2004 United States Senate elections

2004 United States Senate elections

← 2002 November 2, 2004 2006 →
34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate 51 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Bill Frist Tom Daschle (lost re-election) Party Republican Democratic Leader since January 3, 2003 January 3, 1995 Leader's seat Tennessee South Dakota Seats before 51 48 Seats after 55 44 Seat change 4 4 Popular vote 39,920,562 44,754,618 Percentage 45.3% 50.8% Seats up 15 19 Races won 19 15   Third party   Party Independent Seats before 1[1] Seats after 1 Seat change Popular vote 186,231 Percentage 0.2% Seats up 0 Races won 0
Results of the elections:      Democratic gain      Democratic hold      Republican gain      Republican hold      No election
Majority Leader before election Bill Frist Republican Elected Majority Leader Bill Frist Republican

The 2004 United States Senate elections were held on November 2, 2004, with all Class 3 Senate seats being contested. They coincided with the re-election of George W. Bush as president and the United States House elections, as well as many state and local elections. Senators who were elected in 1998, known as Senate Class 3, were seeking re-election or retiring in 2004.

Republicans won 6 seats but lost two themselves, giving them a net gain of four seats. 5 of the 6 gains came from Southern states. Conservative Democrat Zell Miller of Georgia, who campaigned for President Bush, chose not to run for re-election and Republican Johnny Isakson won his seat; Democrat Fritz Hollings of South Carolina chose not to run for re-election and was succeeded by Republican Jim DeMint; Democratic vice presidential nominee John Edwards chose not to run for re-election and Republican Richard Burr won his North Carolina seat; Democrat Bob Graham of Florida chose not to run for re-election, and his seat went to Republican Mel Martinez; and Louisiana Democrat John Breaux chose not to run for re-election and Republican David Vitter won his seat.

In South Dakota, Republican John Thune defeated the incumbent Senate minority leader Tom Daschle, marking the first and only time since 1952 that a sitting party leader lost re-election, as well as the only time that person was the minority leader. Republican Senator Peter Fitzgerald of Illinois chose not to run for re-election and Democrat Barack Obama won in a landslide, becoming the Senate's only black member and only the third popularly elected in American history and only the third elected since Reconstruction. Also, Republican Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell of Colorado chose not to run for re-election and Democrat Ken Salazar won the open seat.

This was the third consecutive election cycle for Senate Class 3 where the Democrats either broke even or lost seats. This also marked the first time since 1980 in which a presidential candidate from either party won with coattails in the Senate. As of 2023^[update], these are the last elections held during a presidential election year in which the Republicans made a net gain of seats. Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was first elected to the Senate from Illinois in this election.

↓

44

1

55

Democratic

Independent

Republican

Summary of the 2004 United States Senate elections results

Parties							Total
		Democratic	Republican	Independent	Libertarian	Others
Before these elections		48	51	1	—	—	100
End of this Congress (two months later)		48	51	1	—	—	100
Not Up		29	36	1	—	—	66
Up		19	15	—	—	—	34
Incumbent retired	Total before	5	3	—	—	—	8
	Held by same party	—	1	—	—	—	1
	Replaced by other party	2 Republicans replaced by 2 Democrats 5 Democrats replaced by 5 Republicans		—	—	—	7
	Result after	2	6	—	—	—	8
Incumbent ran	Total before	14	12[a]	—	—	—	26
	Won re-election	13	12	—	—	—	25
	Lost re-election	1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republican		—	—	—	1
	Lost renomination, held by same party	—	—	—	—	—	0
	Lost renomination, and party lost	—	—	—	—	—	0
	Result after	13	13	—	—	—	26
Net gain/loss		4	4	—	—	—	4
Total elected		15	19	—	—	—	34
Result		44	55	1	—	—	100
Popular vote	Votes	44,754,618	39,920,562	186,231	754,861	2,481,075	88,097,347
	Share	50.80%	45.31%	0.21%	0.86%	2.82%	100%

Sources:

• Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Elections
• United States Elections Project at George Mason University Archived 2013-07-09 at the Wayback Machine

D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8	D9	D10
D20	D19	D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11
D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27	D28	D29	D30 Ark. Ran
D40 N.Y. Ran	D39 Nev. Ran	D38 Md. Ran	D37 La. Retired	D36 Ind. Ran	D35 Hawaii Ran	D34 Ga. Retired	D33 Fla. Retired	D32 Conn. Ran	D31 Calif. Ran
D41 N.C. Retired	D42 N.Dak. Ran	D43 Ore. Ran	D44 S.C. Retired	D45 S.Dak. Ran	D46 Vt. Ran	D47 Wash. Ran	D48 Wisc. Ran	I1	R51 Utah Ran
Majority →
R41 Idaho Ran	R42 Ill. Retired	R43 Iowa Ran	R44 Kans. Ran	R45 Ky. Ran	R46 Mo. Ran	R47 N.H. Ran	R48 Ohio Ran	R49 Okla. Retired	R50 Pa. Ran
R40 Colo. Retired	R39 Ariz. Ran	R38 Alaska Ran	R37 Ala. Ran	R36	R35	R34	R33	R32	R31
R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26	R27	R28	R29	R30
R20	R19	R18	R17	R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11
R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8	R9	R10

D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8	D9	D10
D20	D19	D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11
D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27	D28	D29	D30 Ark. Re-elected
D40 Vt. Re-elected	D39 Ore. Re-elected	D38 N.Dak. Re-elected	D37 N.Y. Re-elected	D36 Nev. Re-elected	D35 Md. Re-elected	D34 Ind. Re-elected	D33 Hawaii Re-elected	D32 Conn. Re-elected	D31 Calif. Re-elected
D41 Wash. Re-elected	D42 Wisc. Re-elected	D43 Colo. Gain	D44 Ill. Gain	I1	R55 S.Dak. Gain	R54 S.C. Gain	R53 N.C. Gain	R52 La. Gain	R51 Ga. Gain
Majority →
R41 Iowa Re-elected	R42 Kans. Re-elected	R43 Ky. Re-elected	R44 Mo. Re-elected	R45 N.H. Re-elected	R46 Ohio Re-elected	R47 Okla. Hold	R48 Pa. Re-elected	R49 Utah Re-elected	R50 Fla. Gain
R40 Idaho Re-elected	R39 Ariz. Re-elected	R38 Alaska Elected[b]	R37 Ala. Re-elected	R36	R35	R34	R33	R32	R31
R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26	R27	R28	R29	R30
R20	R19	R18	R17	R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11
R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8	R9	R10

Key:	D# Democratic I# Independent R# Republican

Three Republicans and five Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.

State	Senator	Replaced by
Colorado	Ben Nighthorse Campbell	Ken Salazar
Florida	Bob Graham	Mel Martínez
Georgia	Zell Miller	Johnny Isakson
Illinois	Peter Fitzgerald	Barack Obama
Louisiana	John Breaux	David Vitter
North Carolina	John Edwards	Richard Burr
Oklahoma	Don Nickles	Tom Coburn
South Carolina	Fritz Hollings	Jim DeMint

One Democrat sought re-election but lost in the general election.

State	Senator	Replaced by
South Dakota	Tom Daschle	John Thune

One Democrat resigned on January 17, 2006, and was replaced by a Democratic appointee.

State	Senator	Replaced by
New Jersey (Class 1)	Jon Corzine	Bob Menendez

Several sites and individuals publish predictions of competitive seats. These predictions look at factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent is running for reelection) and the other candidates, and the state's partisan lean (reflected in part by the state's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assign ratings to each seat, indicating the predicted advantage that a party has in winning that seat.

