Ukraine–United Kingdom relations

British–Ukrainian relations
Map indicating locations of Ukraine and United Kingdom

Ukraine
United Kingdom
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Ukraine, LondonEmbassy of the United Kingdom, Kyiv

Relations between Ukraine and the United Kingdom have existed in one form or another since Ukrainian independence in 1991. The two countries have ties across political, military, social and economic spheres. The UK hosts up to 200,000 Ukrainian refugees giving it the sixth largest Ukrainian migrant population in Europe.[1]

Since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War, and especially following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, relations have been extremely close as the UK has provided large amounts of military, humanitarian, financial and intelligence aid to Ukraine.[2] Ukraine and the UK, along with Poland agreed to form a trilateral security pact in early 2022. During a visit to Ukraine in April, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson met Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and suggested the formation of a "European commonwealth". The proposed association would be an economic and political union that included Ukraine, Lithuania, Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Turkey.[3]

Country comparison

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Ukraine Ukraine United Kingdom United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Population 43,733,762 67,081,000[4]
Area 603,500 km2 (233,013 sq mi) 243,610 km2 (94,060 sq mi)
Population Density 72.5/km2 (187.7/sq mi) 278.7/km2 (721.7/sq mi)
Capital Kyiv London
Largest City Kyiv – 2,847,200 (3,275,000 Metro) London – 8,174,100 (14,372,596 Metro)[5]
Government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Current leader President Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal 		King Charles III
Prime Minister Keir Starmer
Official language Ukrainian (de facto and de jure) English (de facto)
Main religions 87.4% Christianity, 11% Unaffiliated, 0.4% Judaism, 0.1% Buddhism,
0.1% Hinduism, 0.1% Paganism, 0.1% Other (2018) 		59.4% Christianity, 25.7% Non-Religious, 7.8% Unstated, 4.4% Islam,
1.3% Hinduism, 0.7% Sikhism, 0.4% Judaism, 0.4% Buddhism (2011 Census)
Ethnic groups 77.8% Ukrainians, 17.3% Russians, 0.6% Belarusians, 0.5% Moldovans, 0.5% Crimean Tatars,
0.4% Bulgarians, 0.3% Hungarians, 0.3% Romanians, 0.3% Poles, 1.7% Others/Unspecified (2001 Census) 		87% White (81.9% White British), 7% Asian, 3% Black, 2% Mixed Race, 1% Others (2011 Census)
GDP (per capita) $4,862 (2021) $47,318 (2021)
GDP (PPP per capita) $14,326 (2021) $55,862 (2021)
GDP (nominal) $199.7 billion (2021) $3,198.5 billion (2021)

History

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After World War II, work-permit schemes issued under the Attlee government (in office: 1945–1951) recruited Ukrainians to work in the mills of Lancashire and in the greenhouses of the Lea Valley (Middlesex/Essex). Large numbers of Ukrainians (mainly displaced persons from camps in Germany) arrived in the UK. Ukrainians were integrated into the UK as European Voluntary Workers, while Ukrainian POWs from the Polish and German armies were also demobilized and settled in the major cities of the UK.

Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher visited Ukraine in June 1990 when it was part of the Soviet Union.

Ukrainian independence

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After the division of the country into republics and regions, and later in 1991 after the collapse of the country (USSR) into several countries and their independence the UK recognized the independence of Ukraine on 31 December 1991. After Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union in August 1991, diplomatic relations between Ukraine and the United Kingdom were established on 10 January 1992. Ukraine opened an Embassy in London in October 1992 and a Consulate General in Edinburgh in February 2002. The UK Consulate-General in Kyiv opened in November 1991 and became the Embassy in January 1992.[6]

Until 2005, the Presidents of Ukraine twice paid visits to the UK − in February 1993 and December 1995. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom visited Ukraine in April 1996. The intensity of bilateral contacts at all levels boosted during 2008–2009. In particular, the President of Ukraine Victor Yuschenko visited the UK three times: in May, October 2008 and January 2009. As the result of the visit in May 2008, the Joint Statement that officially declared the strategic nature of Ukrainian-British relations was issued.[6]

Since the establishment of bilateral relations in Ukrainian-British communication, a dispute over nuclear weapons has emerged as the cornerstone. Britain, as one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council and a member of the nuclear club, was extremely sensitive to Ukraine inheriting from the USSR the third-largest nuclear arsenal in the world, far exceeding Britain's arsenal. Thus the UK was one of three main initiators for signing the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances and one of three main security guarantors of the countries that agreed to get rid of the nuclear arsenal, in particular, Ukraine. The document refers to three identical political agreements signed at the OSCE conference in Budapest, Hungary on 5 December 1994, providing security assurances by its signatories relating to the accession of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The memorandum was originally signed by three nuclear powers, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. China and France gave somewhat weaker individual assurances in separate documents.[7]

