List of people who have opened the Olympic Games

President Emmanuel Macron is the most recent person to have opened a Summer Olympic Games in Paris in 2024.
President Xi Jinping is the most recent person to have opened a Winter Olympic Games in Beijing in 2022.
President Yoon Suk Yeol is the most recent person to have opened a Youth Olympic Games in Gangwon Province in 2024.

The Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event featuring both summer and winter sports, held every two years with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating. During Olympic Games opening ceremonies, the sitting president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) will make a speech before inviting a representative from the host country to officially declare that particular Games open. The current Olympic Charter requires this person to be the head of state of the host country,[1] although this has not always been the case. This article lists the people who have had the ceremonial duty to declare each Olympic Games open.

Opening ceremony

[edit]

The IOC factsheet on the opening ceremony states: "According to the Olympic Charter protocol, the duty of declaring the Games officially open falls to the head of state of the host country. Those who have performed this task are royalty and presidents, or their representatives, whether it was a vice-president, a member of the royal family, or a governor-general".[2][3] Rule 56 of Chapter 5 of the Olympic Charter sets out the exact words that are to be declared by the person opening the Games. If at a Summer Olympic Games, the words to be said are:

I declare open the Games of [name of the host city], celebrating the [ordinal number of the Olympiad] Olympiad of the modern era.[1]

When at a Winter Olympic Games, the dignitary opening the Games is to proclaim:

I declare open the [number of the Olympic Winter Games] Olympic Winter Games of [name of the host city].[1]

However, this has not always been followed strictly;

On 30 July 1932, U.S. vice president Charles Curtis opened the Los Angeles Summer Olympics with:

"In the name, of the President of the United States, I proclaim open the Olympic Games of Los Angeles, celebrating the X Olympiad of the modern era."

On 1 August 1936, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany, opened the Games in Berlin in exact format in German:

"I proclaim open the Olympic Games of Berlin, celebrating the XI Olympiad of the modern era."

On 29 July 1948, King George VI of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland, opened the Olympic Games of London in exact format:

"I proclaim open the Olympic Games of London, celebrating the XIV Olympiad of the modern era."

On 19 July 1952, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, President of Finland, opened the Olympic Games on Helsinki in exact format in English and Finnish:

"I declare open the Olympic Games of Helsinki, celebrating the XV Olympiad of the modern era."

On 22 November 1956, the Duke of Edinburgh opened the Games of Melbourne in exact format:

"I declare open the Olympic Games of Melbourne, celebrating the XVI Olympiad of the modern era."

On 27 August 1960, Giovanni Gronchi, President of the Italian Republic, declares the Summer Olympics in Rome open by speaking in Italian:

"I proclaim the opening of the Olympic Games of Rome, celebrating the XVII Olympiad of the modern era."

On 10 October 1964, Emperor Hirohito of Japan, opened the Summer Olympics in Tokyo by speaking in Japanese:

"Celebrating the XVIII modern Olympiad, we hereby declare the opening of the Tokyo Olympic Games."

On 12 October 1968, Mexican president Gustavo Diaz Ordaz opened the Games of Mexico City in Spanish:

"Today, 12 October 1968, I declare inaugurated the Olympic Games in Mexico, that commemorate the XIX Olympiad of the modern era."

On 26 August 1972, German president Gustav Heinemann opened the Games of Munich speaking in German:

"I declare the Olympic Games Munich 1972, celebrating the XX Olympiad of the modern era, open."

On 17 July 1976, Elizabeth II, as Queen of Canada, opened the Montreal Olympics (first in French followed by the English) with:

"I declare open the Olympic Games of 1976, celebrating the XXI Olympiad of the modern era."

On 19 July 1980, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev opened the Moscow Summer Olympics speaking in Russian:

"Mr. President of International Olympic Committee! Sportsmen of the world! Dear guests! Comrades! I declare the Olympic Games of 1980, celebrating the XXII Olympiad of the modern era, now open."

On 28 July 1984, U.S. president Ronald Reagan opened the Los Angeles Summer Olympics with:

"Celebrating the XXIII Olympiad of the modern era, I declare open the Olympic Games of Los Angeles."

On 17 September 1988, President of the Republic of Korea, Roh Tae-woo opened the Summer Olympics in Seoul by speaking in Korean:

"In celebration of the 24th modern Olympic Games, I declare the Seoul Olympic Games open."

