List of wars involving Serbia

• The Serbs move through the Avar Khaganate and settle the Balkan Subcontinent
• Creation of Principality of Serbia

• Pax Nicephori
  • Most of the Adriatic provinces along with Istra are returned to Byzantine rule
  • Serbia expands its borders to Dinara and Una

• Failure of Khan Presian I to take over Serbia

• Failure of the Bulgarians to replace the Byzantine overlordship on the Serbs
• Vladimir-Rasate and 12 Boyars taken prisoner

• Serbia is annexed into Bulgaria

• Principality of Serbia
• Duchy of Croatia
• Lombard principalities of the Campania

• Frankish-Byzantine Siege is successful and any further invasions of Adriatic cities are prevented

Byzantine Empire

Časlav takes possession of the country after the uprising and submits suzereinity to the Byzantines

Ras
Bosnia
Zachlumia
Pagania
Zeta
Travunia
Konavle

• Unification of all the tribes under Časlav as their collective leader

• Victory at Drina, Hungarian leader Kisa is defeated by the Serbs
• Defeat at Syrmia, Časlav is killed and thrown into a river

• King Samuil successfully besieges Ulcinj
  • Duklja surrenders after Jovan Vladimir concedes

• Decisive Doclean Serb victory
• Stefan Vojislav asserts his state's independence from Byzantium
• Byzantium halts any further advance towards Duklja after the Battle of Klobuk [sr]

Duklja
Principality of Serbia
Antioch
Croatia
Lombard duchies
Supported by:
Papal States

• Norman conquest of Apulia, Calabria and the Ionian Islands.
• Norman invasion of the Balkans

• Several Serbian nobles taken hostage
• Cessation of hostilities between Serbia and Byzantium until 1106

• Principality of Serbia

• First phase: Victory of Byzantium
  • Serbia forced to recognize Byzantine suzerainty again
• Second phase: Victory of Hungarians
  • Restoration of peace

• Duklja (as Byzantine vassal) (1171)

Western Knights (under Henry the Lion)

• Stefan Nemanja begins the fight against Byzantines by annexing their vassal in Zeta^[5]
• Soon after, Venice joins and after early successes suffers a tremendous blow by an epidemic during their stay at Chios in the winter
  • The Serbs soon surrendered to Emperor Manuel

• Grand Principality of Serbia^[7][8]
• Kingdom of Hungary

Principality of Antioch

• Catastrophic loss for Byzantium, Emperor Manuel compares the defeat to the Battle of Manzikert
  • 1/4th of the army is wiped out^[9]
• Kilij Arslan II sues for peace immidietly after the battle has concluded, military balance in the region is maintained

Bulgarian Empire (1203)

• Emeric gains suzereinity over Serbia and occupies a couple of Bulgarian cities which he in turn gives to his vassal Valkan
  • Serbo-Hungarian armies are later pushed out of Niš by Bulgarian forces

Banate of Bosnia Temporary support:
Republic of Ragusa

Golden Horde
Chagatai Khanate

• During Colomans failed campaign in Bosnia, he penetrated Toljen II [sr]'s land in Serbia, he was kicked out after a brief consultation
  • This event lead to an alliance between Serbia and Split under Domald

• Invasion of Hungary
• Invasion of Serbia
• Invasion of Bulgaria

Bulgarian Empire
Kingdom of Hungary
Teutonic Order
Templars
Holy Roman Empire

• Duchy of Austria

• Bulgaria enters into vassal relations with the Mongols
• Mongols pass through Serbia burning and looting

Bulgarian Empire
Supported by:
Golden Horde

• Nogai Horde defeated at Drim river
• Shishman's invasion of Serbia repulsed
  • Shishman forced to flee after the decisive battle at Ždrelo

Latin Empire

• Victory of Michael II and Stefan Uroš I in Albania and Macedonia
• Eventual Nicaean victory
  • Subsequent restoration of the Byzantine Empire

Kingdom of Serbia (1305)

• Siege of Hilandar successfully repelled
  • Hilandar defended by Danilo II^[12]

• Byzantine and Serbian forces defeat the Turks in a camp at Gallipoli peninsula
  • Turcopoles surrender to the Genoese, some fall into the hands of the Byzantines. Halil Pasha and his men are then slaughtered