Following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014, the UK,[8] along with other countries,[9] stated that Russian involvement was a breach of its obligations to Ukraine under the Budapest Memorandum, a Memorandum deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations under the signature of Sergei Lavrov, amongst others,[10] and in violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Relations between the United Kingdom and Ukraine are currently very close,[11] there are regular bilateral visits between the countries and political dialogue covers the full range of international issues.[11]

Since the beginning of the Ukrainian revolution and Pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, the United Kingdom has actively supported Ukraine and publicly condemned Russian actions. The UK supports Ukraine in becoming a member of the EU and NATO.[11][12] In this context London has implemented a series of sanctions and restrictive measures both in unilateral and multilateral formats.

Since the beginning of 2014 the following meetings have taken place: the meeting between Prime Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatseniuk and British Foreign Secretary William Hague during the FS visit to Ukraine (3 March), Prime Minister Arseniy Yatseniuk's meeting with UK Prime Minister David Cameron on the sidelines of the EU Summit in Brussels (6 March); meeting between the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko with the UK Prime Minister David Cameron during the commemorations of 70th anniversary of the Normandy landings, as well as a number of meetings at the level of foreign ministers of the two countries (3 March, 7 May, 23 June).[6]

On 12 February 2015, the second Minsk Protocol were signed. These are their proper names, but they consist of two documents: "The Package of measures for the implementation of the Minsk Agreements" and "The Declaration in Support of the Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Protocol, adopted on February 12, 2015" to prevent an armed conflict inside Ukraine between military personnel subordinate to the central government and citizens of the eastern part of Ukraine: Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic.[13]

In November 2021, the UK and Ukraine signed a deal for the UK to enhance Ukraine's naval capabilities with new mine countermeasure vessels, missile boats, frigates and other naval equipment in response to a buildup of Russian forces on the Ukrainian border.[14]

Military cooperation and NATO

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The United Kingdom and Ukraine are both part of increased military cooperation and training programs as part of a long-term NATO exercise.[15] In June 2020, NATO formally recognised Ukraine as an Enhanced Opportunities Partner, a status given to countries that have made significant contributions to NATO-led operations and missions.[16][17] British Defence Secretary Ben Wallace welcomed the decision and praised current ongoing military training programs between both countries.[18]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

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Main article: Russian invasion of Ukraine
UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak greets Volodymyr Zelenskyy at Stansted Airport.

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the UK provided Ukraine substantial support in the form of defensive military aid (including around 2,000 NLAW anti-tank missile systems), humanitarian aid and retaliatory economic sanctions against Russia. Prior to this, it had trained around 22,000 Ukrainians as part of Operation Orbital. The Royal Air Force also flew surveillance aircraft to collect intelligence on Russian ground movements.[19]

On 18 March 2022, Ukrainian respondents voted the UK the third most-supportive country to Ukraine after Poland and Lithuania in a poll carried out by Rating Group.[20]

In response to the Russian military build-up proceeding the invasion, on 17 February 2022, the UK, Poland and Ukraine agreed a British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact to strengthen strategic cooperation between the three countries.[21] In a poll published by Rating Group, Ukrainian respondents voted in favour of closer ties to Poland and the UK as opposed to NATO membership.[20]

Ukrainian Defence Minister Oleksii Reznikov praised the UK’s efforts to support Ukraine during an official visit to the UK on 20 March 2022. He stated: "We greatly appreciate that this year, Britain was the first to provide us with serious weapons that have increased our defence capabilities. Your role is special, and your courage and your spirit are in stark contrast with the passivity of some other countries."[22] In April that year, a road in Ukraine near Odesa was renamed by the council to 'Boris Johnson Street' (вулиця Бориса Джонсона) in honour of the UK Prime Minister's leadership in opposing the invasion.[23][24]

On 7 May 2022, Britain announced that it would contribute another 1.3 billion pounds ($1.60 billion) in military and humanitarian aid to Ukraine, ahead of a planned video conversation between Group of Seven leaders and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy.[25] Later in May Defence Secretary Ben Wallace said the Ministry of Defence and military attachés at British embassies were searching for Soviet and Russian manufactured defence equipment to buy and supply to Ukraine.[26]

On 9 July 2022, the UK began leading a multinational training programme for Ukrainian forces within the UK, under Operation Interflex.[27]

In September 2022 at the 77th UN General Debate, Prime Minister Liz Truss pledged that "we will sustain or increase our military support to Ukraine for as long as it takes",[28] wearing a half-and-half flag pin of the Union Jack and that of Ukraine. This point was also expressed by the leader of NATO[29] and the G7 collectively[30]—both groups the UK is a part of—as well as British Foreign Secretary James Cleverly, adding that "when Ukraine has won this war then we will support them as they rebuild their homes, their economy, and their society."[31][32]

