Mountain Jews in Israel

Mountain Jews in Israel
Total population
	120,000–140,000
Regions with significant populations
	Beersheba, Or Akiva, Hadera, Acre, Sderot
Languages
	Hebrew, Juhuri, Russian
Religion
	Judaism

Mountain Jews in Israel, also known as the Juhurim, refers to immigrants and descendants of the immigrants of the Mountain Jewish communities, who now reside within the state of Israel.^[1]

First wave of emigration: 1881–1947

Mountain Jews were among the first to make Aliyah, with some immigrating independent of the Zionist movement, while others came inspired by it.^[2] They were represented at the Zionist congresses and the first Mountain Jewish settlers in Ottoman Syria established the modern Israeli town of Be'er Ya'akov in 1907.^[2] In the early 1920s, Baku became one of the centres of the Jewish national movement, and Zionist newspapers were published in Juhuri.^[3]^[4]

1948–1970s

The Mountain Jews living in the Soviet Union celebrated the creation of the State of Israel loudly and proudly, which led to repression by Soviet authorities. Many were arrested and imprisoned for engaging in "anti-Soviet propaganda."^[2] The Six-Day War resulted in an eruption of Jewish patriotism among Mountain Jews, although the broader Zionist awakening didn't take place until the early 1970s. It was then when over 10,000 Mountain Jews (about a quarter of the population) emigrated to Israel.^[5]

1990s–present

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, thousands of Mountain Jews moved to Israel.^[6] During the First Chechen War, some left due to the violence. Despite the usual close relations between Jews and Chechens, many were kidnapped by Chechen gangs who ransomed their freedom to "the international Jewish community."^[7]

Notable people

Sources

^ Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009, CBS. "Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age" (PDF). Retrieved 22 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Gitelman, Zvi (2001). Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union. Indiana University Press. p. 197&211. ISBN 978-0253214188.
^ (in Russian) The Electronic Jewish Encyclopædia: Baku
^ Yisrael, Muzeon (June 1, 2003). Mountain Jews: Customs and Daily Life in the Caucasus. Israel Museum. p. 41. ISBN 978-9652783158.
^ Goluboff, Sascha (December 29, 2002). Jewish Russians: Upheavals in a Moscow Synagogue. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0812218381.
^ Sneider, Daniel. "MOUNTAIN JEWS of RUSSIA". The Christian Science Monitor.
^ "Around the Jewish World: "Russia's Mountain Jews Support War in Chechnya, but Are Eager to Get Out". JTA.
^ "Nisanov, Yehezkel". Honor Israel's Fallen. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

[CBS_2008_jews_origin-1] Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009, CBS. "Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age" (PDF). Retrieved 22 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[COA-2] Gitelman, Zvi (2001). Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union. Indiana University Press. p. 197&211. ISBN 978-0253214188.

[eleven-b-3] (in Russian) The Electronic Jewish Encyclopædia: Baku

[4] Yisrael, Muzeon (June 1, 2003). Mountain Jews: Customs and Daily Life in the Caucasus. Israel Museum. p. 41. ISBN 978-9652783158.

[5] Goluboff, Sascha (December 29, 2002). Jewish Russians: Upheavals in a Moscow Synagogue. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0812218381.

[6] Sneider, Daniel. "MOUNTAIN JEWS of RUSSIA". The Christian Science Monitor.

[7] "Around the Jewish World: "Russia's Mountain Jews Support War in Chechnya, but Are Eager to Get Out". JTA.

[8] "Nisanov, Yehezkel". Honor Israel's Fallen. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

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v t e Israeli Jews by geographic origin in the Jewish diaspora
Ashkenazi Jews	Argentine Jews Australian Jews Polish Jews Romanian Jews Russian Jews South African Jews Uruguayan Jews Venezuelan Jews
Mizrahi Jews	Yemenite Jews Moroccan Jews Tunisian Jews Algerian Jews Libyan Jews Egyptian Jews Kurdish Jews Iranian Jews Bukharan Jews Mountain Jews Georgian Jews Syrian Jews Lebanese Jews Iraqi Jews Jordanian Jews Saudi Arabian Jews Emirati Jews Omani Jews Bahraini Jews Qatari Jews Kuwaiti Jews Afghan Jews Kazakh Jews
Sephardi Jews	Bulgarian Jews Moroccan Jews Peruvian Jews (Iquitos) Turkish Jews
Other Jewish groups	Ethiopian Jews French Jews Indian Jews Pakistani Jews Peruvian Jews (B'nai Moshe)
Non-Jewish groups (with Jewish minorities)	Dutch Israelis
Related topics	Aliyah Sabra Israelis abroad "Reverse Aliyah" Historical Jewish population comparisons

v t e Demographics of Israel
Israelis by religion	Judaism Rabbinic Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Islam Sunni Shia Ahmadiyya Christianity Eastern Orthodox Catholic Protestant Druzism¹ Samaritanism Bahai Hinduism Buddhism
Jews	Ashkenazim Romanian Russian Mizrahim Bukharan Georgian Iraqi Iranian Kurdish Moroccan Mountain Jews Yemenite Sephardim Bulgarian Moroccan Turkish Karaites Romaniotes Italkim Indian Cochin Bene Israel Bnei Menashe Bene Ephraim Ethiopian Beta Israel Falash Mura
Arabs	Arab Muslims Madani and Fellahin Bedouin Galilee Negev Arab Christians Druze¹ Lebanese
Other Semitic	Assyrians Samaritans Arameans² Maronites Lebanese
Other non-Semitic groups	African Americans Armenians Dutch Indians Russians Subbotniks Circassians Bosniaks Vietnamese
Foreign nationals	African-American Hebrews Chinese Filipinos Greeks Turks Kurds Palestinians Doms (Gypsy) Sudanese
¹ Druze have a status aparte from Muslim Arabs in Israel, since 1957. ² Arameans have a status aparte from Christian Arabs in Israel, since 2014.