Petersfield (UK Parliament constituency)
Petersfield | |
---|---|
Former borough constituency for the House of Commons | |
![]() Petersfield in Hampshire, showing boundaries used from 1974–1983 | |
1547–1983 | |
Seats | 1547–1832: two 1832–1983: one |
Created from | Hampshire |
Replaced by | East Hampshire, Winchester and Fareham[1] |
Petersfield was an English Parliamentary constituency centred on the town of Petersfield in Hampshire. It existed for several hundred years until its abolition for the 1983 general election.
Until 1832, it returned two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Thereafter, its representation was reduced to one member until its abolition in 1983.
Boundaries
[edit]1885–1918: The Sessional Divisions of Alton, Droxford, and Petersfield, and part of the Sessional Division of Winchester.
1918–1950: The Urban Districts of Alton and Petersfield, and the Rural Districts of Alresford, Alton, Catherington, Droxford, and Petersfield.
1950–1955: The Urban Districts of Alton and Petersfield, the Rural Districts of Alton, Droxford, and Petersfield, and in the Rural District of Winchester the parishes of Botley, Burlesdon, Hamble, Hedge End, Hound, and West End.
1955–1983: The Urban Districts of Alton and Petersfield, and the Rural Districts of Alton, Droxford, and Petersfield.
Members of Parliament
[edit]MPs for Petersfield borough (1547-1885)
[edit]MPs 1547–1660
[edit]MPs 1660–1832
[edit]MPs 1832–1885
[edit]Election | Member | Party | |
---|---|---|---|
1832[9] | John Shaw-Lefevre | Whig[7] | |
1833 [9] | Hylton Jolliffe | Tory[7] | |
1834 | Conservative Party[7] | ||
1835 | Cornthwaite Hector | Radical[7][10][11] | |
1837[12] | Sir William Jolliffe, Bt | Conservative Party[7] | |
1838 [12] | Cornthwaite Hector | Radical[7][10][11] | |
1841 | Sir William Jolliffe | Conservative Party[7] | |
1866 by-election | William Nicholson | Liberal Party | |
1874[13] | William Sydney Hylton Jolliffe | Conservative Party | |
1880 | William Nicholson | Liberal Party | |
1885 | Borough abolished - name transferred to county division |
MPs for Petersfield county constituency (1885–1983)
[edit]Election | Member | Party | |
---|---|---|---|
1885 | Viscount Wolmer | Liberal | |
1886 | Liberal Unionist | ||
1892 | William Wickham | Conservative | |
1897 | William Graham Nicholson | Conservative | |
1935 | Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith | Conservative | |
1941 | Sir George Jeffreys | Conservative | |
1951 | Peter Legh | Conservative | |
1960 | Joan Quennell | Conservative | |
1974 | Michael Mates | Conservative | |
1983 | Constituency abolished |
Elections
[edit]Elections in the 1830s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tory | William Jolliffe | 28 | 41.2 | ||
Tory | Gilbert East Jolliffe | 28 | 41.2 | ||
Nonpartisan | Henry Herbert | 6 | 8.8 | ||
Nonpartisan | John Ogle | 6 | 8.8 | ||
Majority | 22 | 32.4 | |||
Turnout | c. 34 | ||||
Tory hold | |||||
Tory hold |
- 201 householders voted for the Jolliffes and 148 for Herbert and Ogle, but these were all rejected[7]
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tory | William Jolliffe | 29 | 41.4 | +0.2 | |
Tory | Hylton Jolliffe | 29 | 41.4 | +0.2 | |
Nonpartisan | John Ogle | 6 | 8.6 | −0.2 | |
Nonpartisan | Charles Marsh | 6 | 8.6 | −0.2 | |
Majority | 23 | 32.8 | +0.4 | ||
Turnout | c. 35 | ||||
Tory hold | Swing | +0.2 | |||
Tory hold | Swing | +0.2 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whig | John Shaw Lefevre | 101 | 50.2 | N/A | |
Tory | William Jolliffe | 100 | 49.8 | −33.0 | |
Majority | 1 | 0.4 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 201 | 85.9 | |||
Registered electors | 234 | ||||
Whig gain from Tory | Swing | N/A |
On petition, Shaw Lefevre was declared unelected, and Jolliffe was elected.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radical | Cornthwaite Hector | 103 | 54.2 | N/A | |
Conservative | William Jolliffe | 87 | 45.8 | −4.0 | |
Majority | 16 | 8.4 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 190 | 66.2 | −19.7 | ||
Registered electors | 287 | ||||
Radical gain from Whig | Swing | N/A |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Jolliffe | 125 | 50.2 | +4.4 | |
Radical | Cornthwaite Hector | 124 | 49.8 | −4.4 | |
Majority | 1 | 0.4 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 249 | 77.8 | +11.6 | ||
Registered electors | 320 | ||||
Conservative gain from Radical | Swing | +4.4 |
On petition, Jolliffe was unseated and Hector declared elected.