In December 2022, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff Lieutenant General Robert Magowan wrote that Royal Marines had supported "discreet operations" in a "hugely sensitive environment" in Ukraine, with a "high level of political and military risk". This included 350 marines from 45 Commando supporting diplomats from the British embassy and a small number of military personnel deployed in Ukraine to provide weapons and training.[33][34] The Spectator had earlier reported that it had been "widely reported that British special forces were in Ukraine training local troops".[35][36]

The UK was the first Western nation to pledge main battle tanks to Ukraine and the first to send long range missiles.[37][38] In February 2023, British foreign secretary said in a tweet that “The UK and Ukraine are the closest of friends”.[39]

In research published by the Munich Security Conference, Ukrainian respondents voted the UK the best performing country in response to the Russian invasion, ahead of the US, Canada and the EU.[40]

On 12 January 2024, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak signed the U.K.-Ukraine Agreement on Security Cooperation with President Zelenskyy and pledged a further £2.5 billion in aid to the Ukrainian government, including artillery and long-range missiles, in a move widely seen as an attempt to reaffirm Britain's support for Ukraine in the face of waning international support.[41]

As of March 2024, the UK has pledged almost £12 billion of support to Ukraine, of which £7.1 billion is for military assistance. In each of the financial years 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 £2.3 billion was provided and £2.5 billion is planned for 2024/2025. Contributions of £500 million have also been made to the International Fund for Ukraine, and some UK military equipment supplies are funded by this fund. In addition some equipment was donated from UK defence stocks.[42]

Economic relations

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The United Kingdom is a major trade partner of Ukraine, it is the fifth-largest investor in Ukraine.[43]

Trade Agreements

Following Brexit, Ukraine and the United Kingdom signed a continuity (based on the EU-Ukraine trade deal) free trade agreement on 8 October 2020, which entered into force on 1 January 2021.[44][45] Trade between the two countries was worth £1.4 billion in 2022.[46]

Ukraine and the UK signed a digital trade agreement on 20 March 2023, this agreement will expand upon the existing FTA to cover digital trade between the two countries.[47][48] The DTA entered into force on 1 September 2024.[49]

On 8 February 2024, Ukraine and the UK extended tariff-free trade on majority of goods for an additional five years.[50][51]

Cultural relations

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The 2001 Census recorded 11,913 people born in Ukraine resident in the United Kingdom.[52] A large number of Ukrainians living in Britain are Ukrainian Catholics, under the jurisdiction of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London, whilst many other Ukrainian Britons are Jews.

Ukraine won the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 but due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it was unable to take on hosting the next contest. The United Kingdom, which came second, hosted the contest on their behalf. The BBC announced that it will work closely with Ukrainian broadcaster UA:PBC to implement Ukrainian elements and culture into the show. The host city of Liverpool is a twin city of Odesa.[53][54]

Resident diplomatic missions

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  • Embassy of Ukraine in London
    Embassy of Ukraine in London
  • Consulate-General of Ukraine in London
    Consulate-General of Ukraine in London
  • Embassy of the United Kingdom in Kyiv
    Embassy of the United Kingdom in Kyiv

