List of R-7 launches (1980–1984)
This is a list of launches made by the R-7 Semyorka ICBM, and its derivatives between 1980 and 1984. All launches are orbital satellite launches, unless stated otherwise.
Date and Time (GMT) | Configuration | Serial Number | Launch Site | Result | Payload | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980[edit] | ||||||
9 January 1980, 12:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1149 (Zenit-6) | ||
11 January 1980, 12:28 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-46 | ||
24 January 1980, 15:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1152 (Yantar-2K) | ||
30 January 1980, 12:51 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1154 (Tselina-D) | ||
7 February 1980, 11:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1155 (Zenit-6) | ||
12 February 1980, 00:53 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Partial failure | Kosmos 1164 (Oko) | Blok L could not be started due to failure of an orientation sensor | |
21 February 1980, 12:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1165 (Zenit-4MKM) | ||
4 March 1980, 10:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1166 (Zenit-6) | ||
18 March 1980, 16:01 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Failure | Tselina-D | Vehicle exploded on pad during servicing due to hydrogen peroxide decomposition, killing 48 people. | |
27 March 1980, 18:53 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 8 | Salyut 6 Logistics | |
1 April 1980, 08:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1170 (Zenit-4MKM) | ||
9 April 1980, 13:38 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz 35 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 6 | |
12 April 1980, 20:18 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1172 (Oko) | ||
17 April 1980, 08:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1173 (Zenit-4MKM) | ||
18 April 1980, 17:31 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Partial Failure | Kosmos 1175 (Molniya 3-26L) | Blok L stage failed to ignite due to stuck LOX valve | |
27 April 1980, 06:24 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 9 | Salyut 6 Logistics | |
29 April 1980, 13:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1177 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
7 May 1980, 13:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1178 (Zenit-6) | ||
15 May 1980, 05:35 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1180 (Zenit-4MT) | ||
23 May 1980, 07:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1182 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
26 May 1980, 18:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz 36 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 6 | |
28 May 1980, 12:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1183 (Zenit-6) | ||
4 June 1980, 07:34 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1184 (Tselina-D) | ||
5 June 1980, 14:19 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-2 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 6 | |
6 June 1980, 07:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1185 (Resurs-F1) | ||
12 June 1980, 12:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1187 (Zenit-6) | ||
14 June 1980, 20:52 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1188 (Oko) | ||
18 June 1980, 06:14 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Meteor 1-30 (Meteor-Priroda 5) | ||
21 June 1980, 18:34 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-47 | ||
26 June 1980, 12:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1189 (Zenit-6) | ||
29 June 1980, 04:41 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 10 | Salyut 6 Logistics | |
2 July 1980, 00:54 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1191 (Oko) | ||
9 July 1980, 12:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1200 (Zenit-6) | ||
15 July 1980, 07:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1201 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
18 July 1980, 10:37 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-27L | ||
23 July 1980, 18:33 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz 37 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 6 | |
24 July 1980, 12:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1202 (Zenit-6) | ||
31 July 1980, 07:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1203 (Resurs-F1) | ||
12 August 1980, 11:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1205 (Zenit-6) | ||
15 August 1980, 05:34 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1206 (Tselina-D) | ||
22 August 1980, 10:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1207 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
26 August 1980, 15:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1208 (Yantar-2K) | ||
3 September 1980, 10:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1209 (Resurs-F1) | ||
9 September 1980, 11:00 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Meteor 2-6 | ||
18 September 1980, 19:11 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz 38 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 6 | |
19 September 1980, 10:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1210 (Zenit-6) | ||
23 September 1980, 10:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1211 (Zenit-4MT) | ||
26 September 1980, 10:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1212 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
28 September 1980, 15:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 11 | Salyut 6 Logistics | |
3 October 1980, 12:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1213 (Zenit-6) | ||
10 October 1980, 13:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1214 (Zenit-4MKM) | ||
16 October 1980, 12:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1216 (Zenit-6) | ||
24 October 1980, 10:53 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1217 (Oko) | ||
30 October 1980, 10:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1218 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
31 October 1980, 12:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1219 (Zenit-6) | ||
12 November 1980, 12:21 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1221 (Zenit-6) | ||
16 November 1980, 04:18 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-48 | ||
21 November 1980, 11:53 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1222 (Tselina-D) | ||