Elections in the 1840s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Jolliffe | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 352 | ||||
Conservative hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Jolliffe | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 380 | ||||
Conservative hold |
Elections in the 1850s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Jolliffe | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 353 | ||||
Conservative hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Jolliffe | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 331 | ||||
Conservative hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Jolliffe | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 332 | ||||
Conservative hold |
Elections in the 1860s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Jolliffe | Unopposed | |||
Registered electors | 296 | ||||
Conservative hold |
Jolliffee was elevated to the peerage, becoming 1st Baron Hylton and causing a by-election.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | William Nicholson | Unopposed | |||
Liberal gain from Conservative |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | William Nicholson | 370 | 62.5 | N/A | |
Conservative | Frederic Du Pré Thornton | 222 | 37.5 | N/A | |
Majority | 148 | 25.0 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 592 | 76.5 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 774 | ||||
Liberal gain from Conservative | Swing | N/A |
Elections in the 1870s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Sydney Hylton Jolliffe | 372 | 50.8 | +13.3 | |
Liberal | William Nicholson | 361 | 49.2 | −13.3 | |
Majority | 11 | 1.6 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 733 | 84.3 | +7.8 | ||
Registered electors | 870 | ||||
Conservative gain from Liberal | Swing | +13.3 |
Elections in the 1880s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | William Nicholson | 406 | 55.9 | +6.7 | |
Conservative | William Sydney Hylton Jolliffe | 320 | 44.1 | −6.7 | |
Majority | 86 | 11.8 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 726 | 90.6 | +6.3 | ||
Registered electors | 801 | ||||
Liberal gain from Conservative | Swing | +6.7 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Viscount Wolmer | 3,414 | 49.9 | −6.0 | |
Liberal-Conservative | William Nicholson | 3,253 | 47.5 | +3.4 | |
Ind. Conservative | Douglas Henty | 179 | 2.6 | New | |
Majority | 161 | 2.4 | −9.4 | ||
Turnout | 6,846 | 83.5 | −7.1 | ||
Registered electors | 8,202 | ||||
Liberal hold | Swing | −4.7 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal Unionist | Viscount Wolmer | 3,188 | 50.9 | +1.0 | |
Liberal-Conservative | William Nicholson | 3,077 | 49.1 | +1.6 | |
Majority | 111 | 1.8 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 6,265 | 76.4 | −7.1 | ||
Registered electors | 8,202 | ||||
Liberal Unionist gain from Liberal | Swing | N/A |
Elections in the 1890s
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/William_Wickham_%281831%E2%80%931897%29.jpg/120px-William_Wickham_%281831%E2%80%931897%29.jpg)
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Wickham | 3,912 | 56.5 | +5.6 | |
Liberal | John Bonham-Carter | 3,008 | 43.5 | −5.6 | |
Majority | 904 | 13.0 | +11.2 | ||
Turnout | 6,920 | 82.1 | +5.7 | ||
Registered electors | 8,431 | ||||
Conservative hold | Swing | +5.6 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Wickham | Unopposed | |||
Conservative hold |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/William_Graham_Nicholson.jpg/120px-William_Graham_Nicholson.jpg)
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Nicholson | 3,748 | 53.0 | N/A | |
Liberal | John Bonham-Carter | 3,328 | 47.0 | New | |
Majority | 420 | 6.0 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 7,076 | 83.5 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 8,474 | ||||
Conservative hold | Swing | N/A |
Elections in the 1900s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Nicholson | Unopposed | |||
Conservative hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Nicholson | 4,349 | 50.6 | N/A | |
Liberal | Hugh Money-Coutts | 4,253 | 49.4 | New | |
Majority | 96 | 1.2 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 8,602 | 86.2 | N/A | ||
Registered electors | 9,983 | ||||
Conservative hold | Swing | N/A |
Elections in the 1910s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Nicholson | 6,279 | 63.6 | +13.0 | |
Liberal | Herbert Arthur Baker | 3,594 | 36.4 | −13.0 | |
Majority | 2,685 | 27.2 | +26.0 | ||
Turnout | 9,873 | 88.9 | +2.7 | ||
Registered electors | 11,110 | ||||
Conservative hold | Swing | +13.0 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Nicholson | Unopposed | |||