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)". UNHCR. 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Britain is 'Ukraine's best friend' as Boris Johnson praised for visit to Kyiv". 11 April 2022.
  3. ^ Armellini, Alvise (27 May 2022). "UK wants to include Ukraine in 'European Commonwealth': Report". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  4. ^ "UK Population Estimates ( June 2021) - Office of National Statistics".
  5. ^ "Metropolitan Area Populations". Eurostat. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  6. ^ a b c "Political issues between Ukraine and Great Britain". Embassy of Ukraine to the United Kingdom. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  7. ^ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document'". The Day. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  8. ^ Stevenson, Chris; Williams, Oscar (1 March 2014). "Ukraine crisis: David Cameron joins Angela Merkel in expressing anxiety and warns that 'the world is watching'". The Independent.
  9. ^ Fisher, Matthew (24 March 2014). "Russia suspended from G8 over annexation of Crimea, Group of Seven nations says". National Post. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  10. ^ "Letter dated 94/12/07 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General" (PDF). United Nations. 19 December 1994. hdl:11176/44537. A/49/765; S/1994/1399. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  11. ^ a b c Political relations
  12. ^ Joint Statement by Prime Minister Gordon Brown and President Victor Yushchenko
  13. ^ "Ukraine's self-proclaimed republics' leaders say Minsk agreements do not work". TASS. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  14. ^ "Ukraine to benefit from new hardware in UK defence deal". BFBS. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  15. ^ "Operation Orbital: The British Troops Training Ukraine in Trench Warfare". 30 November 2018.
  16. ^ "NATO recognises Ukraine as Enhanced Opportunities Partner".
  17. ^ "NATO designates Ukraine as Enhanced Opportunities Partner | KyivPost - Ukraine's Global Voice". 12 June 2020.
  18. ^ "Defence Secretary welcomes Ukraine receiving NATO Enhanced Opportunity Partner status". GOV.UK.
  19. ^ "Who has given what to help Ukraine?". UK Defence Journal. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  20. ^ a b "П'ЯТЕ ЗАГАЛЬНОНАЦІОНАЛЬНЕ ОПИТУВАННЯ: УКРАЇНА В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ (18 БЕРЕЗНЯ 2022)". РЕЙТИНГ (in Ukrainian). 18 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  21. ^ "United Kingdom, Poland and Ukraine foreign ministers' joint statement, February 2022". GOV.UK. 17 February 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  22. ^ "Ukraine accuses Russia of state terrorism". BBC News. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  23. ^ Neilan, Catherine. "'He is the best': Ukrainians praise Boris Johnson as town names street after 'hero' British prime minister". Business Insider. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  24. ^ "Ukrainian town names street after 'hero' Boris Johnson". The Independent. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  25. ^ "UK to provide 1.3 billion pounds of further military support to Ukraine". Reuters. Reuters. Reuters. 7 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  26. ^ McBride, Courtney (11 May 2022). "U.K. Is Shopping for Old Soviet Military Gear to Give Ukraine". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  27. ^ Gallardo, Cristina; Caulcutt, Clea (16 September 2022). "Ukraine's military recruits need training. Only one of Europe's giants is pulling its weight". Politico. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  28. ^ Liz Truss (21 September 2022). 🇬🇧 United Kingdom - Prime Minister Addresses UN General Debate, 77th Session (English) (video). New York, New York, USA: United Nations – via YouTube.
  29. ^ "Stoltenberg: NATO will support Ukraine for as long as it takes". The Kyiv Independent. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  30. ^ von der Burchard, Hans (27 June 2022). "G7 leaders vow to support Ukraine for 'as long as it takes'". Politico Europe. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  31. ^ Holden, Michael (3 October 2022). "UK will support Ukraine until war is won, foreign minister to say". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  32. ^ "James Cleverly – 2022 Speech to Conservative Party Conference". UKPOL.CO.UK. 4 October 2022. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  33. ^ Grylls, George (14 December 2022). "Royal Marines deployed on 'high-risk covert operations' in Ukraine". The Times. London. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  34. ^ Beecher, Jay (14 December 2022). "Senior British General: Royal Marines Deployed in "Covert Operations" in Ukraine". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  35. ^ Mortimer, Gavin (12 August 2022). "Did the SAS inspire Ukraine's Crimea raid?". The Spectator. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  36. ^ Philp, Catherine (15 April 2022). "British special forces 'are training local troops in Ukraine'". The Times. London. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  37. ^ "UK confirms supply of Storm Shadow long-range missiles in Ukraine". BBC News. 11 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  38. ^ "Ukraine and Britain Can Give Each Other Wings". The Washington Post. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  39. ^ "James Cleverly on X". x.com. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  40. ^ "Spotlight Ukraine - Munich Security Index". Munich Security Conference. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  41. ^ "Rishi Sunak unveils £2.5bn of support to Ukraine ahead of surprise visit". Sky News. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  42. ^ Mills, Claire (27 March 2024). "Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion" (PDF). House of Commons Library. UK Parliament. pp. 7, 57–60. CBP-9477. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  43. ^ "Country Profile: Ukraine".
  44. ^ "UK and Ukraine sign Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement". GOV.UK. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  45. ^ "Britain, Ukraine Sign 'Strategic Partnership Agreement'". Voice of America. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  46. ^ "UK trade agreements in effect". GOV.UK. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  47. ^ "UK signs historic trade deal with Ukraine as part of enhanced support". GOV.UK. 20 March 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  48. ^ "UK strikes digital trade deal with Ukraine". BBC News. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  49. ^ "UK-Ukraine Digital Trade Agreement". GOV.UK. 30 November 2022. Archived from the original on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  50. ^ "UK extends tariff-free trade with Ukraine until 2029". GOV.UK. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  51. ^ "Britain extends tariff-free trade with Ukraine for another five years". The Independent. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  52. ^ "Country-of-birth database". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
  53. ^ "United Kingdom to host Eurovision Song Contest 2023".
  54. ^ "Liverpool will host Eurovision 2023".
  55. ^ "Homepage | Embassy of Ukraine to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".
  56. ^ "British Embassy Kyiv - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk.
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