27 November 1980, 14:18 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-3 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 6 | |
27 November 1980, 21:37 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1223 (Oko) | ||
1 December 1980, 12:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1224 (Zenit-6) | ||
16 December 1980, 12:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1227 (Zenit-6) | ||
25 December 1980, 04:02 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Prognoz 8 | ||
26 December 1980, 16:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1236 (Yantar-2K) | ||
1981[edit] | ||||||
6 January 1981, 12:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1237 (Zenit-6) | ||
9 January 1981, 14:57 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-25L | ||
16 January 1981, 12:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1239 (Zenit-4MT) | ||
20 January 1981, 11:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1240 (Yantar-2K) | ||
24 January 1981, 14:18 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 12 | Salyut 6 Logistics | |
27 January 1981, 14:58 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1242 (Tselina-D) | ||
30 January 1981, 16:27 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-49 | ||
13 February 1981, 11:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1245 (Zenit-6) | ||
18 February 1981, 09:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1246 (Yantar-1KFT) | ||
19 February 1981, 10:00 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1247 (Oko) | First launch from LC-16/2 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome | |
5 March 1981, 15:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1249 (Yantar-2K) | ||
12 March 1981, 19:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-4 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 6 | |
17 March 1981, 08:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1259 (Zenit-6) | ||
22 March 1981, 14:58 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz 39 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 6 | |
24 March 1981, 03:31 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-24L | ||
28 March 1981, 09:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Failure | Yantar-2K 979 | Blok V strap-on collided with the core stage at T+117 seconds due to improper separation sequence. Automatic shutoff command issued. | |
31 March 1981, 09:40 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1261 (Oko) | ||
7 April 1981, 10:51 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1262 (Zenit-6) | ||
15 April 1981, 10:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1264 (Zenit-6) | ||
16 April 1981, 11:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1265 (Zenit-6) | ||
28 April 1981, 09:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1268 (Zenit-6) | ||
14 May 1981, 17:16 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz 40 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 6 | |
14 May 1981, 21:45 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Meteor 2-7 | ||
18 May 1981, 11:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1270 (Yantar-2K) | ||
19 May 1981, 03:49 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1271 (Tselina-D) | ||
21 May 1981, 09:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1272 (Zenit-6) | ||
22 May 1981, 07:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1273 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
3 June 1981, 14:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1274 (Yantar-2K) | ||
9 June 1981, 03:33 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-30L | ||
16 June 1981, 07:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1276 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
17 June 1981, 09:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1277 (Zenit-6) | ||
19 June 1981, 19:37 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1278 (Oko) | ||
24 June 1981, 17:47 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-50 | ||
1 July 1981, 09:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1279 (Zenit-6) | ||
2 July 1981, 07:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1280 (Resurs-F1) | ||
7 July 1981, 12:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1281 (Zenit-6) | ||
10 July 1981, 05:14 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Meteor 1-31 (Meteor-Priroda 6) | ||
15 July 1981, 13:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1282 (Yantar-2K) | ||
17 July 1981, 08:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1283 (Zenit-6) | ||
29 July 1981, 11:55 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1284 (Zenit-6) | ||
4 August 1981, 00:13 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1285 (Oko) | ||
7 August 1981, 13:35 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Interkosmos 22 (IKB-1300) | ||
13 August 1981, 16:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1296 (Yantar-2K) | ||
18 August 1981, 09:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1297 (Zenit-6) | ||
21 August 1981, 10:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1298 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
27 August 1981, 10:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1301 (Resurs-F1) | ||
4 September 1981, 08:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1303 (Zenit-6) | ||
11 September 1981, 08:43 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Failure | Kosmos 1305 (Molniya 3-28L) | One ullage motor exploded due to pre-flight damage, rupturing the Blok L RP-1 tank and causing premature engine shutdown | |
15 September 1981, 11:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1307 (Zenit-6) | ||
18 September 1981, 09:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1309 (Zenit-4MT) | ||
1 October 1981, 09:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1313 (Zenit-6) | ||
9 October 1981, 10:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1314 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
13 October 1981, 23:01 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1315 (Tselina-D) | ||
15 October 1981, 09:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1316 (Zenit-6) | ||
17 October 1981, 05:59 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-31L | ||
31 October 1981, 22:54 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1317 (Oko) | ||