• Mladen II Šubić

Lordship of Durazzo

Muzaka Family (1318)
Supported by
Pope John XXII

• Stefan Milutin crushes the Albanian Revolt without much difficulty^[15][16]
• Charles I's troops capture Belgrade and Mačva region
  • Further incursion into central Serbia prevented
• John XXII calls (due to the mass-presecution against the Catholic Church in Serbia) for a full-fledged crusade against Serbia which never came^[17]
  • Stefan Milutin is named the Rascian heretic by the Pope^[18]

• Bosnia captures Hum
• Petar Toljenović raised a rebellion in Zachlumia, he lost a battle and was imprisoned and thrown with his horse off a cliff

• Balance of power in the Balkans reshaped
  • Peace concluded near Izvor

• Stefan Dušan and Ivan Alexander choose opposite sides in the conflict, but maintain positive relations and exploit the Byzantine downfall
• Serbia plunders and occupies Macedonia besides Thessalonica, which was held by the Zealots and Serres which stayed loyal to the Empire
  • Rest of Macedonia falls after Umur Bey was forced to return to Anatolia due to the Smyrniote crusades
• Serbia is momentarily halted after the Battle of Stephaniana by the Turks

• Topia family
• Muzaka family

Beylik of Aydin
Ottoman Beylik

Zealots of Thessalonica

• All of Albania, with the exception of Anjou-controlled Dyrrachium, falls to Serbia whose patriarchal throne is solidified in 1346 in the Peć Monastery
  • The Serbian Orthodox Church becomes independent from Constantinople
• Thessaly and Epirus are later occupied by Serbia
• The Serbian Empire is established and Stefan Dušan is crowned Emperor of Serbs and Greeks
  • Beginning of the Albanian Resistance against Serbia

• Serbia loses the first major battle of the Ottomans which were increasingly becoming a threat to Europe
  • The Ottomans plunder Bulgarian territory and commit a campaign of mass arrests of Christians in Adrianople^[23]

Despotate of Epir

• Turkish mercenaries

Byzantine Empire (until 1357)

• Simeon Uroš fails to become the new Tsar of Serbia
• Nikephoros II Orsini is beaten by Arbanas tribesmen

Anti-Altomanović Coalition:
Moravian Serbia
Banate of Bosnia
Lordship of Zeta
Kingdom of Hungary

• Garai Family

Republic of Ragusa

Realm of Altomanović (after 1369)

Principality of Velbazhd

Battle of Maritsa:
Ottoman Empire

• The Serbian Army is fragmented at the Battle of Maritsa
• Further anarchy

• Both sides claim victory
• Both armies were destroyed in the battle. Both Lazar and Murad lost their lives, and the remnants of their armies retreated from the battlefield
  • Kosovo Myth

• Moravian Serbia^[28]

• Duchy of Burgundy

Kingdom of Hungary^[29]

• Voivodship of Transylvania
• Kingdom of Croatia^[29]

Principality of Wallachia^[30]
Knights Hospitaller^[29] Republic of Venice^[29]
Republic of Genoa
Bulgarian Empire^[31]
Teutonic Knights
Byzantine Empire
County of Cilli
District of Branković^[32][33]

• Crusader attempt to capture Nicopolis fails
  • Most of the Crusader army destroyed or captured^[34]

• Sack of Sebaste
• Siege of Ankara
• Battle of Ankara

 

• Anatolian beyliks

Black Tatars
Albanian principalities
 Moravian Serbia
District of Branković
 Wallachia
Co-belligerent:
 Mamluks^[35]
Kingdom of Georgia^[36]
Knights Hospitaller^[37]

 

• Anatolian beyliks

Aq Qoyunlu
Germiyanids

• Anatolian Beyliks got independence.
• Bayezid I is captured by Timur and dies in captivity, leaving the Ottoman Empire without a sultan
• Ottoman Interregnum begins
• Ottoman Empire on the brink of collapse
• Timurid conquests and invasions ends.