Most election predictors used:

• "tossup": no advantage
• "tilt" (used by some predictors): advantage that is not quite as strong as "lean"
• "lean": slight advantage
• "likely" or "favored": significant, but surmountable, advantage
• "safe" or "solid": near-certain chance of victory

Where a site gives a percentage probability as its primary indicator of expected outcome, the chart below classifies a race as follows:

• Tossup: 50-55%
• Tilt: 56-60%
• Lean: 61-75%
• Likely: 76-93%
• Safe: 94-100%

Constituency	Incumbent		2004 election ratings
State	Senator	Last election[c]	Sabato's Crystal Ball Nov. 1 2004[2]	Result
Alabama	Richard Shelby	63.2% R	Safe R	Shelby 67.5% R
Alaska	Lisa Murkowski	Appointed (2002)[d]	Lean D (flip)	Murkowski 48.6% R
Arizona	John McCain	68.7% R	Safe R	McCain 76.7% R
Arkansas	Blanche Lincoln	55.1% D	Safe D	Lincoln 55.9% D
California	Barbara Boxer	53.1% D	Safe D	Boxer 57.7% D
Colorado	Ben Nighthorse Campbell (retired)	62.5% R	Lean D (flip)	Salazar 51.3% D (flip)
Connecticut	Chris Dodd	65.2% D	Safe D	Dodd 66.4% D
Florida	Bob Graham (retired)	62.5% D	Lean R (flip)	Martínez 49.4% R (flip)
Georgia	Zell Miller (retired)	58.2% D (2000 special)[e]	Safe R (flip)	Isakson 57.9% R (flip)
Hawaii	Daniel Inouye	79.2% D	Safe D	Inouye 75.5% D
Idaho	Mike Crapo	69.5% R	Safe R	Crapo 99.2% R
Illinois	Peter Fitzgerald (retired)	50.4% R	Safe D (flip)	Obama 70.0% D (flip)
Indiana	Evan Bayh	63.7% D	Safe D	Bayh 61.7% D
Iowa	Chuck Grassley	68.4% R	Safe R	Grassley 70.2% R
Kansas	Sam Brownback	65.3% R	Safe R	Brownback 69.2% R
Kentucky	Jim Bunning	49.7% R	Lean R	Bunning 50.7% R
Louisiana	John Breaux (retired)	64.0% D	Lean R (flip)	Vitter 51.0% R (flip)
Maryland	Barbara Mikulski	70.5% D	Safe D	Mikulski 64.8% D
Missouri	Kit Bond	52.7% R	Safe R	Bond 56.1% R
Nevada	Harry Reid	47.9% D	Safe D	Reid 61.0% D
New Hampshire	Judd Gregg	67.8% R	Safe R	Gregg 66.2% R
New York	Chuck Schumer	54.6% D	Safe D	Schumer 71.2% D
North Carolina	John Edwards (retired)	51.2% D	Lean R (flip)	Burr 51.6% R (flip)
North Dakota	Byron Dorgan	63.2% D	Safe D	Dorgan 68.3% D
Oklahoma	Don Nickles (retired)	66.4% R	Lean R	Coburn 52.2% R
Ohio	George Voinovich	56.5% R	Safe R	Voinovich 63.9% R
Oregon	Ron Wyden	61.1% D	Safe D	Wyden 63.4% D
Pennsylvania	Arlen Specter	61.3% R	Safe R	Specter 52.6% R
South Carolina	Fritz Hollings (retired)	52.7% D	Likely R (flip)	DeMint 53.7% R (flip)
South Dakota	Tom Daschle	62.1% D	Lean R (flip)	Thune 50.6% R (flip)
Utah	Bob Bennett	64.0% R	Safe R	Bennett 68.7% R
Vermont	Patrick Leahy	72.2% D	Safe D	Leahy 70.6% D
Washington	Patty Murray	58.4% D	Likely D	Murray 55.0%
Wisconsin	Russ Feingold	55.0% D	Safe D	Feingold 55.3% D

There were no special elections during the 108th Congress.

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 2005; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
	Senator	Party	Electoral history
Alabama	Richard Shelby	Republican	1986[f] 1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Richard Shelby (Republican) 68% ▌Wayne Sowell (Democratic) 32%
Alaska	Lisa Murkowski	Republican	2002 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected.	▌Y Lisa Murkowski (Republican) 48.6% ▌Tony Knowles (Democratic) 45.5% ▌Marc Millican (Independent) 2.9% Others ▌Jerry Sanders (AKIP) 1.2% ▌Jim Sykes (Green) 1.0% ▌Scott Kohlhaas (Libertarian) 0.4%
Arizona	John McCain	Republican	1986 1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John McCain (Republican) 76% ▌Stuart Starky (Democratic) 21% ▌Ernest Hancock (Libertarian) 3%
Arkansas	Blanche Lincoln	Democratic	1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Blanche Lincoln (Democratic) 56% ▌Jim Holt (Republican) 44%
California	Barbara Boxer	Democratic	1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Barbara Boxer (Democratic) 57.7% ▌Bill Jones (Republican) 37.8% Others ▌Marsha Feinland (Peace and Freedom) 2.0% ▌Jim Gray (Libertarian) 1.8% ▌Don J. Grundmann (Constitution) 0.7%
Colorado	Ben Nighthorse Campbell	Republican	1992[g] 1998	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Ken Salazar (Democratic) 51.3% ▌Pete Coors (Republican) 46.5% Others ▌Doug Cambell (Constitution) 1% ▌Richard Randall (Libertarian) 0.5% ▌John Harris (Independent) 0.4% ▌Victor Good (Reform) 0.3%
Connecticut	Chris Dodd	Democratic	1980 1986 1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Chris Dodd (Democratic) 66.4% ▌Jack Orchulli (Republican) 32.1% Others ▌Timothy Knibbs (Constitution) 0.9% ▌Lenny Rasch (Libertarian) 0.6%
Florida	Bob Graham	Democratic	1986 1992 1998	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Mel Martínez (Republican) 49.5% ▌Betty Castor (Democratic) 48.3% ▌Dennis Bradley (Veterans) 2.2%
Georgia	Zell Miller	Democratic	2000 (appointed) 2000 (special)	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Johnny Isakson (Republican) 57.9% ▌Denise Majette (Democratic) 40% ▌Allen Buckley (Libertarian) 2.1%
Hawaii	Daniel Inouye	Democratic	1962 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Daniel Inouye (Democratic) 75.5% ▌Campbell Cavasso (Republican) 21% Others ▌James Brewer (Independent) 2.2% ▌Lloyd Mallan (Libertarian) 1.3%
Idaho	Mike Crapo	Republican	1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Mike Crapo (Republican) 99.2% ▌Scott McClure (Democratic write-in) 0.8%
Illinois	Peter Fitzgerald	Republican	1998	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Barack Obama (Democratic) 70.0% ▌Alan Keyes (Republican) 27.0% Others ▌Albert Franzen (Independent) 1.6% ▌Jerry Kohn (Libertarian) 1.3%
Indiana	Evan Bayh	Democratic	1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Evan Bayh (Democratic) 62% ▌Marvin Scott (Republican) 37% ▌Albert Barger (Libertarian) 1%
Iowa	Chuck Grassley	Republican	1980 1986 1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Chuck Grassley (Republican) 70.1% ▌Arthur Small (Democratic) 27.9% Others ▌Christy Welty (Libertarian) 1.0% ▌Daryl Northrop (Green) 0.8% ▌Edwin Fruit (Socialist Workers) 0.1%
Kansas	Sam Brownback	Republican	1996 (special) 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Sam Brownback (Republican) 69% ▌Lee Jones (Democratic) 28% ▌Stephen A. Rosile (Libertarian) 2% ▌George Cook (Reform) 1%
Kentucky	Jim Bunning	Republican	1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Jim Bunning (Republican) 51% ▌Daniel Mongiardo (Democratic) 49%
Louisiana	John Breaux	Democratic	1986 1992 1998	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y David Vitter (Republican) 51% ▌Chris John (Democratic) 29% ▌John Kennedy (Democratic) 15% ▌Arthur Morrell (Democratic) 3% Others ▌Richard Fontanesi (Independent) 1% ▌R. A. Galan (Independent) 1% ▌Sam Melton (Democratic) 1%
Maryland	Barbara Mikulski	Democratic	1986 1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Barbara Mikulski (Democratic) 64.8% ▌E. J. Pipkin (Republican) 33.7% Others ▌Maria Allwine (Green) 1.1% ▌Thomas Trump (Constitution) 0.4%
Missouri	Kit Bond	Republican	1986 1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Kit Bond (Republican) 56% ▌Nancy Farmer (Democratic) 42.8% Others ▌Kevin Tull (Libertarian) 0.7% ▌Don Griffin (Constitution) 0.4%
Nevada	Harry Reid	Democratic	1986 1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Harry Reid (Democratic) 61.1% ▌Richard Ziser (Republican) 35.1% Others None of These Candidates 1.6% ▌Tomas Hurst (Libertarian) 1.2% ▌David Schumann (Constitution) 0.7% ▌Gary Marinch (Natural Law) 0.3%
New Hampshire	Judd Gregg	Republican	1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Judd Gregg (Republican) 66% ▌Doris Haddock (Democratic) 34%
New York	Chuck Schumer	Democratic	1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Chuck Schumer (Democratic) 71.2% ▌Howard Mills III (Republican) 24.2% ▌Marilyn O'Grady (Conservative) 3.0% Others ▌David McReynolds (Green) 0.5% ▌Donald Silberger (Libertarian) 0.3% ▌Abraham Hirschfeld (Builders) 0.2% ▌Martin Koppel (Socialist Workers) 0.2%
North Carolina	John Edwards	Democratic	1998	Incumbent retired to run for Vice President. Republican gain.	▌Y Richard Burr (Republican) 52% ▌Erskine Bowles (Democratic) 47% ▌Tom Bailey (Libertarian) 1%
North Dakota	Byron Dorgan	Democratic-NPL	1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Byron Dorgan (Democratic-NPL) 68% ▌Mike Liffrig (Republican) 32%
Ohio	George Voinovich	Republican	1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George Voinovich (Republican) 63.9% ▌Eric Fingerhut (Democratic) 36.1%
Oklahoma	Don Nickles	Republican	1980 1986 1992 1998	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Tom Coburn (Republican) 52.8% ▌Brad Carson (Democratic) 41.2% ▌Sheila Bilyeu (Independent) 6.0%
Oregon	Ron Wyden	Democratic	1996 (special) 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Ron Wyden (Democratic) 63.4% ▌Al King (Republican) 31.8% Others ▌Teresa Keane (Pacific Green) 2.4% ▌Dan Fitzgerald (Libertarian) 1.7% ▌David Brownlow (Constitution) 0.7%
Pennsylvania	Arlen Specter	Republican	1980 1986 1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Arlen Specter (Republican) 52.6% ▌Joe Hoeffel (Democratic) 42.0% ▌Jim Clymer (Constitution) 4.0% ▌Betsy Summers (Libertarian) 1.4%
South Carolina	Fritz Hollings	Democratic	1966 (special) 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1998	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Jim DeMint (Republican) 53.7% ▌Inez Tenenbaum (Democratic) 44.1% Others ▌Patrick Tyndall (Constitution) 0.8% ▌Rebekah Sutherland (Libertarian) 0.7% ▌Tee Ferguson (United Citizens) 0.4% ▌Efia Nwangaza (Green) 0.3%
South Dakota	Tom Daschle	Democratic	1986 1992 1998	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y John Thune (Republican) 50.5% ▌Tom Daschle (Democratic) 49.4%
Utah	Bob Bennett	Republican	1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Bob Bennett (Republican) 68.7% ▌Paul Van Dam (Democratic) 28.4% Others ▌Gary R. Van Horn (Constitution) 1.9% ▌Joe Labonte (Personal Choice) 1%
Vermont	Patrick Leahy	Democratic	1974 1980 1986 1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Patrick Leahy (Democratic) 70.6% ▌John A. McMullen (Republican) 24.5% Others ▌Cris Ericson (Marijuana) 2.1% ▌Craig Hill (Green) 1.3% ▌Keith Stern (Independent) 1.1% ▌Ben Mitchell (Liberty Union) 0.3%
Washington	Patty Murray	Democratic	1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Patty Murray (Democratic) 55% ▌George Nethercutt (Republican) 42.7% Others ▌J. Mills (Libertarian) 1.2% ▌Mark Wilson (Green) 1.1%
Wisconsin	Russ Feingold	Democratic	1992 1998	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Russ Feingold (Democratic) 55.4% ▌Tim Michels (Republican) 44.1% Others ▌Arif Khan (Libertarian) 0.3% ▌Eugene A. Hem (Independent) 0.2%