Conservative hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Unionist | William Nicholson | 10,730 | 71.5 | N/A |
Labour | John Pile | 4,267 | 28.5 | New | |
Majority | 6,463 | 43.0 | N/A | ||
Turnout | 14,997 | 52.7 | N/A | ||
Unionist hold | Swing | ||||
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government. |
Elections in the 1920s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unionist | William Nicholson | 12,600 | 64.2 | −7.3 | |
Labour | Dudley Aman | 7,036 | 35.8 | +7.3 | |
Majority | 5,564 | 28.4 | −14.6 | ||
Turnout | 19,636 | 65.7 | +13.0 | ||
Unionist hold | Swing | -7.3 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unionist | William Nicholson | 12,195 | 65.6 | +1.4 | |
Labour | Dudley Aman | 6,403 | 34.4 | −1.4 | |
Majority | 5,792 | 31.2 | +2.8 | ||
Turnout | 18,598 | 60.6 | −5.1 | ||
Unionist hold | Swing | +1.4 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unionist | William Nicholson | 14,646 | 69.8 | +4.2 | |
Liberal | George Spencer | 3,755 | 17.9 | New | |
Labour | George Gilbert Desmond | 2,582 | 12.3 | −22.1 | |
Majority | 10,891 | 51.9 | +20.7 | ||
Turnout | 20,983 | 66.3 | +5.7 | ||
Unionist hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unionist | William Nicholson | 15,605 | 55.0 | −14.8 | |
Liberal | Gerald Bailey | 9,334 | 32.9 | +15.0 | |
Labour | Gertrude Speedwell Massingham | 3,418 | 12.1 | −0.2 | |
Majority | 6,271 | 22.1 | −29.8 | ||
Turnout | 28,357 | 68.2 | +1.9 | ||
Unionist hold | Swing | -14.9 |
Elections in the 1930s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | William Nicholson | 26,081 | 88.0 | +33.0 | |
Labour | AE Albery | 3,559 | 12.0 | −0.1 | |
Majority | 22,522 | 76.0 | +53.9 | ||
Turnout | 29,640 | 67.8 | −0.4 | ||
Conservative hold | Swing |
- Liberal candidate Gerald Bailey withdrew at the last minute.
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Reginald Dorman-Smith | 22,877 | 79.1 | −8.9 | |
Labour | John Ernest Lionel Birch | 6,061 | 20.9 | +8.9 | |
Majority | 16,816 | 58.1 | −17.9 | ||
Turnout | 28,938 | 63.4 | −4.4 | ||
Conservative hold | Swing | -8.9 |
General Election 1939–40:
Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected;
- Conservative: Reginald Dorman-Smith
- Liberal: Basil Goldstone[24]
- Labour: D Muir Hunter[25]
- British Union: Muriel G Whinfield
Elections in the 1940s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | George Jeffreys | Unopposed | N/A | N/A | |
Conservative hold |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | George Jeffreys | 20,838 | 58.4 | −20.7 | |
Liberal | Basil Goldstone | 8,269 | 23.2 | New | |
Common Wealth | Thomas Sargant | 6,600 | 18.5 | New | |
Majority | 12,569 | 35.2 | −22.9 | ||
Turnout | 35,707 | 64.4 | +1.0 | ||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Elections in the 1950s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | George Jeffreys | 27,401 | 55.15 | ||
Labour | I Candy | 15,472 | 31.14 | New | |
Liberal | Harold Hugh Lindsay Dickson | 6,813 | 13.71 | ||
Majority | 11,929 | 24.01 | |||
Turnout | 49,686 | 78.36 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Peter Legh | 29,845 | 58.75 | ||
Labour | Edward E Preidel | 15,770 | 31.05 | ||
Liberal | Harold Hugh Lindsay Dickson | 5,182 | 10.20 | ||
Majority | 14,075 | 27.70 | |||
Turnout | 50,797 | 77.84 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Peter Legh | 24,826 | 69.81 | ||
Labour | Frederick R Mason | 10,736 | 30.19 | ||
Majority | 14,090 | 39.62 | |||
Turnout | 35,562 | 69.74 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Peter Legh | 23,687 | 60.93 | ||
Labour | John Stuart Paul Davey | 8,278 | 21.29 | ||
Liberal | Richard Michael Digby | 6,912 | 17.78 | New | |
Majority | 15,409 | 39.64 | |||
Turnout | 38,877 | 73.64 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Elections in the 1960s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Joan Quennell | 15,613 | 54.40 | −6.53 | |
Liberal | Michael Digby | 8,310 | 28.95 | +11.17 | |
Labour | William Royle | 4,777 | 16.64 | −4.65 | |
Majority | 7,303 | 25.45 | −14.19 | ||
Turnout | 28,700 | ||||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Joan Quennell | 23,603 | 54.00 | ||
Liberal | Michael Digby | 11,338 | 25.94 | ||
Labour | M C Wilson | 8,477 | 19.39 | ||
Independent Loyalist | Rosine de Bounevialle | 292 | 0.67 | New | |
Majority | 12,265 | 28.06 | |||
Turnout | 43,710 | 75.50 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Joan Quennell | 23,933 | 52.33 | ||
Liberal | Michael Digby | 10,931 | 23.90 | ||
Labour | M C Wilson | 10,874 | 23.77 | ||
Majority | 13,002 | 28.43 | |||