3 November 1981, 13:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1318 (Yantar-2K) | ||
13 November 1981, 09:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1319 (Zenit-6) | ||
17 November 1981, 15:25 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-51 | ||
4 December 1981, 09:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1329 (Zenit-6) | ||
19 December 1981, 11:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1330 (Yantar-2K) | ||
23 December 1981, 13:15 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Molniya 1-52 | ||
1982[edit] | ||||||
12 January 1982, 12:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1332 (Zenit-4MT) | ||
20 January 1982, 11:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1334 (Zenit-6) | ||
30 January 1982, 11:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1336 (Yantar-2K) | ||
16 February 1982, 11:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1338 (Zenit-6) | ||
19 February 1982, 01:42 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1340 (Tselina-D) | ||
26 February 1982, 20:10 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-53 | ||
3 March 1982, 05:44 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1341 (Oko) | ||
5 March 1982, 10:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1342 (Zenit-6) | ||
17 March 1982, 10:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1343 (Zenit-6) | ||
24 March 1982, 00:12 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-29L | ||
31 March 1982, 16:27 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1346 (Tselina-D) | ||
2 April 1982, 10:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1347 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
7 April 1982, 13:42 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1348 (Oko) | ||
15 April 1982, 14:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1350 (Yantar-2K) | ||
21 April 1982, 09:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1352 (Zenit-6) | ||
23 April 1982, 09:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1353 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
5 May 1982, 08:01 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1356 (Tselina-D) | ||
13 May 1982, 09:58 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-5 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 7 | |
15 May 1982, 14:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Failure | Zenit-6 | Foreign object in the flight control system to an erroneous shutdown command being sent to the Blok A engines at T+28 seconds. Launch vehicle crashed next to the pad. | |
20 May 1982, 13:09 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1367 (Oko) | ||
21 May 1982, 12:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1368 (Zenit-6) | ||
23 May 1982, 05:57 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 13 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
25 May 1982, 09:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1369 (Resurs-F1) | ||
28 May 1982, 09:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1370 (Yantar-1KFT) | ||
28 May 1982, 22:02 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-54 | ||
2 June 1982, 12:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1373 (Zenit-6) | ||
8 June 1982, 07:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1376 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
12 June 1982, 09:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Failure | Yantar-4K2 | Liftoff damage results in loss of heat shield and wiring burn-through on Blok A. Automatic shutdown command issued T+49 seconds. | |
18 June 1982, 13:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1381 (Zenit-6) | ||
24 June 1982, 16:29 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-6 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 7 | |
25 June 1982, 02:28 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1382 (Oko) | ||
30 June 1982, 15:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1384 (Zenit-6) | ||
6 July 1982, 07:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1385 (Zenit-6) | ||
10 July 1982, 19:58 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 14 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
13 July 1982, 08:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1387 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
21 July 1982, 09:40 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Molniya 1-55 | ||
27 July 1982, 12:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1396 (Zenit-6) | ||
3 August 1982, 11:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1398 (Zenit-4MT) | ||
4 August 1982, 11:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1399 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
5 August 1982, 06:56 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1400 (Tselina-D) | ||
19 August 1982, 17:11 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-7 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 7 | |
20 August 1982, 09:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1401 (Resurs-F1) | ||
27 August 1982, 00:02 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-33L | ||
1 September 1982, 09:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1403 (Zenit-6) | ||
1 September 1982, 11:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1404 (Zenit-6) | ||
8 September 1982, 10:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1406 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
15 September 1982, 15:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1407 (Yantar-2K) | ||
18 September 1982, 04:59 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 15 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
22 September 1982, 06:23 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1409 (Oko) | ||
30 September 1982, 11:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1411 (Zenit-6) | ||
14 October 1982, 09:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1416 (Zenit-6) | ||
31 October 1982, 11:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 16 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
2 November 1982, 09:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1419 (Zenit-6) | ||
18 November 1982, 09:25 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1421 (Zenit-6) | ||
3 December 1982, 12:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1422 (Zenit-6) | ||
