] | ||
![]() | Joracy Camargo | 18 October 1898 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 11 March 1973 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1969[143] | ||
![]() | Marcos Almir Madeira | 21 February 1916 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 19 October 2003 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1970[144] | ||
Peace | ||||||
![]() | Carlos Peixoto[w] | 1 June 1871 Ubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 29 August 1917 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | José Paranhos (1845–1912) ![]() | "for his efforts to secure Brazil's borders through several boundary settlements and to solve the conflicts between Brazil and its neighboring countries, and also for participating in the Brazilian abolitionist movement and directly engaging in 27 arbitration treaties." | 1911[145] |
![]() | J. de Medeinos[w] | — | — | 1911[145] | ||
![]() | Alcindo Guanabara | 19 July 1865 Magé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 20 August 1918 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Érico da Gama Coelho (1849–1922) ![]() | No motivation given.[x] | 1916[146] |
![]() | Joaquim Luís Osório (prob. Osório Duque-Estrada (1870–1927)) | — | — | Raimundo Teixeira Mendes (1855–1927) ![]() | "for his role as the leader of 'Eglis positiviste' in Brazil." | 1924[147] |
![]() | Clóvis Beviláqua | 4 October 1859 Viçosa do Ceará, Ceará, Brazil | 26 July 1944 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute (founded in 1838) ![]() | No motivation given. | 1924[148] |
![]() | National Congress of Brazil | founded on 6 May 1826 in Brasilia, Brazil | Afrânio de Melo Franco (1870–1943) ![]() | "for his role as mediator in the conflict between Colombia and Peru and for having furthered international economic cooperation." | 1935[149] | |
![]() | Edmundo da Luz Pinto[y] | 5 January 1898 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 15 July 1963 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1938[150] | ||
![]() | Mário de Pimentel Brandão | 9 October 1889 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 23 October 1956 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Cordell Hull (1871–1955) ![]() | "for his efforts to improve relations between the United States and Latin America, wherein encouraged détente and a spirit of peace on the American continent through his Pan-American policy, the so-called 'Good Neighbor Policy', and for his efforts to establish a liberal economic policy and to remove international trade restrictions." | 1938[151] |
![]() | Philadelpho Azevedo[y] | 13 March 1894 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 7 May 1951 The Hague, Netherlands | Afrânio de Melo Franco (1870–1943) ![]() | "for his role as mediator in the conflict between Colombia and Peru." | 1938[152] |
Oswaldo Aranha (1894–1960) ![]() | "for his peace efforts when he was serving as Brazilian ambassador to the United States, and for his work while serving as president of the United Nations General Assembly." | 1948[152] | ||||
![]() | Americano Jorge | — | — | 1948[153] | ||
![]() | 40 members of the Brazilian Federal Senate | founded on 6 May 1826 in Brasilia, Brazil | 1948[154] | |||
![]() | 83 members of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies | 1948[155] | ||||
![]() | Hans Jordan | 3 March 1892 Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil | 21 March 1967 Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil | Paul Harris (1868–1947) ![]() | No motivation given. | 1947[156] |
![]() | Saulo Saul Ramos | 22 October 1907 Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil | 11 August 1984 Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Henrique Vasconcellos (?)![]() | "for his books on World Government." | 1952[157] |
![]() | E. L. Viana[z] | — | — | Josué de Castro (1908–1973) ![]() | "for his work on increase in population and access to food through his book Geography of Hunger (1952)." | 1953[158] |
![]() | Victor Nunes Leal[z] | 11 November 1914 Carangola, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 17 May 1985 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1953[158] | ||
![]() | Sousa Arruda | — | — | Raul Fernandes (1877–1968) ![]() | "for his contribution in establishing The International Court of Justice." | 1953[159] |
![]() | Haroldo Valladão | 5 September 1901 São Paulo, Brazil | 7 April 1987 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1953,[160] 1954[161] | ||
The Hague Academy of International Law (founded in 1923) ![]() | No motivation given. | 1973[68] | ||||
![]() | Álvaro Pereira de Sousa Lima | 23 May 1890 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 5 May 1968 São Paulo, Brazil | Cândido Rondon (1865–1958) ![]() | "for promoting peace in the territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru and working with the Indian Protection Service." | 1953[162] |