On 25 July 1992, King Juan Carlos I of Spain opened the Barcelona Summer Olympics by saying:

"(In Catalan) Welcome all to Barcelona. (In Spanish) Today, 25 July of the Year 1992, I declare open the Barcelona Olympic Games that celebrate the XXV Olympiad of the modern era."

On 12 February 1994, King Harald V of Norway opened the Olympic Winter Games in Lillehammer by speaking in Norwegian:

"I hereby declare opened the XVII Olympic Winter Games in Lillehammer."[4]

On 19 July 1996, U.S. president Bill Clinton opened the Atlanta Summer Olympics with the exact format:

"I declare open the Games of Atlanta, celebrating the XXVI Olympiad of the modern era."

On 7 February 1998, Emperor Akihito of Japan opened the Olympic Winter Games in Nagano by speaking in Japanese:

"Here, I will declare the opening of the XVIII Olympic Winter Games in Nagano."

On 15 September 2000, Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia Sir William Deane opened the Sydney Summer Olympics with the exact format:

"I declare open the Games of Sydney, celebrating the XXVII Olympiad of the modern era."

On 8 February 2002, U.S. president George W. Bush opened the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, which took place five months after the September 11 attacks using the format of the Summer Games declaration with:

"On behalf of a proud, determined and grateful nation, I declare open the Games of Salt Lake City, celebrating the Olympic Winter Games."

On 13 August 2004, Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, President of the Hellenic Republic, opened the Athens Summer Olympics, by speaking in Greek:

"I declare the opening of the Olympic Games of Athens...and the celebration of the XXVIII Olympiad of the modern era."

On 10 February 2006, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of the Italian Republic, opened the Turin Olympic Winter Games using the format of the Summer Games declaration by speaking in Italian:

"I declare open, in Turin, the celebration of the XX Winter Olympic Games."

On 8 August 2008, Hu Jintao, the President of the People's Republic of China, opened the Beijing Summer Olympics by speaking in Mandarin:

"I declare the XXIX Olympic Games of Beijing open."

On 12 February 2010, the Governor General of Canada, Michaëlle Jean, opened the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver using the format of the Summer Games declaration by saying in French and English:

"I declare open the Games of Vancouver, celebrating the 21st Olympic Winter Games."[5]

On 27 July 2012, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, declared the opening of the 2012 London Summer Olympics with the exact format:

"I declare open the Games of London, celebrating the XXX Olympiad of the modern era."

On 7 February 2014, Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, declares the opening of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics by speaking in Russian:

"The XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi, I declare open."

On 5 August 2016, Brazilian vice president Michel Temer, as acting president during the suspension of President Dilma Rousseff's powers and duties, opened the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro by speaking in Brazilian Portuguese:

"After this wonderful spectacle, I declare open the Rio Olympic Games, celebrating the XXXI Olympiad of the modern era."

On 9 February 2018, Moon Jae-in, President of the Republic of Korea, declares the opening of the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics by speaking in Korean:

"I declare the 23rd Winter Olympic Games, the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics, open."

On 23 July 2021, Emperor Naruhito opened the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo (which was postponed by a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic), by speaking in Japanese:

"I hereby declare the opening of the Tokyo Games to commemorate the XXXII Modern Olympiad."

On 4 February 2022, Xi Jinping, the President of the People's Republic of China, opened the Beijing Winter Olympics by speaking in Mandarin:

"I declare the 24th Winter Olympic Games of Beijing open."[6]

On 26 July 2024, Emmanuel Macron, President of the French Republic, declares the opening of the Paris Summer Olympics by speaking in French:

"I proclaim open the Games of Paris, celebrating the XXXIII Olympiad of the modern times."

Records

[edit]
Adolf Hitler
Giovanni Gronchi
Hirohito
Elizabeth II

As of 2024, there have been 50 different individuals who opened either the Summer or Winter Olympic Games. Four of them have done so more than once. German führer Adolf Hitler was the first person to open more than one Olympic Games; he opened the 1936 Winter and Summer Olympics, both of which were hosted in Germany. He remains the only one to open more than one Games in the same year.

Italian president Giovanni Gronchi opened the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo and the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. He was the first democratically elected head of state to open more than one Olympic Games.

Japanese emperor Hirohito opened the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. He was the first non-European to open more than one Olympic Games.

Queen Elizabeth II opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada, and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Great Britain. The first and only head of state to open the Summer Games more than once, she was also the only woman to open any Summer Olympics as of 2024, and the only one to do so in different host countries. Aside from declaring open the Games by herself, she was represented during the declaration four times: in the 1956 and 2000 Summer Olympics – both were held in Australia – as well as the 1988 and 2010 Winter Olympics – both were held in Canada. The first woman to open any Olympic Games was Princess Ragnhild of Norway in 1952. Aged 21, she was also the youngest person to have opened the Olympic Games.