8 December 1982, 13:46 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Partial Failure | Kosmos 1423 (Oko) | Blok L failure, satellite unusable | |
14 December 1982, 22:30 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Meteor 2-9 | ||
16 December 1982, 10:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1424 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
23 December 1982, 09:10 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1425 (Zenit-6) | Maiden flight of the Soyuz-U2 rocket | |
28 December 1982, 12:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1426 (Yantar-4KS1) | ||
1983[edit] | ||||||
20 January 1983, 17:26 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1437 (Tselina-D) | ||
27 January 1983, 08:30 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1438 (Zenit-6) | ||
6 February 1983, 11:31 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1439 (Yantar-2K) | ||
10 February 1983, 07:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1440 (Resurs-F1) | ||
16 February 1983, 10:03 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1441 (Tselina-D) | ||
25 February 1983, 12:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1442 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
2 March 1983, 10:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1444 (Zenit-6) | ||
11 March 1983, 15:29 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-34L | ||
16 March 1983, 08:50 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1446 (Zenit-6) | ||
16 March 1983, 18:14 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-56 | ||
31 March 1983, 10:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1449 (Zenit-6) | ||
2 April 1983, 02:02 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Molniya 1-57 | ||
8 April 1983, 08:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1451 (Zenit-6) | ||
20 April 1983, 13:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-8 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Failed to dock with Salyut 7 | |
22 April 1983, 14:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1454 (Yantar-2K) | ||
25 April 1983, 19:34 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1456 (Oko) | ||
26 April 1983, 10:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1457 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
28 April 1983, 08:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1458 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
6 May 1983, 09:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1460 (Zenit-6) | ||
17 May 1983, 08:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1462 (Resurs-F1) | ||
26 May 1983, 12:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1466 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
31 May 1983, 11:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1467 (Zenit-6) | ||
7 June 1983, 07:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1468 (Resurs-F1) | ||
14 June 1983, 12:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1469 (Zenit-6) | ||
27 June 1983, 09:12 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-9 | Crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 7 | |
28 June 1983, 15:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1471 (Yantar-2K) | ||
1 July 1983, 12:17 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Prognoz 9 | ||
5 July 1983, 07:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1472 (Zenit-6) | ||
8 July 1983, 19:21 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1481 (Oko) | ||
13 July 1983, 09:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1482 (Zenit-6) | ||
19 July 1983, 15:14 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Molniya 1-58 | ||
20 July 1983, 08:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1483 (Resurs-F1) | ||
24 July 1983, 05:30 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1484 (Resurs-OE) | ||
26 July 1983, 12:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1485 (Zenit-6) | ||
5 August 1983, 09:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1487 (Resurs-F1) | ||
9 August 1983, 11:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/3, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1488 (Zenit-6) | ||
10 August 1983, 13:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1489 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
17 August 1983, 12:08 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 17 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
23 August 1983, 11:05 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1493 (Zenit-6) | ||
30 August 1983, 22:49 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-32L | ||
3 September 1983, 10:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1495 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
7 September 1983, 13:24 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1496 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
9 September 1983, 11:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1497 (Zenit-6) | ||
14 September 1983, 10:25 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1498 (Resurs-F1) | ||
17 September 1983, 11:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1499 (Zenit-6) | ||
26 September 1983, 19:37 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Failure | Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L | Intended crewed orbital flight, 2 cosmonauts Intended to dock with Salyut 7 Fuel valve malfunction results in fuel leak and on-pad fire, followed by explosion of the booster. Ground controllers activated the crew escape system; crew unharmed after landing 4 kilometers from the pad. | |
14 October 1983, 10:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1504 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
20 October 1983, 09:59 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 18 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
21 October 1983, 12:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1505 (Zenit-6) | ||
28 October 1983, 09:00 | Vostok-2M (8A92M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Meteor 2-10 | ||
17 November 1983, 12:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1509 (Zenit-6) | ||
23 November 1983, 16:45 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-59 | ||
30 November 1983, 13:45 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1511 (Yantar-4K1) | ||
7 December 1983, 12:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1512 (Zenit-6) | ||