![]() | Nereu Ramos | 3 September 1888 Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil | 16 June 1958 São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil | "for his outstanding devotion to protect the Indians of Brazil, and his contribution to creating peace in the conflict between Peru and Columbia, concerning Leticia." | 1957[163] | |
![]() | Mario Faria[p] | — | — | "for his splendid work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, in addition he did much for cordiality and world peace as in de conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Colombia." | 1957[164] | |
![]() | Raul Jobim Bittencourt | 2 January 1902 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil | 20 March 1985 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | "for his activities in favour of the Indians of Brazil and for promoting peace while acting as a president of the Arbitration Committee in the conflict between Columbia and Peru, concerning Leticia." | 1957[165] | |
![]() | Carlos Domingues | 5 May 1896 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil | 22 February 1974 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Universal Esperanto Association (founded in 1908) ![]() | "for its successful efforts in developing admirable activity in favour of international understanding and world peace." | 1961, 1963[166] |
![]() | Pedro Calmon | 23 December 1902 Amargosa, Bahia, Brazil | 16 June 1985 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 1961[167] | ||
Habib Bourguiba (1903–2000) ![]() | "for his efforts towards a peaceful coexistence between the Arab world and Israel." | 1966[167] | ||||
![]() | Carlos Dunshee de Abranches | 1913 Brazil | 1983 Brazil | Organization of American States (founded in 1948) ![]() | No motivation given. | 1967[168] |
![]() | Moacyr de Oliveira | — | — | International Labour Organization (founded in 1919) ![]() | "for its work for peace by promoting social justice." | 1969[169] |
![]() | Jarbas Passarinho | 11 January 1920 Xapuri, Acre, Brazil | 5 June 2016 Brasilia, Brazil | "for its contribution to world peace by its work for social justice." | 1969[170] | |
![]() | Vanessa Grazziotin | 29 June 1961 Videira, Santa Catarina, Brazil | — | Edward Snowden (b. 1983) ![]() | "for exposing the extent of electronic surveillance of citizens across the world, wherein he has restored the fundamental principle of transparency to democracy." | 2014[171][172] |
![]() | Darcy Ribeiro Foundation | founded in 1996 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Raoni Metuktire (b. 1932) ![]() | "for a lifetime of work protecting the Amazon rainforest." | 2020[173] |
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Medawar acquired a Brazilian citizenship by birth as dictated by the Brazilian nationality law (jus soli). He left the country, together with his parents, at the age of 14 to finish high school in the United Kingdom. At age 18, he renounced his Brazilian citizenship when he refused to be drafted in the military and after his appeal for exemption was denied. When the Nobel Committee awarded him the Prize, he was acknowledged as a British citizen. It was only after his death when he was recognized also as being a Brazilian Nobel laureate.[7][8]
- ^ Since 1919, the Cruz Vermelha Brasileira (founded on 5 December 1908 in Brasília, Brazil) has been a members of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies which won the 1963 Nobel Peace Prize.[9]
- ^ UNICEF Brazil was founded in 1950 in Brasília, Brazil.
- ^ Carlos Nobre (born on 27 March 1951 in São Paulo, Brazil) was one of the 127 lead authors in the fourth assessment report that created a global action framework upon which countries agreed to adopt measures to address climate change. This report led to the awarding of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.[10][11]
- ^ Sérgio Trindade (born: 14 December 1940 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; died: 18 March 2020 in New York City, United States) was the coordinating lead author for a chapter of an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report when it won the 2007 Peace Prize.[6]
- ^ Cristian Wittmann has been working with ICAN since 2004 and is the only Brazilian to participate in ICAN's Management Committee.[12][13]
- ^ David Bohm applied for and received Brazilian citizenship, but by law, had to give up his US citizenship; he was able to reclaim it only decades later, in 1986, after pursuing a lawsuit.[35]
- ^ The French biophysicist R. Wurmser was nominated while working temporarily as professor at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- ^ J. B. Perrin nominated R. Wurmser as his first choice and G. Bertrand as his second choice.
- ^ F. Fiegl immigrated to Brazil in 1940 and obtained a citizenship in 1944.
- ^ A. C. Fontes was nominated together with the French biologist Gaston Ramon (1886–1963).
- ^ a b The name of the nominator(s) of this nomination was not present in the list of nominations for 1968.