In seven races the margin of victory was under 10%.

District	Winner	Margin
Florida	Republican (flip)	1.1%
South Dakota	Republican (flip)	1.2%
Kentucky	Republican	1.4%
Alaska	Republican	3.0%
Colorado	Democratic (flip)	3.9%
North Carolina	Republican (flip)	4.6%
South Carolina	Republican (flip)	9.6%[h]

Alabama Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Richard Shelby Wayne Sowell Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,242,200 595,018 Percentage 67.6% 32.4%

County results Shelby:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Sowell:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Richard Shelby Republican Elected U.S. Senator Richard Shelby Republican

Incumbent Republican Richard Shelby won re-election to a fourth term over Democratic perennial candidate Wayne Sowell.

Shelby, who switched parties ten years prior, had over $11 million cash on hand.^[3] Shelby was chairman of the Banking Committee.^[4] Wayne Sowell became the first black U.S. Senate nominee of a major party in Alabama.^[5]

Alabama general election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Shelby (incumbent)	1,242,038[6]	67.6
	Democratic	Wayne Sowell	594,439	32.4
	Independent	Write Ins	1,848	0.1
Total votes			1,836,477	100.0
Turnout				N/A

Alaska Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Lisa Murkowski Tony Knowles Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 149,773 140,424 Percentage 48.9% 45.5%

Results by borough and census area Murkowski:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Knowles:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Lisa Murkowski Republican Elected U.S. Senator Lisa Murkowski Republican

Incumbent Republican Lisa Murkowski of Anchorage, sought election to her first full term after being appointed to serve out the rest of her father's unexpired term when he resigned in December 2002 to become Governor of Alaska. Her main challenger was Democratic former Governor Tony Knowles, her father's predecessor as governor. Murkowski won by a slight margin.

Although Alaska is heavily Republican, popular opinion had swung against the Murkowski family because of a tax increase passed by Governor Frank Murkowski, Lisa Murkowski's father. In addition, many voters disapproved of apparent nepotism in the appointment of Lisa Murkowski to the Senate. Knowles, who as mentioned above preceded Frank Murkowski as governor, had enlisted extensive out-of-state support for his bid to take over Lisa Murkowski's Senate seat. However, veteran Republican Senator Ted Stevens taped advertisements warning Alaskans that electing a Democrat could result in less federal dollars for Alaska.

Democratic primary^[7]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Tony Knowles	40,881	95.0
	Democratic	Don Wright	1,080	2.5
	Democratic	Theresa Obermeyer	1,045	2.4
Total votes			43,006	100.0

Republican primary^[7]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Lisa Murkowski (Incumbent)	45,710	58.1
	Republican	Mike Miller	29,313	37.3
	Republican	Wev Shea	2,857	3.6
	Republican	Jim Dore	748	0.9
Total votes			78,628	100.0

Lisa Murkowski had very low approval ratings as senator due to her father, Frank Murkowski, who at the time was the Governor of Alaska with extremely low approval ratings himself. Former Governor Tony Knowles ran against Murkowski. He ran as a Democrat who supported drilling in ANWR, in contrast to most Democrats. Ted Stevens tried to "rescue" her campaign and help her maintain her seat.^[8]

Alaska general election^[9]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Lisa Murkowski (Incumbent)	149,773	48.58	−25.91%
	Democratic	Tony Knowles	140,424	45.55	+25.82%
	Independent	Marc J. Millican	8,885	2.88
	Independence	Jerry Sanders	3,785	1.23
	Green	Jim Sykes	3,053	0.99	2.22%
	Libertarian	Scott A. Kohlhaas	1,240	0.40	−1.87%
	Independent	Ted Gianoutsas	732	0.24
	Write-ins		423	0.14
Majority			9,349	3.03	−51.74%
Turnout			308,315

Arizona Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee John McCain Stuart Starky Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,505,372 404,507 Percentage 76.7% 20.6%

County results McCain:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election John McCain Republican Elected U.S. Senator John McCain Republican

Incumbent Republican John McCain won re-election to a fourth term with his largest victory over Democratic teacher Stuart Starky.^[10]

Since 1998, McCain challenged Texas Governor George W. Bush in the presidential primary and despite winning the New Hampshire primary, he lost the nomination. Solidifying his image as a maverick, he voted against the Bush tax cuts. He supported limits on stem cell research. He had a lopsided favorable ratings of 39% to 9% unfavorable in the most recent The New York Times/CBS News poll.