14 December 1983, 07:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1514 (Bion) | ||
21 December 1983, 06:08 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 3-35L | ||
27 December 1983, 09:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1516 (Yantar-1KFT) | ||
28 December 1983, 03:48 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1518 (Oko) | ||
1984[edit] | ||||||
11 January 1984, 12:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1530 (Zenit-6) | ||
13 January 1984, 14:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1532 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
26 January 1984, 08:50 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1533 (Zenit-6) | ||
8 February 1984, 12:07 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-10 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 7 | |
16 February 1984, 08:15 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1537 (Resurs-F1) | ||
21 February 1984, 06:46 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 19 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
28 February 1984, 13:59 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1539 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
6 March 1984, 17:10 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1541 (Oko) | ||
7 March 1984, 08:00 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1542 (Zenit-6) | ||
10 March 1984, 17:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1543 (Efir) | ||
16 March 1984, 23:29 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-60 | ||
21 March 1984, 11:05 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1545 (Zenit-6) | ||
3 April 1984, 13:08 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-11 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 7 | |
4 April 1984, 01:40 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1547 (Oko) | ||
10 April 1984, 14:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1548 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
15 April 1984, 08:12 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 20 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
19 April 1984, 11:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1549 (Zenit-6) | ||
7 May 1984, 22:47 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 21 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
11 May 1984, 13:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1551 (Zenit-6) | ||
14 May 1984, 14:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1552 (Yantar-4KS1) | ||
22 May 1984, 08:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1557 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
25 May 1984, 11:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1558 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
28 May 1984, 14:12 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 22 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
1 June 1984, 13:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1568 (Zenit-6) | ||
6 June 1984, 15:34 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1569 (Oko) | ||
11 June 1984, 08:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1571 (Zenit-8) | ||
15 June 1984, 08:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1572 (Resurs-F1) | ||
19 June 1984, 10:55 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1573 (Zenit-6) | ||
22 June 1984, 07:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1575 (Resurs-F1) | ||
26 June 1984, 15:35 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1576 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
29 June 1984, 15:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1580 (Zenit-8) | ||
3 July 1984, 21:31 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1581 (Oko) | ||
17 July 1984, 17:40 | Soyuz-U2 (11A511U2) | LC-31/6, Baikonur | Successful | Soyuz T-12 | Crewed orbital flight, 3 cosmonauts Docked with Salyut 7 First crewed use of Soyuz-U2 11A511U2 | |
19 July 1984, 08:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1582 (Resurs-F1) | ||
24 July 1984, 12:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1583 (Zenit-8) | ||
27 July 1984, 09:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1584 (Zenit-8) | ||
31 July 1984, 12:29 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1585 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
2 August 1984, 08:38 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1586 (Oko) | ||
6 August 1984, 14:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1587 (Zenit-8) | ||
10 August 1984, 00:03 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-61 | ||
14 August 1984, 06:28 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Progress 23 | Salyut 7 Logistics | |
16 August 1984, 09:50 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1590 (Resurs-F1) | ||
24 August 1984, 08:26 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-62 | ||
30 August 1984, 10:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1591 (Resurs-F1) | ||
4 September 1984, 10:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1592 (Zenit-8) | ||
7 September 1984, 19:13 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1596 (Oko) | ||
13 September 1984, 10:25 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1597 (Zenit-4MKT) | ||
25 September 1984, 14:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1599 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
27 September 1984, 08:10 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1600 (Zenit-8) | ||
4 October 1984, 19:49 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-16/2, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1604 (Oko) | ||
14 November 1984, 07:40 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1608 (Yantar-1KFT) | ||
14 November 1984, 12:20 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1609 (Zenit-8) | ||
21 November 1984, 10:30 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-1/5, Baikonur | Successful | Kosmos 1611 (Yantar-4K2) | ||
29 November 1984, 14:00 | Soyuz-U (11A511U) | LC-43/4, Plesetsk | Successful | Kosmos 1613 (Zenit-8) | ||
14 December 1984, 20:40 | Molniya-M (8K78M) | LC-41/1, Plesetsk | Successful | Molniya 1-63 |
References
[edit]- McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch List – R-7 Family". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- Wade, Mark. "Soyuz". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2008.