- ^ The conflict between Colombia and Peru erupted in 1932 when 300 Peruvians occupied the Leticia harbour. The jurisdiction over Leticia had been handed over from Peru to Colombia in 1922.
- ^ A. de Melo Franco alone received 43 nominations in 1935. His nomination was endorsed by Charles Hardinge (1858–1944), Hugh Lowther (1857–1944), Jan Kosters (1874–1951), George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (1888–1963), members of the Chilean Parliament, members of the Peruvian Congress, Bernard Loder (1849–1935), members of the Peruvian Congress, 3 Venezuelan members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, members of the Portuguese Government, members of the Brazilian Parliament, members of the Mexican Parliament, members of the Uruguayan Senate, members of the Ecuadorian Senate and Government, Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez (1890–1972), members of the Cuban Government, Rufus Isaacs (1860–1935), Thomas Coats (1894–1974), Charles de Visscher (1884–1973), Cecil Hurst (1870–1963), Georges Dumas (1866–1946), Cosme de la Torriente y Peraza (1872–1956), Miguel Cruchaga Tocornal (1869–1949), Juan José de Arteaga (?), Carel Daniël Asser (1866–1939), Thomas Barclay (1853–1941), Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada (1871–1939), Robert Horne (1871–1940), Bufete Dolz (?), Paul Latham (1905–1955), Pablo Desvernine (?), Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven (1865–1951), Giuseppe Motta (1871–1940), A. Anema (?), Sun Fo (1891–1973), Nicolae Titulescu (1882–1941), José Caeiro da Mata (1883–1963) and Damião Peres (1889–1976).
- ^ The nomination was also signed by two persons whose right to nominate was uncertain. The Brazilian ambassador to Oslo submitted the nomination.
- ^ a b M. Faria's nomination of Candido Mariano de Silva Rondon was joined by other professors of law at the University of Santos.
- ^ Claudio and Orlando Villas-Bôas was also nominated by 2 professors from the University of Paris for the 1971 Nobel Peace Prize.
- ^ The nomination was lead its director, Humberto Adami (b. 1958).
- ^ Brigagão's nomination of A. do Nascimento was endorsed by over 130 people and institutions, Brazilian and foreign. In addition to the 132 letters of endorsement from academics, politicians, university presidents, civil society organizations and dignitaries in Brazil and abroad, a petition in support of the nomination received more than 660 adhesions in less than two months.
- ^ The 52 Brazilian women who formed part in the 1000 PeaceWomen were Albertina Duarte Takiuti (b. 1946), Alzira Rufino (b. 1949), Ana Maria Machado (b. 1941), Ana Montenegro (1915–2006), Benedita da Silva (b. 1942), Concita Maia (b. 1951), Creuza Maria Oliveira (b. 1957), Eliane Potiguara (b. 1950), Elizabeth Teixeira (b. 1925), Elza Berquó (?), Elzita Santos de Santa Cruz Oliveira (1914–?), Eva Alterman Blay (b. 1937), Fátima Oliveira (b. 1953), Givânia Maria da Silva (?), Heleieth Saffioti (1934–2010), Helena Greco (1916–2011), Heloneida Studart (1932–2007), Mãe Hilda Jitolu (1923–2009), Jacqueline Pitanguy (b. 1946), Joênia Wapixana (b. 1974), Jurema Batista (b. 1957), Lair Guerra de Macedo (b. 1943), Leila Linhares Barsted (b. 1945), Lenira Maria de Carvalho (?), Luci Teresinha Choinacki (b. 1954), Luiza Erundina (b. 1934), Maninha Xukuru (b. 1966), Mara Régia di Perna (b. 1952), Margarida Genevois (b. 1923), Maria Amélia de Almeida Teles (b. 1944), Maria Berenice Dias (b. 1948), Maria José de Oliveira Araújo (b. 1949), Maria José Mota (b. 1944), Maria José Rosado Nunes (b. 1945), Mãe Stella de Oxóssi (1925–2018), Marina Silva (b. 1958), Mayana Zatz (b. 1947), Moema Libera Viezzer (b. 1939), Niède Guidon (b. 1933), Nilza Iraci (b. 1950), Procópia dos Santos Rosa (b. 1933), Raimunda Gomes da Silva (b. 1940), Rose Marie Muraro (1930–2014), Ruth de Souza (1921–2019), Maria Aparecida Schumaher (b. 1952), Silvia Pimentel (b. 1940), Sueli Pereira Pini (b. 1960), Therezinha Zerbini (1928–2015), Vanete Almeida (b. 1943), Zenilda Maria de Araújo (b. 1950), Zilda Arns Neumann (1934–2010) and Zuleika Alambert (1922–2012).[80]
- ^ Gaetano Brancati Luigi was born in Italy, but has lived in Brazil since 1949, when he was 12 years old. His family migrated from Europe to South America in search of better living conditions, because of the results of World War II.