Supported by:
Stefan Lazarević
Đurađ Branković (from 1412)

Süleyman Çelebi Supported by
Vuk Lazarević
Đurađ Branković (until 1412)
Siege of Constantinople (1411)
Byzantine Empire

Supported by:
Kingdom of Hungary

İsa Çelebi
Beylik of Aydin

• Mehmed Çelebi reunifies the Ottoman state with the assistance of Stefan Lazarević the Serbian Despot

• Venice captured Ulcinj, Grbalj, and territory of Paštrovići, with Kotor deciding to accept Venetian suzerainty
• Serbian Despotate captured Drivast and returned its suzerainty over Bar, Budva, and Luštica

• War of the South Danube (1420–1432)
• Hungarian–Ottoman War (1437–1442)
• Battle of Niš
• Battle of Leskovac
• Siege of Belgrade

• Kingdom of Poland
• Kingdom of Croatia

Taborite mercenaries
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Kingdom of Bosnia (after 1425)^[39]
Wallachia (briefly)
Crusade of Varna:
Papal States
Bulgarian rebels
Teutonic Knights
Naval support:
Duchy of Burgundy
Republic of Ragusa
Republic of Venice (temporary)
Military support:
League of Lezhë (temporary)

Holy Roman Empire^[40]

• Kingdom of Bohemia

• Wallachia

Crimean Khanate
Supported by:
Republic of Venice
Principality of Moldavia

Principality of Kastrioti^[41]
Hunyadi's Army^[42]

• The Serbian Despotate officially falls in Smederevo and is later reinstated multiple times as a rump-state as a buffer against Ottoman advance
  • About 200,000 immigrate to Hungarian Srem until its partition
• Beginning of Serbian guerilla warfare against the Ottoman Empire

Holy Roman Empire

• Kingdom of Hungary

• Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
  • Transylvanian Saxons
  • Transylvanian Romanians
  • Hungarian and Lipovian Serb nomads

• Tsar Jovan Nenad of Vojvodina is murdered on his retreat towards Senta
• The Serbian army disperses, some return to their duties in the Ottoman Empire and some turn to the Habsburgs

Part of the Long Turkish War

• Principality of Upper Hungary

Principality of Transylvania

• Eyalet of Temeşvar
• Elayet of Bosnia

Crimean Khanate

• Orthodox Christian mercenaries are defeated and are forced to flee to neighboring Upper Hungary
  • Burning of St. Sava-s remains as daunting reprisal

Part of the Long Turkish War

• Eyalet of Karadağ

• Exodus of Herzegovinians and migration to Bay of Kotor and Dalmatia

• Kingdom of Croatia

Holy Roman Empire

• Crown of Bohemia
• Archduchy of Austria

Spanish Empire
Zaporozhian Host

Serbian, Wallonian, Italian, German and Romanian mercenaries

• Principality of Transylvania

Moldavia

Hungarian, Slovak, Rusyn, Polish and Székely mercenaries

Ottoman Empire

• Crimean Khanate

• Treaty of Vienna (1606)

• Hajduks^[44]

Papal States
Kingdom of France
Naval Support:
Knights of Malta
Greek uprisings:
Greek Revolutionaries

• Maniots

• Eyalet of Tripoli
• Eyalet of Tunis
• Eyalet of Algiers

• Ottomans conquer Crete
  • Venetian gains in Dalmatia

• Serbian Militia
• Kingdom of Hungary

Republic of Venice
Montenegro

• Crimean Khanate

Kuruc

• Partial Liberation of Serbia
• Ottoman decline in Europe

• Hajduks and Morlachs

Papal States
Duchy of Savoy
Order of Saint Stephen
Naval Support:
Knights of Malta
Greek uprisings:
Greek Revolutionaries

• Maniots

Military support:
Holy Roman Empire

• Croatian Military Frontier
• Slavonian Military Frontier

Montenegro

• Elayet of Bosnia
• Eyalet of Egypt
• Eyalet of Tripoli
• Eyalet of Tunis
• Eyalet of Algiers

Maniots

• Liberation of Slavonia and Lika and part of the Pounje from the Ottomans
• Morea ceded to Venice; Venetian gains in inland Dalmatia
  • Ottomans pushed out of Central Europe

• Austria
  • Royalists
  • Krajinars
  • Danish Auxiliary Corps

Supported by:
Polish and Ruthenian mercenaries
Kingdom of France
Ottoman Empire

• Treaty of Szatmár
• Serbs plunder and loot the Great Hungarian Plain

Republic of Venice

• Hajduks
• Himariotes

Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Portugal
Knights of Malta
Papal States

• Eyalet of Tripoli

• Ottomans defeat Venice, but fail to stop Prince Eugene of Savoy in the battle of Petrovaradin
• Morea ceded back to the Ottomans
  • Treaty of Passarowitz