Stuart Starky, an eighth-grade teacher in South Phoenix, was widely known as a long-shot challenger. Starky stated that "I truly believe he's going to run for president again."^[11] Starky was called by The Arizona Republic a "sacrificial lamb"^[12] put on ballot because there were no chances to beat McCain. During his campaign, he debated McCain twice, once in Tucson and once in Flagstaff. He was also featured on the cover of Teacher Magazine, dubbed the "Unsinkable Stu Starky." Starky was defeated in a landslide. But, despite the relatively low percentage, he gained the highest vote per dollar amount in the country, spending only about $15,000 for his campaign (Starky's campaign may have been aided by John Kerry running for president).^[13]

Arizona general election^[14]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	John McCain (Incumbent)	1,505,372	76.74	+7.99%
	Democratic	Stuart Starky	404,507	20.62	−6.54%
	Libertarian	Ernest Hancock	51,798	2.64	+0.37%
Majority			1,100,865	56.12	+14.54%
Turnout			1,961,677

2004 United States Senate election in Arkansas

← 1998 November 2, 2004 2010 →

Nominee Blanche Lincoln Jim Holt Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 580,973 458,036 Percentage 55.9% 44.1%

County results Lincoln:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Holt:      50–60%

Senator before election Blanche Lincoln Democratic Elected Senator Blanche Lincoln Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Blanche Lincoln ran for re-election. Lincoln won re-election over Republican State Senator Jim Holt while President George W. Bush carried the state with almost the same margin of victory.

The Democratic Party held super-majority status in the Arkansas General Assembly. A majority of local and statewide offices were also held by Democrats. This was rare even for the time in the South, where a majority of statewide offices were and still are held by Republicans. Arkansas had the distinction in 1992 of being the only state in the country to give the majority of its vote to a single candidate in the presidential election—native son Bill Clinton—while every other state's electoral votes were won by pluralities of the vote among the three candidates. Arkansas had since become more reliably Republican in presidential elections. The state voted for George W. Bush over John Kerry in 2004. Lincoln won by 2% less than she had in 1998.^[15]

Democrats at the time had an overwhelming majority of registered voters, and the Democratic Party of Arkansas was more conservative than the national entity. Two of Arkansas' three Democratic Representatives at the time were members of the Blue Dog Coalition, which tends to be more pro-business, pro-military spending, and socially conservative than the Democratic mainstream.

Republican primary^[16]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Jim Holt	37,254	68.9
	Republican	Andy Lee	10,709	19.8
	Republican	Rosemarie Clampitt	6,078	11.3
Total votes			54,041	100.0

Lincoln was a popular incumbent. In March, she had an approval rating of 55%.^[17] Lincoln calls herself an advocate for rural America, having grown up on a farm herself. Holt is from Northwest Arkansas, who also lives on a farm.^[18] Holt was widely perceived as a long shot. By the end of June, he only raised $29,000, while Lincoln had over $5 million cash on hand.^[19] Lincoln won re-election by over 11%.^[15]

Arkansas Senate election 2004

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Blanche Lincoln (Incumbent)	580,973	55.90
	Republican	Jim Holt	458,036	44.07
	Independent	Write Ins	340	0.0
Majority			122,937	11.83
Turnout			1,039,349

California Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Barbara Boxer Bill Jones Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 6,955,728 4,555,922 Percentage 57.7% 37.8%

County results Boxer:      40-50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Jones:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Barbara Boxer Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Barbara Boxer Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer defeated Republican former Secretary of State Bill Jones. Boxer's 6.96 million votes set the record for the most votes cast for one candidate in one state in one election, until it was surpassed by Senator Dianne Feinstein's 7.75 million votes in 2012.

Democratic Primary Election

Candidate		Votes	%
Barbara Boxer (Incumbent)		2,566,298	100.00

Republican Primary Election

Candidate		Votes	%
Bill Jones		1,015,748	44.81
Rosario Marin		454,176	20.03
Howard Kaloogian		253,331	11.17
Toni Casey		142,080	6.27
Tim Stoen		124,940	5.51
James Stewart		78,264	3.45
Barry L. Hatch		71,244	3.14
John M. Van Zandt		56,925	2.51
Danney Ball		37,745	1.66
Bill Quraishi		32,515	1.43
Total votes		2,266,968	100.00

American Independent primary

Candidate		Votes	%
Don J. Grundmann		32,025	100.00

Libertarian primary

Candidate		Votes	%
Jim Gray		13,656	57.30
Gail Lightfoot		10,177	42.70
Total votes		23,833	100.00

Peace and Freedom primary

Candidate		Votes	%
Marsha Feinland		4,864	100.00

Boxer originally had decided to retire in 2004 but changed her mind to "fight for the right to dissent" against conservatives like Majority Leader Tom DeLay. Jones was widely considered as the underdog.^[17] Jones got a major endorsement from the popular Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.^[20] The two major candidates had a debate. Pre-election polling had Boxer leading in double digits.^[21] But he never released a single TV ad. Boxer portrayed Jones as too conservative for California, citing his votes in the California Assembly (1982 to 1994) against gun control, increased minimum wage, support for offshore drilling, and a loosening of environmental regulations.^[22]

Jones raised about $700,000 more than Boxer during the third quarter, pulling in $2.5 million to Boxer's $1.8 million. But overall, Boxer has raised $16 million to Jones' $6.2 million. And Boxer has spent about $7 million on radio and television ads alone.^[23]

The election was not close, with Boxer winning by an authoritative 20 point margin. Jones only performed well in rural parts of the state. Boxer on the other hand won almost all major metropolitan areas in the state. The race was called right when the polls closed at 11:00 P.M. EST, and 7:00 P.M. PTZ. Jones conceded defeat to Boxer at 11:12 P.M. EST, and 7:12 PTZ.

California general election^[24]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Barbara Boxer (Incumbent)	6,955,728	57.71
	Republican	Bill Jones	4,555,922	37.80
	Peace and Freedom	Marsha Feinland	243,846	2.02
	Libertarian	James P. "Jim" Gray	216,522	1.80
	American Independent	Don J. Grundmann	81,244	0.67
	No party	Dennis Richter (write-in)	43	0.00
	No party	Howard Johnson (write-in)	8	0.00
	No party	John Emery Jones (write-in)	2	0.00
Invalid or blank votes			536,388	4.26
Total votes			12,589,703	100.00
Turnout				57.03

Colorado Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Ken Salazar Pete Coors Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,081,188 980,668 Percentage 51.3% 47.4%

County results Salazar:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Coors:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Ben Nighthorse Campbell Republican Elected U.S. Senator Ken Salazar Democratic

Incumbent Republican Ben Nighthorse Campbell decided to retire instead of seeking a third term. The Democratic Attorney General of Colorado Ken Salazar won the open seat.

Before Campbell's retirement, no prominent Democrat had entered the race, with educator Mike Miles and businessman Rutt Bridges pursuing the Democratic nomination. After Campbell's retirement, many expected popular Republican Governor Bill Owens to enter the race,^[25] however he declined to run. Campbell's retirement and Owens' decision not to run prompted a number of prominent Democrats to reexamine the race.^[26]

On March 10, the same day Owens announced he would not run, U.S. Congressman Mark Udall entered the race.^[27] The next day, state Attorney General Ken Salazar entered the race, leading Udall to immediately withdraw and endorse him.^[28] Salazar lost to Mike Miles at the State nominating convention. In spite of this loss, the national Democratic Party backed Salazar with contributions from the DSCC and promotion of Salazar as the only primary candidate.^[29]

Democratic primary^[30]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Ken Salazar	173,167	73.02
	Democratic	Mike Miles	63,973	26.98
Total votes			237,140	100.00

The two candidates got into an ideological battle, as U.S. Representative Bob Schaffer attacked Pete Coors, former CEO and chairman of Coors Brewing Company, because his company had provided benefits to the partners of its gay and lesbian employees, in addition to promoting its beer in gay bars. Coors defended himself by saying that he was opposed to same-sex marriage, and supported a constitutional amendment to ban it, although he noted that he supported civil unions for gay couples. According to the Rocky Mountain News, Coors described his company's pro-LGBT practices as "good business, separate from politics."^[31] Coors defeated Schaffer with 61% of the vote in the primary, with many analysts citing his high name recognition in the state as a primary factor.^[32][33]

Republican primary^[30]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Pete Coors	203,157	60.57
	Republican	Bob Schaffer	132,274	39.43
Total votes			335,431	100.00

Pete Coors ran as a moderate conservative. However, Salazar was also a moderate and a highly popular State Attorney General.^[34] Coors is also a great-grandson of Adolph Coors, founder of the brewing company. His father is Joseph Coors, president of the company and founding member of The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank. Salazar narrowly won the open seat. It was one of only two Democratic pickups in the 2004 Senate elections; Illinois was the other.