- ^ F. de Figueiredo's nomination was made while he was residing in Brazil and worked as professor of Portuguese literature at the University of São Paulo.
- ^ a b The nomination letter for Baron José Paranhos was signed by Carlos Peixoto de Mello and J. de Medeinos, both members of the Brazilian parliament. The Nobel nomination archives only enlisted Peixoto's name as the nominator.
- ^ Guanabara's nomination of É. da Gama Coelho was written in telegram.
- ^ a b A. de Melo Franco's nomination was signed by E. da Luz Pinto and P. Azevedo whose right to nominate was uncertain. It was Brazilian ambassador to Oslo who submitted the nomination.
- ^ a b E. L. Viana and V. Leal nominated together Josué de Castro but E. L. Viana was the only one cited as nominator by the Nobel nomination archives.
References
[edit]- ^ "All Nobel Prizes". NobelPrize.org.
- ^ Mônica Pileggi (5 October 2011). "When will Brazil have a Nobel?". Agência FAPESP. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Why has no Brazilian ever won the Nobel Prize?". The Brazilian Report. 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Nobel Scientist Achieved Fame For His Work in Joining Nerves". New York Times. 21 October 1960. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Transplant Work wins Nobel Prize". New York Times. 21 October 1960. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ a b "International Fuel director part of Nobel Peace Prize winning team". bizjournals.com. 17 October 2007. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Younes-Ibrahim, Maurício (2015). "Brazilian Nephrology pays homage to Peter Brian Medawar". Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia. 37 (1): 7–8. doi:10.5935/0101-2800.20150001. PMID 25923743.
- ^ "Brazilian Nobel". www.brazzil.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "História da CVB" [History of the CVB]. cruzvermelha.org.br (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Cruz Vermelha Brasileira. 2017. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Carlos Nobre". ashoka.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Carlos Nobre – Biography". royalsociety.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Membro da Ican, vencedora do Nobel da Paz, Cristian Wittmann irá ao Prêmio Patrícia Acioli". amaerj.org.br (in Portuguese). 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "'Não há mãos boas para armas ruins', diz brasileiro entre os laureados com Nobel da Paz". ufmg.br (in Portuguese). 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Nomination and selection of Nobel Peace Prize laureates Archived 2022-06-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b c "5 cientistas brasileiros que poderiam ter ganhado o Prêmio". matematicasimplificada.com (in Portuguese). 12 October 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Web of Science Predicts 2016 Nobel Prize Winners". Thomson Reuters. September 21, 2016. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
- ^ Jafelicci Jr., Miguel; Loh, Watson (1 Oct 1999). "Announcement of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry due to the possibility of Prof. Otto Gottlieb being chosen". Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. 10. doi:10.1590/S0103-50531999000500001. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Sabine Righetti (21 June 2011). "Químico que chegou mais perto do Nobel no país morre aos 90". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Mauricio Rocha e Silva (1910-1983): o Nobel que não tivemos". jornal.usp.br (in Portuguese). 15 August 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i André Bernardo (5 October 2018). "Quais brasileiros poderiam ter levado o Prêmio Nobel de Medicina?". Veja SAÚDE (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Elisardo C. Vasquez (2016). "The Origin and Advancement of Cardiovascular Physiology in Brazil: The Contribution of Eduardo Krieger to Research Groups". Frontiers in Physiology. 7. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00135. PMC 4835790. PMID 27148073.