• Serbian Militia^[a]

Electorate of Bavaria

• Crimean Khanate

• Treaty of Passarowitz
• Most of Serbia liberated

• Kingdom of Serbia

• Austrian Military Victory
• Ottoman Political Victory
• Treaty of Belgrade

• Koča's frontier

 Russian Empire

• Black Sea Cossacks

Montenegro

• Danubian Sich
• Budjak Horde
• Nekrasov Cossacks

Sheikh Mansur Movement

• Treaty of Sistova

• Outbreak of First Serbian Uprising

 Serbia

Supported by:
 Russia (1807–12)

•  Bosnia Eyalet
• Pashalik of Scutari
• Pashalik of Yanina

Supported by:
 France^[45]

• Treaty of Bucharest^[46]
• Abolishment of Serbian rebel government
• Cause of the Second Serbian uprising

 

Moldavia
Wallachia
 Revolutionary Serbia
 Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (1806–12)

Ottoman Empire

• Treaty of Bucharest

• The Ottomans increase their persecution of Serbs.
• The outbreak of the Second Serbian Uprising.

• Establishment of the autonomous Principality of Serbia
• Ottoman Empire loses control over the Sanjak of Smederevo

• Rebellion suppressed by the Ottomans. Serbian civilians massacred.

• Filiki Eteria^[47][48]

Serbian Revolutionaries
Montenegrin Revolutionaries
After 1821:
First Hellenic Republic

• Serbian Philhellens^[49]

Military Support:
Russian Empire
Kingdom of France^[50][51]
United Kingdom

• Eyalet of Egypt
• Eyalet of Tripoli
• Eyalet of Tunis
• Eyalet of Algiers
• Danubian Sich

• Greek Independence achieved
  • Serbo-Montenegrin volunteers return home, some stay and are Hellenized

• Serb volunteers from Principality of Serbia

Supported by:
Austrian Empire

• Kingdom of Croatia

• Various revolutionary minorities

• Establishment of the autonomous Serbian Voivodeship
• Most demands from the May Assembly met

• Great Eastern Crisis
• Serbian–Ottoman Wars
• Montenegrin–Ottoman War

 

• Egypt

• Political Victory
• British public opinion turns against the Ottomans
• Russian-mediated truce

 

Albanian volunteers

• De jure independence of Serbia^[52]
• Tens of thousands of Turkish, Jewish and Albanian civilians expelled
• Treaty of San Stefano
• Treaty of Berlin

• Guard of Finland^[53]

Principality of Romania
Principality of Serbia
Principality of Montenegro
Bulgarian Legion
Serbian rebels

 

• Egypt

Polish volunteers
Albanian volunteers
Circassian volunteers^[54]
Chechen rebels
Abkhazian rebels

• Official recognition of de facto and de jure independence of the Balkan states.^[55]
• Treaty of San Stefano
• Treaty of Berlin
• Treaty of Constantinople

 

• Royal Serbian Army

• Victory of King Milan.
• Rebellion Suppressed

 Serbia

Supported by:
 Austria-Hungary

• Recognition of Bulgarian unification

 

• Albanian Kachaks

• Widespread ethnic violence
• Hostilities largely ceased after the Young Turk Revolution

• Treaty of London

Ottoman Empire
Albanian guerrillas
Albanian Tribesmen

• Serbia and Montenegro invade and defeat Ottoman forces and capture Kosovo, Macedonia, Northern Albania and Central Albania.
• The Serbian army commits massacres against Albanians living in the occupied territories.
• Serbia forms Drač County and other counties on Albanian-populated lands captured from the Ottomans.
• Essad Pasha hands Shkodër over to Montenegro in return for Montenegrin support for the foundation of the Republic of Central Albania.
• Treaty of London Serbia annexes large parts Kosovo and Macedonia and continues to occupy parts of northern Albania until 1920.
• Albania gains Independence but loses half of its claimed territories gained after the Albanian revolt of 1912.

• The uprising is brutally suppressed and the Bulgarian population is terrorized

• Bulgarian defeat
• Treaty of Bucharest
• Treaty of Constantinople

• The uprising is brutally suppressed
• Thousands of Bulgarians and Albanians are killed
• 30,000 Bulgarians expelled
• 25,000 Albanians expelled

• Toptani invades and captures Central Albania and Dibër with Italian and Serb support and reforms the Republic of Central Albania.
• Durrës is captured by Toptani unopposed.