Norwegian King Harald V became the first person to open both the regular Olympics and Youth Olympics, having opened the 1994 Winter and 2016 Winter Youth Games. He was followed by Chinese president and Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping, who opened the 2014 Summer Youth and 2022 Winter Games.

Canadian Governor General Michaëlle Jean became the first Black person to open any Olympic Games.

Dignitaries who have opened the Summer Olympics

[edit]
Year Games Host city Host country Officially opened by[a] Office of opener[a] Notes
1896 I Olympiad Athens  Kingdom of Greece George I King of the Hellenes [7]
1900 II Olympiad Paris  France No official opening No official opening [8]
1904 III Olympiad St. Louis  United States David R. Francis President of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition[b] [9]
1908 IV Olympiad London  United Kingdom Edward VII King of the United Kingdom [10]
1912 V Olympiad Stockholm  Sweden Gustaf V King of Sweden [11]
1920 VII Olympiad Antwerp  Belgium Albert I King of the Belgians [12]
1924 VIII Olympiad Paris  France Gaston Doumergue President of the French Republic [13]
1928 IX Olympiad Amsterdam  Netherlands HendrikPrince Hendrik Prince Consort of the Netherlands[c] [14]
1932 X Olympiad Los Angeles  United States Charles Curtis Vice President of the United States[d] [15]
1936 XI Olympiad Berlin  Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler Chancellor of the German Reich[e] [16]
1948 XIV Olympiad London  United Kingdom George VI King of the United Kingdom [17]
1952 XV Olympiad Helsinki  Finland Juho Kusti Paasikivi President of the Republic of Finland [18]
1956 XVI Olympiad Melbourne  Australia PhilipPhilip, Duke of Edinburgh Consort of the Queen of Australia[f] [19]
1956 XVI Olympiad (equestrian) Stockholm  Sweden Gustaf VI Adolf King of Sweden [20]
1960 XVII Olympiad Rome  Italy Giovanni Gronchi President of the Italian Republic [21]
1964 XVIII Olympiad Tokyo  Japan Hirohito Emperor of Japan [22]
1968 XIX Olympiad Mexico City  Mexico Gustavo Díaz Ordaz President of the United Mexican States [23]
1972 XX Olympiad Munich  West Germany Gustav Heinemann Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany [24]
1976 XXI Olympiad Montreal  Canada Elizabeth II Queen of Canada [25]
1980 XXII Olympiad Moscow  Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[g] [26]
1984 XXIII Olympiad Los Angeles  United States Ronald Reagan President of the United States [27]
1988 XXIV Olympiad Seoul  South Korea Roh Tae-woo President of the Republic of Korea [28]
1992 XXV Olympiad Barcelona  Spain Juan Carlos I King of Spain [29]
1996 XXVI Olympiad Atlanta  United States Bill Clinton President of the United States [30]
2000 XXVII Olympiad Sydney  Australia William Deane Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia[h] [31][32][33][34][35]
2004 XXVIII Olympiad Athens  Greece Konstantinos Stephanopoulos President of the Hellenic Republic [36]
2008 XXIX Olympiad Beijing  China Hu Jintao President of the People's Republic of China[i] [37]
2012 XXX Olympiad London  United Kingdom Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom [38]
2016 XXXI Olympiad Rio de Janeiro  Brazil Michel Temer Vice President of the Federative Republic of Brazil[j]
2020[k] XXXII Olympiad Tokyo  Japan Naruhito Emperor of Japan [39]
2024 XXXIII Olympiad Paris  France Emmanuel Macron President of the French Republic
2028 XXXIV Olympiad Los Angeles  United States Donald Trump (expected) President of the United States
2032 XXXV Olympiad Brisbane  Australia TBD Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia[l] (expected)

Notes:

  1. ^ a b Names & offices in italics reflect an opener who was not head of state when opening the Games. If the office is partially italicized, the non-italicized portion is the office & name of the head of state being represented.
  2. ^ Representing President Theodore Roosevelt.
  3. ^ Representing his wife, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.
  4. ^ Representing President Herbert Hoover.
  5. ^ IOC records state Hitler opened these Games as "Chancellor" (head of government), but in 1934 that office was consolidated with "President" (head of state) into "Führer und Reichskanzler", or "Führer".[2]
  6. ^ Representing his wife, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia.
  7. ^ IOC records state Brezhnev opened the Moscow Games as "President", a title used at that time by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, or de jure head of state. (The office of President of the Soviet Union was not created until 1990, a year before the nation broke up.) Though Brezhnev was also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Communist Party, that title is not reflected in IOC records.[2]
  8. ^ Representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia.
  9. ^ IOC records state Hu Jintao opened the Beijing Games as "President", de jure head of state. Though Hu was also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, that title is not reflected in IOC records.[2]
  10. ^ As acting president, discharging the powers and duties of the office of President of the Federative Republic of Brazil in place of incumbent President Dilma Rousseff, who was suspended from her duties as President during her impeachment trial.
  11. ^ Held in 2021, the 2020 Summer Olympics were delayed by a year due to the then-ongoing worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.
  12. ^ Representing the King of Australia, currently Charles III.

Dignitaries who have opened the Winter Olympics

[edit]
Year Games Host city Host country Officially opened by[a] Office of opener[a] Notes
1924 I Winter Chamonix  France Gaston Vidal Undersecretary for Physical Education of the French Republic[b] [40]
1928 II Winter St. Moritz  Switzerland Edmund Schulthess President of the Swiss Confederation[c] [41]
1932 III Winter Lake Placid  United States Franklin D. Roosevelt Governor of the State of New York[d] [42]
1936 IV Winter Garmisch-Partenkirchen  Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler Chancellor of the German Reich[e] [43]
1948 V Winter St. Moritz  Switzerland Enrico Celio President of the Swiss Confederation[c] [44]
1952 VI Winter Oslo  Norway RagnhildPrincess Ragnhild Princess of Norway[f] [45]
1956 VII Winter Cortina d'Ampezzo  Italy Giovanni Gronchi President of the Italian Republic [46]
1960 VIII Winter Squaw Valley  United States Richard Nixon Vice President of the United States[g] [47]
1964 IX Winter Innsbruck  Austria Adolf Schärf Federal President of the Republic of Austria [48]
1968 X Winter Grenoble  France Charles de Gaulle President of the French Republic [49]
1972 XI Winter Sapporo  Japan Hirohito Emperor of Japan [50]
1976 XII Winter Innsbruck  Austria Rudolf Kirchschläger Federal President of the Republic of Austria [51]
1980 XIII Winter Lake Placid  United States Walter Mondale Vice President of the United States[h] [52]
1984 XIV Winter Sarajevo  Yugoslavia Mika Špiljak President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia [53]
1988 XV Winter Calgary  Canada Jeanne Sauvé Governor General of Canada[i] [54]
1992 XVI Winter Albertville  France François Mitterrand President of the French Republic [55]
1994 XVII Winter Lillehammer  Norway Harald V King of Norway [56]
1998 XVIII Winter Nagano  Japan Akihito Emperor of Japan [57]
2002 XIX Winter Salt Lake City  United States George W. Bush President of the United States [58]
2006 XX Winter Turin  Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi President of the Italian Republic [59]
2010 XXI Winter Vancouver  Canada Michaëlle Jean Governor General of Canada[i] [60]
2014 XXII Winter Sochi  Russia Vladimir Putin President of the Russian Federation [61]
2018 XXIII Winter Pyeongchang  South Korea Moon Jae-in President of the Republic of Korea
2022 XXIV Winter Beijing  China Xi Jinping President of the People's Republic of China[j]
2026 XXV Winter Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo  Italy Sergio Mattarella (expected) President of the Italian Republic
2030 XXVI Winter French Alps  France TBD (expected) President of the French Republic
2034 XXVII Winter Salt Lake City  United States TBD President of the United States (expected)
  1. ^ a b Names & offices in italics reflect an opener who was not head of state when he or she opened the Games. If the office is partially italicized, the non-italicized portion is the office & name of the head of state being represented.
  2. ^ Representing President Alexandre Millerand.
  3. ^ a b This office is technically not head of state in and of itself, but is the presiding officer of the Federal Council which collectively acts as head of state.
  4. ^ Representing President Herbert Hoover.
  5. ^ IOC records state Hitler opened these Games as "Chancellor" (head of government), but in 1934 that office was consolidated with "President" (head of state) into "Führer und Reichskanzler", or "Führer".[3]
  6. ^ Representing her grandfather, King Haakon VII of Norway.
  7. ^ Representing President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
  8. ^ Representing President Jimmy Carter.
  9. ^ a b Representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada.
  10. ^ IOC records state Xi Jinping opened the Beijing Games as "President", de jure head of state. Though Xi was also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, that title is not reflected in IOC records.[62]

