French
DeutschTonsawang language
| Tonsawang | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Northern Sulawesi |
Native speakers | (20,000 cited 1981)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tnw |
| Glottolog | tons1239 |
| ELP | Tonsawang |
Tonsawang, also known as Tombatu,[2] is an Austronesian language of the northern tip of Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Minahasan branch of the Philippine languages.[3][4][5]
Location
[edit]According to linguist James Sneddon, the language is "one of the most isolated languages", spoken in southeast Minahasa,[6] while linguist Robert Blust situated it, along with the others of the Minahasan group, near Lake Tondano, "in the northern peninsula of Sulawesi".[7]
Orthography
[edit]Alphabet
[edit]- a – [ä]
- b – [b]
- e – [ə]
- è – [ɛ]
- g – [g]
- i – [i]
- j – [d͡ʒ]
- k – [k]
- l – [l]
- m – [m]
- n – [n]
- ng – [ŋ]
- o – [o̞]
- p – [p]
- r – [ɾ]
- s – [s]
- t – [t]
- u – [u]
- w – [w]
- ' – [ʔ][8][9]
References
[edit]- ^ Tonsawang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Sneddon, J. N. (1970). "The Languages of Minahasa, North Celebes". Oceanic Linguistics. 9 (1): 11–36. doi:10.2307/3622930. JSTOR 3622930.
- ^ "8 Genetic Classification of the World's Languages". A Guide to the World's Languages. 1987. pp. 275–380. doi:10.1515/9781503621336-015. ISBN 9781503621336. S2CID 244724303.
- ^ Sneddon, J. N. (1993). "The Drift Towards Final Open Syllables in Sulawesi Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 32 (1): 1–44. doi:10.2307/3623095. JSTOR 3623095.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander & Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
- ^ Sneddon, J. N. (1970). "The Languages of Minahasa, North Celebes". Oceanic Linguistics. 9 (1): 11–36. doi:10.2307/3622930. JSTOR 3622930.
- ^ Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.
- ^ "Tonsawang language, alphabet, and pronunciation". Omniglot. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
- ^ Sneddon, James N. Proto-Minahasan: phonology, morphology, and wordlist. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1978. pp. 5, 54-57.
Further reading
[edit]- Brickell, Timothy C. (2018). "Tonsawang (Toundanow), North Sulawesi, Indonesia — Language Contexts". In: Peter K. Austin (ed.). Language Documentation and Description, vol 16. London: EL Publishing. pp. 55–85. ISSN 1740-6234.
- Brickell, Timothy C. (2020). "Language contact in North Sulawesi: Preliminary observations". In: Thomas J. Conners and Atsuko Utsumi, eds. Aspects of regional varieties of Malay. NUSA 68: 159–190. Permanent URL: http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/handle/94893; doi: https://doi.org/10.15026/94893
- Matu, Tania. "Bentuk Permintaan Sopan dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Tonsawang: Suatu Analisis Kontrastif". In: Jurnal Elektronik Fakultas Sastra Universitas Sam Ratulangi Vol 1, No 3 (2018). (Abstract in English).
- Rorong, Ferdy Dj; Lensun, Sherly; Sompotan, Amelia Gladys; Pandi, Helena; Sambeka; Fince Leny; Aror, Susanti. "Tonsawang Language Speech Acts in Traditional Medicine". In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Sciences (ICSS 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018. pp. 903–907. ISBN 978-94-6252-588-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/icss-18.2018.187.
- Utsumi, Atsuko (2018). The Tonsawang language’s basic morphology and syntactic features. Paper presented at The Fourteenth International Conference of Austronesian Linguistics (14-ICAL). July 17–20. Antananarivo: Universitè di Antananarivo.
External links
[edit]- ELAR collection: Tonsawang: a collaborative multimedia project documenting an endangered language of North Sulawesi deposited by Timothy Brickell
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