- ^ Christine Lages (2 October 2008). "Brasileiro é forte candidato a levar Nobel de Medicina". globo.com (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ a b c "Nobel de Literatura: 7 escritores brasileiros que poderiam ter vencido o prêmio". Correio do Povo. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Lucas Iberico Lozada (18 December 2020). "Overlooked No More: Clarice Lispector, Novelist Who Captivated Brazil". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "João Cabral de Melo Neto: o poeta foi forte candidato a receber o prêmio Nobel de Literatura de 1999". Cronicas Cariocas (in Portuguese). 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Pedro Almeida (13 August 2019). "Prêmio Nobel de Literatura - Quando será a nossa vez?" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Anxo Martínez (15 January 2022). "Si Nélida Piñón ganase el Nobel de Literatura se festejaría en O Salnés". Faro de Vigo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Marina Colasanti: Prêmio Nobel de Literatura". Recando das Letras (in Portuguese). 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Rita Cipriano (19 October 2019). "Chico Buarque recebeu o Camões e também merecia o Nobel". observador.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Nobel de Literatura: as apostas de Adriana Lisboa". Rascunho (in Portuguese). 6 October 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ "Call for de Mello to be nominated for Nobel prize". abc.net.au. 24 August 2003. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Gabriela Piva (3 March 2021). "5 motivos que provam por que padre Júlio Lancellotti merece um Prêmio Nobel". rollingstone.com.br (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ The (*) asterisks on the name denote the nominees were expatriates who resided or died in Brazil.
- ^ Nomination archive – César M G Lattes Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Olival Freire, Jr.: Science and Exile: David Bohm, the cold war, and a new interpretation of quantum mechanics Archived 26 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, HSPS, vol. 36, Part 1, pp. 1–34, ISSN 0890-9997, 2005
- ^ Nomination archive – David Bohm Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – René Wurmser Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Fritz Feigl Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ "Johanna Dobereiner (1924 - 2000) - a cientista que revolucionou a agricultura brasileira". Unicentro (in Portuguese). 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ Bernardo França and Camila Mazzotto (5 October 2021). "Indicada ao Nobel, Johanna Döbereiner revolucionou a agronomia". globo.com (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ a b Nomination archive – Carlos Chagas Archived 2014-10-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Antonio C Fontès Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – Manoel de Abreu Archived 2023-03-07 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
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- ^ Nomination archive – Carlos Drummond de Andrade Archived 2022-09-28 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
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- ^ Nomination archive – Nominators from Brazil Archived 2023-09-21 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Carlos Chagas Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Braut P Lewe Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Pirajá da Silva Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – H de Gouvêa Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – C S de Magalhaes Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – J A Pupo Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Martin Ficker Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Octavio Magalhaes Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Flaminio Favero Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – F A de Moura Campos Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Luciano Gualberto Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – R Locchi Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ archive – L da Cunha Motta Archived 2023-04-18 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – Antonio de Almeida Prado Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Henrique Roxo Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Alfredo Monteiro Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archives – Arnaldo de Moraes Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Ugo P Guimaraes Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – Agenor Porto Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Ernesto de Souza Campos Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Jayme R Pereira Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Raul Briquet Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Francisco R d´Ovidio Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Paulo Tibiriçá Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Paulo M Moreira Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – L Guerra Blessmann Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – A number of members of the Academy of Rio de Janeiro Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – 20 members of the Brasilian Academy Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Members of the Brasilian Academy Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Academia Brasileira Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Paul V Shaw Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Francisco Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Afonso Costa Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Fidelino de Figueiredo Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Paulo de Medeyros Archived 2023-03-08 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – The Brazilian PEN-Club Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Academia Santista de Letras Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Joao de Freitas Guimaraes Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Minas Academy of Letters (Academia Mineira de Letras) Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Brazilian Writers Association Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Antônio Olinto Marques da Rocha Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Joracy Schafflor Camargo Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Marcos Almir Madeira Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – Carlos Peixoto de Mello Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Algindo Guanabara Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Joaquin Luis Osorio Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – A Bevilaqua Archived 2023-03-09 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Members of the Brazilian parliament Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Edm. da Luz Pinto Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Mario de Pimentel Brandao Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – Philadelpho Azevedo Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Americano Jorge Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – 40 members of the Brazilian Senate Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – 83 members of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Hans Jordan Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Paulo Ramos Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – E.L. Viana Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Sousa Arruda Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Haraldo Valladáo Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Haraldo Valladas Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Alvaro de Souza Lima Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Nerev Ramos Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Mario Faria Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nbelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Raul Bittencourt Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Carlos Domingues Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ a b Nomination archive – Pedro Calmon Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Carlos A Dunschee de Abranches Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Moacyr de Oliveira Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
- ^ Nomination archive – Jarbas Gonçalves Passarinho Archived 2023-03-10 at the Wayback Machine nobelprize.org
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