According to the non-partisan OpenSecrets, Coors gave his own campaign $1,213,657 and received individual donations of $60,550 from other Coors family members^{[citation needed]}.

A state record of over $11 million was raised during the election.^[35]

Colorado general election^[36]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Ken Salazar	1,081,188	51.30	+16.29%
	Republican	Pete Coors	980,668	46.53	−15.96%
	Constitution	Douglas Campbell	18,783	0.89	+0.15%
	Libertarian	Richard Randall	10,160	0.48
	Independent	John R. Harris	8,442	0.40
	Reform	Victor Good	6,481	0.31
	Independent	Finn Gotaas	1,750	0.08
Majority			100,520	4.77	−22.70%
Turnout			2,107,472

2004 United States Senate election in Connecticut

← 1998 November 2, 2004 2010 →

Nominee Chris Dodd Jack Orchulli Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 945,347 457,749 Percentage 66.4% 32.1%

County results Municipality results Dodd:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Orchulli:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Chris Dodd Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Chris Dodd Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Chris Dodd won re-election for a fifth term, beating Republican Jack Orchulli, CEO and co-founder of a Michael Kors's apparel company.^[37]

Chris Dodd was one of the most powerful senators in congress. In the election cycle, Dodd raised over $7 million. His top five contributors were Bear Stearns, Citigroup, National Westminster Bank, Lehman Brothers, and Goldman Sachs.^[38]

Republican nominee, Jack Orchulli, ran as fiscal conservative and social moderate^{[citation needed]}. He broke ranks with his party on gay marriage and abortion.^[39] That put him on the same side as most voters in the blue state of Connecticut^{[citation needed]}. He often talked about a "broken education system." He argued that Dodd has not done anything in his 30 years in congress to fix such issues as traffic problems in Fairfield County.^[40]

Orchulli launched a statewide TV ad campaign in September, as he spent over $1.1 million and pledged to spend "whatever it takes" if polls show he is gaining ground on Dodd.^[41]

Connecticut General election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Chris Dodd (Incumbent)	945,347	66.35
	Republican	Jack Orchulli	457,749	32.13
	Concerned Citizens	Timothy Knibbs	12,442	0.87
	Libertarian	Leonard Rasch	9,188	0.64
Majority			487,598	34.22
Turnout			1,424,726

Florida Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Mel Martínez Betty Castor Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 3,672,864 3,590,201 Percentage 49.4% 48.3%

County results Martinez:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Castor:      40-50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Bob Graham Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Mel Martínez Republican

Incumbent Democrat Bob Graham retired after three terms. The primary elections were held on August 31, 2004. Republican Mel Martínez won the open seat, beating Democrat Betty Castor, former president of the University of South Florida, former Education Commissioner of Florida, and former state senator. Martínez, a former U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, was supported by the Bush administration.

Democratic primary^[42]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Betty Castor	669,346	58.1
	Democratic	Peter Deutsch	321,922	27.9
	Democratic	Alex Penelas	115,898	10.1
	Democratic	Bernard E. Klein	45,347	3.9
Total votes			1,152,513	100.0%

Republican primary^[42]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Mel Martínez	522,994	44.9
	Republican	Bill McCollum	360,474	30.9
	Republican	Doug Gallagher	158,360	13.6
	Republican	Johnnie Byrd	68,982	5.9
	Republican	Karen Saull	20,365	1.8
	Republican	Sonya March	17,804	1.5
	Republican	Larry Klayman	13,257	1.1
	Republican	William Billy Kogut	3,695	0.3
Total votes			1,165,931	100.0%

In the spring, the campaign hired fundraising staff from the defunct presidential campaigns of Howard Dean and Bob Graham,^[43] and subsequently posted much higher fundraising numbers over the summer.^[44] Online grassroots techniques devised for the Dean campaign (Castor became a Dean Dozen candidate in August^{[citation needed]}) were one contributing factor:^[45] another was the support of EMILY's List, which named Castor as its highest-rated candidate for the 2004 election cycle^{[citation needed]}, even when her support for banning intact dilation and extraction (D&X) abortions was not in line with the EMILY's List support for woman's issues.^[46][47] The latter was a source of criticism during the August primary heat - a complaint was filed by a Deutsch supporter with the Federal Election Commission accusing inappropriate coordination with EMILY's List^{[citation needed]}. The complaint was dismissed by the Federal Election Commission in 2005.^[48]

Castor's handling of Sami Al-Arian became another source of criticism during the campaign^{[citation needed]}. In June, The American Democracy Project, a 527 group founded by Bernie Friedman^{[citation needed]}, began attacking Castor's handling of the incident, alleging that she had sufficient evidence to fire Al-Arian in the mid-1990s^{[citation needed]}. Castor responded by stating that she never had sufficient evidence to fire Al-Arian, who was a tenured professor at the time^{[citation needed]}. On June 29, Senator Graham, who had previously remained outside of the Al-Arian controversy, released a statement that "Betty Castor acted appropriately as President of the University of South Florida to deal with Sami Al-Arian"^{[citation needed]}: later, Graham and Senator Bill Nelson brokered an agreement between the Democratic candidates to refrain from negative campaigning against each other^{[citation needed]}, although this agreement appeared to break down in the final weeks of the race, when Deutsch launched attack ads on television^{[citation needed]}.

Despite these controversies, Castor won the Democratic nomination on August 31. She was defeated, however, by Republican candidate Mel Martínez in a close race on November 2, 2004. The overwhelming support for Martínez among Latinos effectively counterbalanced Castor's relatively high popularity among swing voters throughout the state.

There was some speculation that Castor would run for Governor of Florida in 2006 to replace Jeb Bush, who was ineligible for re-election due to term limits, but she announced in 2005 that she would not be a candidate.

2004 United States Senate election in Florida^[49]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Melquíades Rafael Martínez Ruiz	3,672,864	49.43	+11.9%
	Democratic	Elizabeth Castor	3,590,201	48.32	−14.15%
	Veterans	Dennis F. Bradley	166,642	2.24	+2.24%
	Write-ins		187	0.00	+0.0%
Majority			82,663	1.11	−23.83%
Turnout			7,429,894	70.92[50]	+24.08%
Total votes			7,429,894	100.00	+3,529,732

Georgia Election

← 2000 (special) 2010 →

Nominee Johnny Isakson Denise Majette Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,864,205 1,287,695 Percentage 57.9% 40.0%

Isakson:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Majette:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Zell Miller Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson Republican

Incumbent Democrat Zell Miller retired. Democratic U.S. Representative Denise Majette became both the first African American and the first woman to be nominated for the U.S. Senate in Georgia. Republican U.S. Representative Johnny Isakson won the open seat.

The results were almost a complete reversal from the previous election in 2000.

Majette's announcement that she would seek to replace Miller also caught Democrats by surprise, as she was not on anyone's call list when Democrats began seeking a candidate to replace Miller. Further skepticism among Democrats about the viability of her candidacy surfaced when she announced that "God" had told her to run for the Senate. She received important endorsements from U.S. Senators Mary Landrieu of Louisiana and Debbie Stabenow of Michigan, along with many others in Washington who campaigned and raised money for Majette. Her Senate campaign slogan was "I'll be nobody's Senator, but yours."

A number of factors led to Majette's loss. These include her late start, her valuable time and money spent in the runoff, larger conservative turnout from a proposed constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriages (which Majette opposed), the popularity of President George W. Bush in Georgia, and her lack of experience (being a one-term congresswoman).