Dignitaries who have opened the Youth Olympic Games

[edit]
Year Games Host city Officially opened by Office of opener Notes
2010 I Summer  Singapore S. R. Nathan President of the Republic of Singapore
2012 I Winter Austria Innsbruck, Austria Heinz Fischer Federal President of the Republic of Austria
2014 II Summer China Nanjing, China PR Xi Jinping President of the People's Republic of China[a]
2016 II Winter Norway Lillehammer, Norway Harald V King of Norway
2018 III Summer Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina Mauricio Macri President of the Argentine Republic
2020 III Winter Switzerland Lausanne, Switzerland Simonetta Sommaruga President of the Swiss Confederation[b]
2024 IV Winter South Korea Gangwon Province, Republic of Korea Yoon Suk Yeol President of the Republic of Korea
2026 IV Summer Senegal Dakar, Senegal Bassirou Diomaye Faye (expected) President of the Republic of Senegal

Notes:

  1. ^ IOC records state Xi Jinping opened the Nanjing Games as "President", de jure head of state. Though Xi was also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, that title is not reflected in IOC records.[62]
  2. ^ This office is technically not head of state in and of itself, but is the presiding officer of the Federal Council which collectively acts as head of state.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c International Olympic Committee (17 July 2020). Olympic Charter (PDF). p. 95. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 11 January 2018. pp. 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Olympic Winter Games" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 11 January 2018. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  4. ^ Los Angeles Times article published February 13, 1994
  5. ^ "Opening Ceremony: 2010 Winter Games declared open". Agence France-Presse. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  6. ^ "Beijing 2022: Winter Olympics opening ceremony – as it happened". The Guardian. 4 February 2022.
  7. ^ "Athens 1896 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  8. ^ "Paris 1900 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  9. ^ "St Louis 1904 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  10. ^ "London 1908 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  11. ^ "Stockholm 1912 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  12. ^ "Antwerp 1920 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  13. ^ "Paris 1924 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  14. ^ "Amsterdam 1928 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  15. ^ "Los Angeles 1932 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  16. ^ "Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  17. ^ "London 1948 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  18. ^ "Helsinki 1952 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  19. ^ "Melbourne-Stockholm 1956 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  20. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "1956 Stockholm Equestrian Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
  21. ^ "Rome 1960 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  22. ^ "Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  23. ^ "Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  24. ^ "Munich 1972 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  25. ^ "Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  26. ^ "Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  27. ^ "Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  28. ^ "Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  29. ^ "Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  30. ^ "Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  31. ^ "Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  32. ^ "Get ready to watch the Opening Ceremony: Heads of state". NBC. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  33. ^ Harvey, Randy (16 September 2000). "Down Wonders". LA Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  34. ^ Olsen, Lisa (10 September 2000). "History Lesson Despite the stereotypes, don't expect to run into Crocodile Dundee at the Sydney Games". New York Daily News. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  35. ^ "Australia: Britain's Queen Elizabeth Visit". AP Archive. Associated Press. 21 March 2000.
  36. ^ "Athens 2004 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  37. ^ "Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  38. ^ "London 2012 Olympics launches with huge ceremony". BBC News. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  39. ^ Imahashi, Rurika; Regalado, Francesca (23 July 2021). "Tokyo's Olympic flame burns at last after subdued ceremony". The Nikkei.
  40. ^ "Chamonix 1924 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  41. ^ "St Moritz 1928 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  42. ^ "Lake Placid 1932 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  43. ^ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  44. ^ "St Moritz 1948 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  45. ^ "Oslo 1952 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  46. ^ "Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  47. ^ "Squaw Valley 1960 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  48. ^ "Innsbruck 1964 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  49. ^ "Grenoble 1968 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  50. ^ "Sapporo 1972 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  51. ^ "Innsbruck 1976 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  52. ^ "Lake Placid 1980 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  53. ^ "Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  54. ^ "Calgary 1988 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  55. ^ "Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  56. ^ "Lillehammer 1994 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  57. ^ "Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  58. ^ "Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  59. ^ "Turin 2006 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  60. ^ "Governor General to Open the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games". Governor General of Canada. February 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  61. ^ Sam Sheringham (February 7, 2014). "Sochi 2014: Winter Olympics opens with glittering ceremony". BBC. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
  62. ^ a b "IOC President meets with Chinese President Xi Jinping". International Olympic Committee. 19 November 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
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