• Liberation of Serbia
• Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
• Creation of Yugoslavia
• Treaty of Versailles
• Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
• Treaty of Neuilly
• Treaty of Trianon
• Treaty of Sèvres

• Hungarian defeat
• Collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic

• Death of Janko Vuković

Italian Regency of Carnaro

• Italian irredentists detroy the Yugoslav Cultural Centre
• Italian nationalists occupy Split for a brief period
• Death of Tommaso Gulli and Aldo Rossi

 German-Austria

•  Carinthia

• Carinthian plebiscite

• Uprising suppressed

• Death of Azem Galica
• Dissolution of the Kosovo Committee
• Thousands of Albanian civilians massacred or deported

• Yugoslav army invades Northern Albania
• Yugoslavs are eventually forced to withdraw due to international pressure
• United Kingdom insists on slight adaptations in the regions of Debar, Prizren and Kastrati in the interest of Yugoslavia.

• Yugoslav Recognition of Albanian sovereignty and Border
• Slight adjustments of the Albanian border in favor of Yugoslavia
• Mirdita rebels disbanded

• Royal Yugoslav Army
• Russian White émigré

• Fan Noli is ousted from power.
• Ahmet Zogu forms the Albanian Republic and is made dictator.
• Zogu's forces assassinate the leadership of the Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo.

• Axis occupation of Yugoslavia
  • Axis occupation of Serbia
• Partition of Yugoslavia
• Creation of pro-Axis puppet regimes
• Continued anti-Axis resistance and beginning of Yugoslav civil war

• Defeat of Nazi Germany and Axis in Yugoslavia
• Defeat and overthrow of the Independent State of Croatia, Government of National Salvation and other Axis collaborators
• Defeat of the Chetniks and their emigration
• Communist-led Partisans abolish the Yugoslav monarchy
• Establishment of Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under the rule of Josip Broz Tito
• Postwar Titoist mass killings and repression
  • Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–45

Foreign supporters:
RAF^[65]
Sigurimi (alleged)
PLO (alleged)
KGB (alleged)^{[66][page needed]}
Stasi (alleged)
Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya (alleged)^[67]
Yugoslavia (UDBA)

Supported by:
Propaganda Due^[69][70]
SISMI (factions)^[71]
Magliana Gang^[72]
CIA
Cosa Nostra (alleged)

Italian Government

• Armed Forces
• Carabinieri
• State Police

Supported by:
Gladio
CIA

Defeat

• Most militant groups feel apart or were disarmed
• Establishment of strong ties between UDBA and the Red Brigades

•  Croatia
•  Bosnia and Herzegovina (1994–95)

• Over 20,000 dead
• Decisive victory for the Croatian Armed Forces
• Retreat of Serbian Army of Krajina to Bosnia
• Exodus of most Serbs from Krajina.^[73]
• End of siege of Bihać
• Erdut Agreement

 NATO (1995)

•  Belgium
•  Canada
•  Denmark
•  France
•  Germany
•  Italy
•  Luxembourg
•  Netherlands
•  Norway
•  Portugal
•  Spain
•  Turkey
•  United Kingdom
• United States

• Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Accords
• Over 101,000 dead
• Deployment of NATO-led forces to oversee the peace agreement

 

•  Belgium
•  Canada
•  Denmark
•  France
•  Germany
•  Italy
•  Luxembourg
•  Netherlands
•  Norway
•  Portugal
•  Spain
•  Turkey
•  United Kingdom
• United States

Supported by:
 Albania

• Kumanovo Treaty
• Yugoslav forces pull out of Kosovo
• FR Yugoslavia de facto loses control over Kosovo
• United Nations Resolution 1244 confirms Yugoslav sovereignty over Kosovo
• International peacekeeping force deployed in Kosovo
• Expulsion of over half of the Serb and other non-Albanian civilians
• UÇK disbanded
• UÇK veterans join the UÇPMB, starting the Preševo insurgency and 2001 insurgency in Macedonia
• Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in 2000

• Končulj Agreement^[76]
• Yugoslavia retakes the buffer zone^[75]
• UÇPMB disbanded
• NLA founded
• Insurgency in Macedonia