Volhynian dialect

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Volhynian dialect (Ukrainian: Волинський говір) is a dialect of Ukrainian language spoken around the historical region of Volhynia in the northern half of western Ukraine. It belongs to the Southwestern group of Ukrainian dialects.

The territory where Volhynian dialect is spoken borders Western Polesian and Central Polesian dialect in the north, Middle Dnieper dialect in the east and Upper Dniestrian and Podolian dialect in the south. Its spread in the west is generally limited by the Ukrainian-Polish border.

Volhynian dialect can be divided into northern and southern subdialects approximately along the line Horokhiv - Shepetivka - Berdychiv, as well as into eastern and western subdialects along the line of Styr river. Northern varieties share many common elements with Polesian dialects, southern varieties - with Podolian and Dniestrian dialects. Western Volhynian subdialects have many similarities with Dniestrian varieties, and some linguists classify them as a separate dialect.^[1]

• In western Volhynian subdialects [i] in place of the ethymological [o] can be replaced with [u], [ɪ]: стил [stɪɫ], столýў [stoˈɫuʊ̃], ни́чка [ˈnɪt͡ʃkɐ] (standard Ukrainian - стіл [sʲtʲiɫ], столів [stoˈlʲiʊ̃], нічка [ˈnʲit͡ʃkɐ]);
• especially in western subdialects, the original [ɛ] after certain consonants is pronounced as [a]: трáба [ˈtrabɐ], цáгла [ˈt͡saɦɫɐ], шáстий [ˈʃastei̯], по сáлах (standard Ukrainian - треба [ˈtrɛbɐ], цегла [ˈt͡sɛɦɫɐ], шостий [ˈʃɔstei̯], по селах); in southwestern dialects [a] after palatalized consonants and sibilants may also get replaced with [ɛ]: ч’éсом [ˈt͡ʃʲɛsom], жел’[ʒɛlʲ] (literary Ukrainian - часом [ˈt͡ʃasom], жаль [ʒalʲ]);
• in some western varieties phoneme [ɪ] in stressed position turns into [e]: сéла [ˈseɫɐ], звéсока [ˈzʋesokɐ], кудéс’ [kʊˈdesʲ] (standard Ukrainian - сила [ˈsɪɫɐ], звисока [ˈzʋɪsokɐ], кудись [kʊˈdɪsʲ]);
• in southern Volhynian dialects unstressed [o] in some cases turns into [ʊ]: гуолýпка [ɦoʊˈɫupkɐ], куожýх [koʊʒux], йумý [jʊˈmu], дорóгуйу [doˈrɔɦʊjʊ] (standard Ukrainian - голубка [ɦoˈɫubkɐ], кожух [koˈʒux], йому [joˈmu], дорогою [doˈrɔɦojʊ̯]);
• as a rule, endings of 3rd person singualar and plural in Volhynian dialect are palatalized, but in some western varieties the word-final [t] is palatalized only in imperative mood;
• in part of western and northern varieties consonants [ɦ], [k], [x] may be palatalized before [i]: рýкі [ˈrukʲi], нóгі [ˈnɔɦʲi], хíтрий [ˈxʲitrei̯] (standard Ukrainian - руки [ˈruke], ноги [ˈnɔɦe], хитрий [ˈxɪtrei̯]).^[2]

• In most southern varieties: lack of gemination in endings of single nouns like зілля (з’íл’а, нас’íн’а, жит’á); in western varieties forms with gemination and word-final [ɛ] are widespread: з’íл’:е, жит’:é, пíрйе, подвíрйе;
• in western varieties: ending of feminine single nouns in instrumentative case with -оў, -ом (дорóгоў, дни́ноў, рукóў, ногóм) unlike standard Ukrainian -ойу/-ою;
• in western Volhynian subdialects masculine plural nouns in dative and locative frequently have endings -ем, -ex: жін’цéм, коувал’éм, на жін’ц’éх, на коувал’éх (standard Ukrainian - женцям, ковалям, на женцях, на ковалях); in instrumentative - -ема: жін’ц’'éма', коувал’éма (standard Ukrainian женцями, ковалями);
• in western Volhynian subdialects long endings of neutral adjectives are widespread: дрібнóйе, зелáнуйе (standard Ukrainian - дрібне, зелене); some possessive adjectives in those varieties may have parallel forms: попóвий лан, попіў син); endings of genitive and instrumental in feminine adjectives may take the form -ейі, -ейу: моулоудéйі, моулоудéйу, старéйі, старéйу (standard Ukrainian молодої, молодою, старої, старою);
• shortened forms of feminine pronouns are widespread: сéйі, тéйі, мéйі, твéйі, сéйу, тéйу, мéйу, свéйу, твéйу (standard Ukrainian forms - цієї, тієї, моєї, твоєї, цією, тією, моєю, своєю, твоєю);
• lack of word-initial [n] in certain pronouns: до йóго, з йéйу, ў йéйі (standard Ukrainian - до нього, з нею, у неї);
• transition of [d], [z], [t], [s] into [d͡ʒ], [ʒ], [t͡ʃ], [ʃ] in singular 1st person verbs: хóджу, хóжу, крýчу, прóшу (like in standard Ukrainian);
• in western Volhynian varieties complex forms of past tense verbs are used along with simple ones: ходи́вім, ходи́віс, ходи́лис’мо, ходи́лис’те etc.^[3]