Republican primary^[51]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Johnny Isakson	346,765	53.2%
	Republican	Herman Cain	170,464	26.2%
	Republican	Mac Collins	134,053	20.6%

Georgia general election^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Johnny Isakson	1,864,205	57.88	+19.97%
	Democratic	Denise Majette	1,287,695	39.98	−18.22%
	Libertarian	Allen Buckley	69,051	2.14	+2.14%
Majority			576,510	17.90
Turnout			3,220,951

Hawaii Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Daniel Inouye Cam Cavasso Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 313,629 87,172 Percentage 75.5% 21.0%

County results Inouye:      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Daniel Inouye Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Daniel Inouye Democratic

Incumbent Democrat U.S. Senator Daniel Inouye won re-election to an eighth term over Republican, Campbell Cavasso, a former state representative.

Inouye won every single county with at least 70% of the vote. His best performance was in Kauai County, where he won with an estimated 80%; also was Cavasso's weakest performance, getting just 16.5% of the vote there.

Hawaii General election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Daniel Inouye (incumbent)	313,629	75.5
	Republican	Campbell Cavasso	87,172	21.0
	Independent	Jim Brewer	9,269	2.2
	Libertarian	Lloyd Jeffrey Mallan	5,277	1.3
Total votes			415,347	100.00

Idaho Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Mike Crapo Party Republican Popular vote 499,796 Percentage 99.2%

County results Crapo:      >90%      100%

U.S. senator before election Mike Crapo Republican Elected U.S. Senator Mike Crapo Republican

Incumbent Republican Mike Crapo won a second term in a landslide after no one filed for the Democratic nomination. Democrat Scott McClure conducted a write-in campaign but only received 4,136 votes, or about 1% of those cast.

Republican primary^[53]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Mike Crapo (Incumbent)	118,286	100.00
Total votes			118,286	100.00%

Crapo won every county with over 95% of the vote. His weakest performance by far was in Latah County, where he got 95.6% of the vote to McClure's 4.4%.

2004 United States Senate election in Idaho^[54]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Mike Crapo (Incumbent)	499,796	99.18	+29.64%
	Democratic	Scott F. McClure (write-in)	4,136	0.82	+0.82%
Majority			495,660	98.36	+57.22%
Turnout			503,932

Illinois Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Barack Obama Alan Keyes Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 3,597,456 1,390,690 Percentage 70.0% 27.0%

County results Obama:      40-50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Keyes:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Peter Fitzgerald Republican Elected U.S. Senator Barack Obama Democratic

Incumbent Republican Peter Fitzgerald decided to retire after one term. The Democratic and Republican primary elections were held in March, which included a total of 15 candidates who combined to spend a record total of over $60 million seeking the open seat.

State Senator and future President Barack Obama won the Democratic primary and Jack Ryan won the Republican primary. Ryan later withdrew from the race four days after the Chicago Tribune persuaded a California court to release child custody records. The Illinois Republican State Central Committee chose former Diplomat Alan Keyes to replace Ryan as the Republican candidate.

The election was the first for the U.S. Senate in which both major party candidates were African American. Obama's 43% margin of victory was the largest in the state history of U.S. Senate elections. The inequality in the candidates spending for the fall elections – $14,244,768 by Obama and $2,545,325 by Keyes – is also among the largest in history in both absolute and relative terms.^[55]

Fitzgerald's predecessor, Democrat Carol Moseley Braun, declined to run. Barack Obama, a member of the Illinois Senate since 1997 and an unsuccessful 2000 Democratic primary challenger to four-term incumbent U.S. Rep. Bobby Rush for Rush's U.S House seat, launched a campaign committee at the beginning of July 2002 to run for the U.S. Senate, 21 months before the March 2004 primary,^[56] and two months later had David Axelrod lined up to do his campaign media.^[57] Obama formally announced his candidacy on January 21, 2003,^[58] four days after former U.S. Sen. Carol Moseley Braun announced she would not seek a rematch with U.S. Sen. Peter Fitzgerald.^[59]

On April 15, 2003, with six Democrats already running and three Republicans threatening to run against him,^[60] incumbent Fitzgerald announced he would not seek a second term in 2004,^[61] and three weeks later popular Republican former Governor Jim Edgar declined to run,^[62] leading to wide open Democratic and Republican primary races with 15 candidates, including 7 millionaires^[63] (triggering the first application of the Millionaires' Amendment of the 2002 McCain–Feingold Act), in the most expensive Senate primary in U.S. history.^[64]

Obama touted his legislative experience and early public opposition to the Iraq War to distinguish himself from his Democratic primary rivals. Illinois Comptroller Dan Hynes won the endorsement of the AFL–CIO. Obama succeeded in obtaining the support of three of the state's largest and most active member unions: AFSCME, SEIU, and the Illinois Federation of Teachers. Hynes and multimillionaire former securities trader Blair Hull each won the endorsements of two of the nine Democratic Illinois members of the US House of Representatives. Obama had the endorsements of four: Jesse Jackson, Jr., Danny Davis, Lane Evans, and Jan Schakowsky.

Obama surged into the lead after he finally began television advertising in Chicago in the final three weeks of the campaign, which was expanded to downstate Illinois during the last six days of the campaign. The ads included strong endorsements by the five largest newspapers in Illinois—the Chicago Tribune, Chicago Sun-Times, Daily Herald, The Rockford Register Star, and Peoria Journal Star—and a testimonial by Sheila Simon that Obama was "cut from that same cloth" as her father, the late former U.S. Senator Paul Simon, who had planned to endorse and campaign for Obama before his unexpected death in December 2003. ^{[65][66][67][68][69][70]}

On March 16, 2004, Obama won the Democratic primary by an unexpected landslide—receiving 53% of the vote, 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival, with a vote total that nearly equaled that of all eight Republican candidates combined—which overnight made him a rising star in the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.^[71][72][73] The Democratic primary election, including seven candidates who combined to spend over $46 million, was the most expensive U.S. Senate primary election in history.

Democratic Primary, United States Senate, March 16, 2004

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Barack Obama	655,923	52.8
	Democratic	Daniel W. Hynes	294,717	23.7
	Democratic	Blair Hull	134,453	10.8
	Democratic	Maria Pappas	74,987	6.0
	Democratic	Gery Chico	53,433	4.3
	Democratic	Nancy Skinner	16,098	1.3
	Democratic	Joyce Washington	13,375	1.1
	Democratic	Estella Johnson-Hunt (write-in)	10	0.0
Majority			361,206	29.4
Turnout			1,242,996

GOP frontrunner Jack Ryan had divorced actress Jeri Ryan in 1999, and the records of the divorce were sealed at their mutual request. Five years later, when Ryan's Senate campaign began, the Chicago Tribune newspaper and WLS-TV, the local ABC affiliate, sought to have the records released. On March 3, 2004, several of Ryan's GOP primary opponents urged Ryan to release the records.^[74] Both Ryan and his wife agreed to make their divorce records public, but not make the child custody records public, claiming that the custody records could be harmful to their son if released. Ryan went on to win the GOP primary on March 16, 2004, defeating his nearest competitor, Jim Oberweis, by twelve percentage points.^[75]

Ryan was a proponent of across-the-board tax cuts and tort reform, an effort to limit payout in medical malpractice lawsuits. He was also a proponent of school choice and supported vouchers for private school students.

Oberweis's 2004 campaign was notable for a television commercial where he flew in a helicopter over Chicago's Soldier Field, and claimed enough illegal immigrants came into America in a week (10,000 a day) to fill the stadium's 61,500 seats.^[76][77] Oberweis was also fined $21,000 by the Federal Election Commission for a commercial for his dairy that ran during his 2004 Senate campaign. The FEC ruled that the commercial wrongly benefited his campaign and constituted a corporate contribution, thus violating campaign law.^[78]

Republican Primary, March 16, 2004

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Jack Ryan	234,791	35.5
	Republican	Jim Oberweis	155,794	23.5
	Republican	Steven J. Rauschenberger	132,655	20.0
	Republican	Andrew McKenna	97,238	14.7
	Republican	Jonathan C. Wright	17,189	2.6
	Republican	John Borling	13,390	2.0
	Republican	Norm Hill	5,637	0.9
	Republican	Chirinjeev Kathuria	5,110	0.8
Majority			78,997	11.9
Turnout			661,804

As a result of the GOP and Democratic primaries, Democrat Barack Obama was pitted against Republican Jack Ryan.