Turnout | 45,738 | 75.72 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Elections in the 1970s
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Joan Quennell | 30,414 | 60.50 | ||
Labour | Kelvin Horrocks | 10,307 | 20.50 | ||
Liberal | Penelope Jessel | 7,783 | 15.48 | ||
Independent | Michael Digby | 1,766 | 3.51 | New | |
Majority | 20,107 | 40.00 | |||
Turnout | 50,270 | 72.12 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Joan Quennell | 30,732 | 51.49 | ||
Liberal | Timothy Willatt Slack | 21,152 | 35.44 | ||
Labour | PF Whitely | 7,703 | 12.91 | ||
Technical Consultant | PHH Bishop | 101 | 0.17 | New | |
Majority | 9,580 | 16.05 | |||
Turnout | 59,688 | 81.13 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Michael Mates | 28,689 | 50.50 | ||
Liberal | Timothy Willatt Slack | 19,702 | 34.68 | ||
Labour | JM Bloom | 8,301 | 14.61 | ||
United Democratic Party | PHH Bishop | 117 | 0.21 | New | |
Majority | 8,987 | 15.82 | |||
Turnout | 56,809 | 76.50 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | Michael Mates | 39,200 | 61.15 | ||
Liberal | John Madeley | 16,825 | 26.25 | ||
Labour | BW Clough | 8,082 | 12.61 | ||
Majority | 22,375 | 34.90 | |||
Turnout | 64,107 | 78.29 | |||
Conservative hold | Swing |
References
[edit]- ^ "'Petersfield', Feb 1974 - May 1983". ElectionWeb Project. Cognitive Computing Limited. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ April 1660: Cole was also elected for Winchester, but appears never to have chosen which constituency he would sit for so as to allow a replacement to be elected for the other
- ^ On petition (in a dispute over the franchise), Taylor's election was declared void and his opponent, Miller, was declared to have been duly elected
- ^ Beckford was also elected for the City of London, which he chose to represent, and never sat for Petersfield
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Stooks Smith, Henry. (1973) [1844-1850]. Craig, F. W. S. (ed.). The Parliaments of England (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp. 129–131. ISBN 0-900178-13-2.
- ^ Hotham was also elected for Leominster, which he chose to represent, and never sat for Petersfield
- ^ a b In 1832 a petition was lodged against the result, and the election of John Shaw-Lefevre was declared void. After scrutiny of the ballots, Hylton Jolliffe was declared elected in 1833.
F.W.S. Craig's British parliamentary election results 1832–1885 and Henry Stooks Smith's The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847 record the member seated after the petition as William Jolliffe. However, The History of Parliament's article on Petersfield borough note in footnote 42 that both the official returns (PP (1878), lxii, pt. ii, 348) and the 1833 petition (CJ, lxxxviii. 13-14) confirm that the member seated was Hylton Jolliffe. This is as reported in the Times article on the petition committee's report: "Petersfield Election Committee", The Times, 7 March 1833, page 4. - ^ a b "Election Movements". Berkshire Chronicle. 22 July 1837. p. 4. Retrieved 27 November 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
- ^ a b The Spectator, Volume 14. F. C. Westley. 1841. p. 514. Retrieved 27 November 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b In 1837 a petition was lodged against the result, and the election of Jolliffe was declared void. After scrutiny of the ballots, Hector was declared elected in 1838
- ^ In 1874, a petition was lodged against the election of Jolliffe. Scrutiny of the results led to a referral to the Court of Common Pleas on the validity of 64 of Joliffe's votes and 11 of those for Nicholson. The votes were declared valid and the election upheld.
- ^ a b Salmon, Philip; Spencer, Howard. "Petersfield". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
- ^ a b c d e f The Liberal Year Book, 1907
- ^ Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1886
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 9781349022984.
- ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901
- ^ The Constitutional Year Book, 1904, published by Conservative Central Office, page 145 (169 in web page), Hampshire
- ^ a b Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916
- ^ a b c d e f g h British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
- ^ British parliamentary election results 1918-1949, Craig, F. W. S.
- ^ The Liberal Magazine, 1939
- ^ Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939
Sources
[edit]- Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "P" (part 1)
- Robert Beatson, (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807) A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament Google Books