Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

Voiced alveolar plosive
d
IPA number104
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d
Unicode (hex)U+0064
X-SAMPAd
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
Voiced dental plosive
d̪
IPA number104 408
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d​̪
Unicode (hex)U+0064 U+032A
X-SAMPAd_d
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)

The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops, among them Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects.

Features

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Features of the voiced alveolar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • There are three specific variants of [d]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

[edit]
IPA Description
d plain d
d̪ dental d
d̠ postalveolar d
dʱ breathy d
dʲ palatalized d
dʷ labialized d
d̚ d with no audible release
d̥ voiceless d
d͈ tense d

Occurrence

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Dental or denti-alveolar

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Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian derë [dɛːɾ] 'door'
Arabic Egyptian دنيا / donya [ˈdonjæ] 'world' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[1] դեմք / demk' [d̪ɛmkʰ]ⓘ 'face' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Western տալ / dal [d̪ɑl] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkir дүрт / dürt [dʏʷrt]ⓘ 'four'
Basque diru [d̪iɾu] 'money' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[2] падарожжа/padarožža [päd̪äˈroʐːä] 'travel' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali দুধ/dūdh [d̪ud̪ʱ] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3] drac [ˈd̪ɾɑk] 'dragon' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Dinka[4] dhek [d̪ek] 'distinct' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dhivehi ދެރަ/Dhera [d̪eɾa] 'sad' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Dutch Belgian ding [d̪ɪŋ] 'thing' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English Dublin[5] then [d̪ɛn] 'then' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be [d͡ð].[5] See English phonology
Southern Irish[6]
Geordie[7] Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7]
Ulster[8] dream [d̪ɹim] 'dream' Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperanto mondo [ˈmondo] 'world' See Esperanto phonology.
French[9] dais [d̪ɛ] 'canopy' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian[10] კუდი [ˈkʼud̪i] 'tail' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology
Hindustani[11] Hindi दूध / dūdh [d̪uːd̪ʱ] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Urdu دودھ / dūdh Contrasts with aspirated form <دھ>.
Irish dorcha [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] 'dark' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian[12] dare [ˈd̪äːre] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese[13] 男性的 / danseiteki [d̪ä̃ɰ̃se̞ːt̪e̞kʲi] 'masculine' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian[14] [example needed] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakh дос [d̪os̪] 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[15] дос [d̪os̪] 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[16] drudzis [ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪] 'fever' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi दगड/dagaḍ [d̪əɡəɖ] 'stone' Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Nepali दिन/din [d̪in] 'daytime' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology
Odia ଦଶ/daśa [d̪ɔsɔ] 'ten' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashto ﺪﻮﻩ/dwa [ˈd̪wɑ] 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[17] dom [d̪ɔm]ⓘ 'home' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[18] Many dialects dar [ˈd̪aɾ] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਦਾਲ/dāl [d̪ɑːl] 'lentils' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Shahmukhi دال/dāl
Russian[19] два/dva [ˈd̪va] 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic Uist and Barra leantail [ˈʎɛnd̪al] 'following' Allophone of [t̪] after nasals. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[20] дуга / duga [d̪ǔːgä] 'rainbow' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhala දවස [d̪aʋəsə] 'day'
Slovene[21] danes [ˈd̪àːnə́s̪] 'today' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Spanish[22] hundido [ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞] 'sunken' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Telugu దయ [d̪aja] 'Kindness' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant.
Turkish dal [d̪äɫ] 'twig' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[23][24] дерево/derevo [ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ] 'tree' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[25] sifatida [siɸætidæ] 'as' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Wu 唐/da [d̪ɑ̃] 'the Tang dynasty'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[26] dan [d̪aŋ] 'countryside' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe дахэ/daahė [daːxa] 'pretty'
Assyrian ܘܪܕܐ werda [wεrda] 'flower' Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Bengali ডাব/ḍab [d̠ab] 'green coconut' True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as [ɖ]. See Bengali phonology.
Catalan[27] susdit [sʊzˈd̻it̪] 'said before' Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Czech do [do] 'into' See Czech phonology
Dutch[28] dak [dɑk] 'roof' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers dash [ˈdæʃ] 'dash' See English phonology
Finnish sidos [ˈsido̞s] 'bond' See Finnish phonology
Greek ντροπή / dropí [dro̞ˈpi] 'shame' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew דואר/ do'ar [ˈdo̞.äʁ̞] 'mail' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian adó [ˈɒdoː] 'tax' See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian дахэ/ daahė [daːxa] 'pretty'
Khmer ដប / dab [dɑp] 'bottle'
Korean 아들 / adeul [ɐdɯl] 'son' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern diran [dɪɾä:n] 'tooth' See Kurdish phonology
Central ددان/ dadân [dædä:n]
Southern دیان/dîân [diːä:n]
Luxembourgish[29] brudder [ˈb̥ʀudɐ] 'brother' More often voiceless [t].[29] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Standard (incl. Malaysian) dahan [dähän] 'branch' See Malay phonology
Indonesian[30]
Kelantan-Pattani [dahɛː] See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Maltese dehen [den] 'wit'
Tagalog dalaga [dɐˈlaɰɐ] 'maiden' See Tagalog phonology
Thai ดาว/ dāw [daːw] 'star'
Welsh diafol [djavɔl] 'devil' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian doarp [ˈdwɑrp] 'village'
Yi ꄿ/dda [da˧] 'competent'
Yonaguni 与那国 / dunan [dunaŋ] 'Yonaguni'

Variable

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic دين/diin [diːn] 'religion' Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English Broad South African[31] dawn [doːn] 'dawn' Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[31][32][33]
Scottish[32] [dɔn]
Welsh[33] [dɒːn]
German Standard[34] oder [ˈoːdɐ]ⓘ 'or' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[34] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian Urban East[35] dans [d̻ɑns] 'dance' Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[35] See Norwegian phonology
Persian[36] اداره/edāre [edaːre] 'office' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[36] See Persian phonology
Slovak[37][38] do [d̻ɔ̝]ⓘ 'into' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[37][38] See Slovak phonology
Swedish Central Standard[39] dag [dɑːɡ] 'day' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[39] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  3. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
  5. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  6. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  7. ^ a b Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
  8. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
  9. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  11. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  14. ^ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  15. ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  16. ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  17. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  18. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  19. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  20. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  21. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  22. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  23. ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  24. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  25. ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  26. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  27. ^ Rafel Fontanals (1999), p. 14.
  28. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  29. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  30. ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  31. ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 120.
  32. ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  33. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 388.
  34. ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 47.
  35. ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000:22)
  36. ^ a b Mahootian (2002:287–289)
  37. ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
  38. ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
  39. ^ a b Riad (2014:46)

References

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  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-10340-6
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-843-4
  • Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79105-2
  • Maddieson, Ian (1984), Patterns of Sound, Cambridge University Press
  • Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997), Persian, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02311-4
  • Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, Навука і тэхніка, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
  • Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
  • Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
  • Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605, hdl:20.500.11820/ccca8aff-adb2-42c0-9daa-f1e5777ee69f
  • Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview". Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (2): 209–213, doi:10.1017/s0025100308003320
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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