Ryan trailed Obama in early polls, after the media reported that Ryan had assigned Justin Warfel, a Ryan campaign worker, to track Obama's appearances.^[79] The tactic backfired when many people, including Ryan's supporters, criticized this activity. Ryan's spokesman apologized, and promised that Warfel would give Obama more space. Obama acknowledged that it is standard practice to film an opponent in public, and Obama said he was satisfied with Ryan's decision to have Warfel back off.^[79]

As the campaign progressed, the lawsuit brought by the Chicago Tribune to open child custody files from Ryan's divorce was still continuing. Barack Obama's backers emailed reporters about the divorce controversy, but refrained from on-the-record commentary.^[80] On March 29, 2004, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Robert Schnider ruled that several of the Ryans' divorce records should be opened to the public, and ruled that a court-appointed referee would later decide which custody files should remain sealed to protect the interests of Ryan's young child.^[81] A few days later, on April 2, 2004, Barack Obama changed his position about the Ryans' soon-to-be-released divorce records, and called on Democrats to not inject them into the campaign.^[80]

On June 22, 2004, after receiving the report from the court appointed referee, the judge released the files that were deemed consistent with the interests of Ryan's young child. In those files, Jeri Ryan alleged that Jack Ryan had taken her to sex clubs in several cities, intending for them to have sex in public.^[82][83]

The decision to release the files generated much controversy because it went against both parents' direct request, and because it reversed the earlier decision to seal the papers in the best interest of the child. Jim Oberweis, Ryan's defeated GOP opponent, commented that "these are allegations made in a divorce hearing, and we all know people tend to say things that aren't necessarily true in divorce proceedings when there is money involved and custody of children involved."^[82]

Although their sensational nature made the revelations fodder for tabloid and television programs specializing in such stories, the files were also newsworthy because of questions about whether Ryan had accurately described the documents to GOP party leaders. Prior to release of the documents, Ryan had told leading Republicans that five percent of the divorce file could cause problems for his campaign.^[84] But after the documents were released, GOP officials including state GOP Chair Judy Baar Topinka said they felt Ryan had misleadingly indicated the divorce records would not be embarrassing.^[85]

That charge of dishonesty led to intensifying calls for Ryan's withdrawal, though Topinka, who was considering running herself, said after the June 25 withdrawal that Ryan's "decision was a personal one" and that the state GOP had not pressured Ryan to drop out.^[86] Ryan's campaign ended less than a week after the custody records were opened, and Ryan officially filed the documentation to withdraw on July 29, 2004. Obama was left without an opponent.

The Illinois Republican State Central Committee chose former diplomat Alan Keyes to replace Ryan as the Republican candidate. Keyes, a conservative Republican from Maryland, faced an uphill battle. First, Keyes had few ties to Illinois political leaders. Second, the lack of an opponent allowed Obama to campaign throughout the more conservative downstate regions to build up name recognition. Third, Keyes was seen as a carpetbagger, only establishing legal residency in Calumet City, Illinois days before running.

The Chicago Tribune in an editorial, stated that "Mr. Keyes may have noticed a large body of water as he flew into O'Hare. That is called Lake Michigan."^[87] In 2000, Keyes attacked Hillary Clinton for running for US Senator from New York even though she had never lived there, calling her a carpetbagger.^[88] Keyes attacked Barack Obama for voting against a bill that would have outlawed a form of late-term abortion.^[89]

Obama ran the most successful Senate campaign in 2004, and was so far ahead in polls that he soon began to campaign outside of Illinois in support of other Democratic candidates. He gave large sums of campaign funds to other candidates and the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee and sent many of his volunteers to work on other races, including that of eventual three-term Congresswoman Melissa Bean who defeated then-Congressman Phil Crane in that year's election. Obama and Keyes differed on many issues including school vouchers and tax cuts, both of which Keyes supported and Obama opposed.^[90]

Illinois general election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Barack Obama	3,597,456	70.0	+22.6%
	Republican	Alan Keyes	1,390,690	27.0	−23.3%
	Independent	Al Franzen	81,164	1.6
	Libertarian	Jerry Kohn	69,253	1.3
	Write-ins		2,957	0.1
Majority			2,206,766	43.0	+40.1%
Turnout			5,350,493	71.3

The Obama-Keyes race was one of the first to be called on Election Day, November 2, 2004.

At the start of Keyes's candidacy in August, Keyes had 24% support in the polls. He received 27% of the vote in the November general election to Obama's 70%.^[91]

Following the election, Keyes refused to call Obama to congratulate him. Media reports claimed that Keyes also failed to concede the race to Obama.^{[citation needed]} Two days after the election, a Two days after the electionradio interviewer asked Keyes whether he had conceded the race. Keyes replied, "Of course I've conceded the race. I mean, I gave my speech to that effect."^[92]

On the radio program, Keyes explained that his refusal to congratulate Obama was "not anything personal," but was meant to make a statement against "extend[ing] false congratulations to the triumph of what we have declared to be across the line." He said that Obama's position on moral issues regarding life and the family had crossed that line. "I'm supposed to make a call that represents the congratulations toward the triumph of that which I believe ultimately stands for ... a culture evil enough to destroy the very soul and heart of my country? I can't do this. And I will not make a false gesture," Keyes said.^[92]

Indiana Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Evan Bayh Marvin Scott Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,496,976 903,913 Percentage 61.7% 37.2%

County results Bayh:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Scott:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Evan Bayh Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Evan Bayh Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Evan Bayh won re-election to a second term, beating Republican Marvin Scott, a professor at Butler University.

In September, Bayh had $6.5 million cash on hand. Scott's strategy of trying to paint Bayh as too liberal failed to gain traction. Bayh was viewed early in 2004 as a serious vice presidential candidate for John Kerry. Bayh was on the final shortlist for a Kerry running mate, but North Carolina Senator John Edwards was chosen as Kerry's running mate.

Bayh won 86 of Indiana's counties compared to 6 for Scott.^[93]

Indiana general election^[94]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Evan Bayh (incumbent)	1,496,976	61.7
	Republican	Marvin Scott	903,913	37.2
	Libertarian	Albert Barger	27,344	1.1
Majority			593,063
Turnout			2,428,233	58.0

Iowa Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Chuck Grassley Arthur A. Small Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,038,175 412,365 Percentage 70.2% 27.9%

County results Grassley:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90%      >90%

U.S. senator before election Chuck Grassley Republican Elected U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley Republican

Incumbent Republican Chuck Grassley won a fifth term, beating former Democratic Iowa State Senator Arthur A. Small. Though this election coincided with the highly competitive presidential election in Iowa, Grassley was in little danger of losing his seat and defeated Small handily.

Democratic primary^[95]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Arthur A. Small	52,318	99.25
	Democratic	Write-ins	398	0.75
Total votes			52,716	100.00

Republican primary^[95]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Chuck Grassley (Incumbent)	78,819	99.72
	Republican	Write-ins	218	0.28
Total votes			79,037	100.00%

Iowa general election^[9]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Chuck Grassley (Incumbent)	1,038,175	70.18	+1.77%
	Democratic	Arthur A. Small	412,365	27.88	−2.62%
	Libertarian	Christy Ann Welty	15,218	1.03
	Green	Daryl A. Northrop	11,121	0.75
	Socialist Workers	Edwin Fruit	1,874	0.13	−0.14%
	Write-ins		475	0.03
Majority			625,810	42.31	+4.39%
Turnout			1,479,228

Kansas Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Sam Brownback Lee Jones Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 780,863 310,337 Percentage 69.2% 27.5%

County results Brownback:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Jones:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Sam Brownback Republican Elected U.S. Senator Sam Brownback Republican

Incumbent Republican Sam Brownback won re-election to a second term over Democratic railroad engineer Lee Jones.

Democratic primary^[96]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Robert A. Conroy	61,052	55.92
	Democratic	Lee Jones	48,133	44.08
Total votes			109,185	100.00

Though Robert Conroy won the Democratic nomination, he dropped out of the race shortly after becoming the nominee, noting that he expected Jones to win and was tired of campaigning. The Kansas Democratic Party selected Lee Jones as the replacement candidate.^[97]

Republican primary^[96]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Sam Brownback (Incumbent)	286,839	86.99
	Republican	Arch Naramore	42,880	13.01
Total votes			329,719	100.00

Brownback raised $2.5 million for his re-election campaign, while Jones raised only $90,000. Kansas last elected a Democratic senator in 1932. Brownback was very popular in the state.^[98]

Kansas general election^[99]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Sam Brownback (Incumbent)	780,863	69.16	+3.90%
	Democratic	Lee Jones	310,337	27.49	−4.10%
	Libertarian	Steven A. Rosile	21,842	1.93	+0.35%
	Reform	George Cook	15,980	1.42	−0.14%
Majority			470,526	41.68	+8.00%
Turnout			1,129,022

Kentucky Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Jim Bunning Daniel Mongiardo Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 873,507 850,855 Percentage 50.7% 49.3%

County results Bunning:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Mongiardo:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election Jim Bunning Republican Elected U.S. Senator Jim Bunning Republican

Incumbent Republican Jim Bunning won re-election to a second term. Democratic primary front runner Paul E. Patton, the governor, saw his career implode in a scandal over an extramarital affair. Eventually, the Democrats settled on Daniel Mongiardo, a relatively unknown doctor and state senator from Hazard, Kentucky.^[100]

Democratic primary^[101]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Daniel Mongiardo	142,162	64.92
	Democratic	David L. Williams	76,807	35.08
Total votes			218,969	100.00

Republican primary^[101]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Jim Bunning (incumbent)	96,545	84.00
	Republican	Barry Metcalf	18,395	16.00
Total votes			114,940	100.00

During his re-election bid in 2004, controversy erupted when Bunning described Mongiardo as looking "like one of Saddam Hussein's sons." Bunning apologized, then later went on to declare that Mongiardo's "thugs" had assaulted his wife.^[102][103]

Bunning had an estimated $4 million campaign war chest, while Mongiardo had only $600,000. The Democrats began increasing financial support to Mongiardo when it became apparent that Bunning's bizarre behavior was costing him votes, purchasing more than $800,000 worth of additional television airtime on his behalf.

The November 2 election was one of the closest in Kentucky history. The race turned out to be very close, with Mongiardo leading with as many as 80% of the returns coming in. However, Bunning eventually won by just over one percentage point. Some analysts felt that because of President George Bush's 20% margin of victory in the state, Bunning was able to effectively ride the President's coattails to victory.

Kentucky general election^[104]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Jim Bunning (incumbent)	873,507	50.66	+0.91%
	Democratic	Daniel Mongiardo	850,855	49.34	+0.18%
Turnout			1,724,362

Louisiana Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee David Vitter Chris John Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 943,014 542,150 Percentage 51.0% 29.3%   Nominee John Neely Kennedy Party Democratic Popular vote 275,821 Percentage 14.9%

Parish results Vitter:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% John:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election John Breaux Democratic Elected U.S. Senator David Vitter Republican

Incumbent Democrat John Breaux retired. Republican U.S. Representative David Vitter won the jungle primary over Democratic U.S. Representative Chris John with 51% of the vote and avoided a runoff.

Breaux endorsed Chris John prior to the jungle primary.^[105]

During the campaign, Vitter was accused by a member of the Louisiana Republican State Central Committee of having had a lengthy affair with a prostitute in New Orleans. Vitter responded that the allegation was "absolutely and completely untrue" and that it was "just crass Louisiana politics." The allegation later turned out to be true.^[106]

Vitter won the Louisiana jungle primary with 51% of the vote, avoiding the need for a runoff. John received 29.2% of the vote and Kennedy (no relation to the Massachusetts Kennedys), took 14.9%.

Vitter won at least a plurality in 56 of Louisiana's 64 parishes. John carried nine parishes, all but two of which (Iberville and Orleans) are part of the House district he represented.

Kennedy changed parties and ran as Republican in 2008 against Louisiana's senior senator, Democrat Mary Landrieu. Landrieu was re-elected. Kennedy succeeded Vitter when he won the 2016 election for the seat over Democrat Foster Campbell.

Vitter was the first Republican in Louisiana to be popularly elected as a U.S. Senator. The previous Republican Senator, William Pitt Kellogg, was chosen by the state legislature in 1876, in accordance with the process used before the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect in 1914.^[107]

2004 Louisiana United States Senate election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	David Vitter	943,014	51.03
	Democratic	Chris John	542,150	29.34
	Democratic	John Neely Kennedy	275,821	14.92
	Democratic	Arthur A. Morrell	47,222	2.56
	Independent	Richard M. Fontanesi	15,097	0.82
	Independent	R. A. "Skip" Galan	12,463	0.67
	Democratic	Sam Houston Melton, Jr.	12,289	0.66
Majority			400,864	21.69
Turnout			1,848,056

Maryland Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Barbara Mikulski E. J. Pipkin Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,504,691 783,055 Percentage 64.8% 33.7%

County results Mikulski:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Pipkin:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Barbara Mikulski Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Barbara Mikulski won re-election to a fourth term over Republican State Senator E. J. Pipkin.

Democratic primary^[108]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Barbara A. Mikulski (Incumbent)	408,848	89.88
	Democratic	A. Robert Kaufman	32,127	7.06
	Democratic	Sid Altman	13,901	3.06
Total votes			454,876	100.00

Republican primary^[108]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	E. J. Pipkin	70,229	50.58
	Republican	John Stafford	14,661	10.56
	Republican	Eileen Martin	11,748	8.46
	Republican	Dorothy Curry Jennings	10,401	7.49
	Republican	Earl S. Gordon	8,233	5.93
	Republican	Gene Zarwell	6,865	4.94
	Republican	Ray Bly	6,244	4.50
	Republican	James A. Kodak	5,328	3.84
	Republican	Corrogan R. Vaughn	5,146	3.71
Total votes			138,855	100.00

Maryland general election^[109]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic	Barbara A. Mikulski (Incumbent)	1,504,691	64.80	−5.70%
	Republican	E. J. Pipkin	783,055	33.72	+4.23%
	Green	Maria Allwine	24,816	1.07
	Constitution	Thomas Trump	9,009	0.39
	Write-ins		360	0.02
Majority			721,636	31.08	−9.93%
Total votes			2,321,931	100.00

Missouri Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Kit Bond Nancy Farmer Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,518,089 1,158,261 Percentage 56.1% 42.8%

County results Bond:      50-60%      60-70%      70-80%      80-90% Farmer:      50–60%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Kit Bond Republican Elected U.S. Senator Kit Bond Republican

Incumbent Republican Kit Bond won re-election to a fourth term over Nancy Farmer, State Treasurer of Missouri and former Missouri State Representative.^[110]

Democratic primary^[111]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Nancy Farmer	544,830	73.68
	Democratic	Charles Berry	143,229	19.37
	Democratic	Ronald Bonar	51,375	6.95
Total votes			739,434	100.00

Libertarian primary^[111]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Libertarian	Kevin Tull	3,916	100.00
Total votes			3,916	100.00

Republican primary^[111]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Kit Bond (Incumbent)	541,998	88.08
	Republican	Mike Steger	73,354	11.92
Total votes			615,352	100.00

Missouri general election^[112]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Kit Bond (Incumbent)	1,518,089	56.09	+3.42%
	Democratic	Nancy Farmer	1,158,261	42.80	−0.97%
	Libertarian	Kevin Tull	19,648	0.73	−1.30%
	Constitution	Don Griffin	10,404	0.38
Majority			359,828	13.30	+4.39%
Turnout			2,706,402

Nevada Election

← 1998 2010 →

Nominee Harry Reid Richard Ziser Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 494,805 284,640 Percentage 61.0% 35.1%

County results Reid:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Ziser:      40–50%      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Harry Reid Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Harry Reid Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Harry Reid, the Senate Minority Whip, won re-election to a fourth term over Republican anti-gay marriage activist Richard Ziser.

Republican primary^[113]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Ziser	40,533	33.50
	Republican	Kenneth A. Wegner	21,406	17.69