List of wars involving Pakistan
History of Pakistan |
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Timeline |
Since its establishment in 1947, Pakistan has been involved in numerous armed conflicts both locally and around the world. The main focus of its military operations have both historically and currently been on neighbouring India—against whom Pakistan has fought four major wars in addition to commonly-recurring border skirmishes and standoffs. The two nations have had a hostile and turbulent relationship since their independence from the United Kingdom and subsequent war over the Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir. Both India and Pakistan claim Kashmir in its entirety but have not exercised control over the entire region, which remains divided and contested between the two states by the Line of Control. The Kashmir conflict has seen extensive—albeit unsuccessful—intervention and mediation by the United Nations.
Pakistan has also had a turbulent relationship with neighbouring Afghanistan,[1] characterized by armed border skirmishes and periods of diplomatic tension. The Pakistani government has increased military activity along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border and built a border barrier to crack down on illegal immigration, militancy,[2] and smuggling.[3][4]
Outside of its home region of South Asia, Pakistan has also engaged in international conflicts in the Middle East and Africa as part of larger coalitions, and remains one of the largest contributors of troops to various United Nations peacekeeping missions. The country was designated as a major non-NATO ally by the United States in 2004,[5] and has participated extensively in the American-led War on Terror following the 9/11 attacks.
List
See also
- Outline of Pakistan military history
- Other military conflicts involving Pakistan:
Notes
- ^ Both the Korean conflict and the 1991 Persian Gulf War involved more troops, but were essentially U.S.-initiated military coalitions that won U.N. Security Council approval. UNOC forces were drawn from such countries as Burma, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Liberia, Malaya, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Sweden and Tunisia. The United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and Canada provided funding and air transport. The total cost of the four-year operation was $400 million.Pg.244.[30]
References
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- ^ "Pakistan status of major non-NATO ally may be terminated". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
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- ^ "BBC on the 1947–48 war". Archived from the original on 30 January 2015.
- ^ Kaur 1985, p. 108-109.
- ^ a b Malik 2016, pp. 81–82.
- ^ Leake 2017, pp. 137–139.
- ^ Leake 2017, pp. 139–141.
- ^ "فقیر ایپی: جنگِ آزادی کا 'تنہا سپاہی' جس نے پاکستان کے خلاف ایک آزاد مملکت 'پختونستان' کے قیام کا اعلان کیا". BBC News (in Urdu). 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020.
- ^ Shah, Farzana (2021-07-21). "Afghan Conflict & Pashtun Tahafuz Movement misplaced Pashtunistan romanticism". Voice of KP. Archived from the original on 2024-06-08. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
- ^ Leake 2017, p. 137.
- ^ Leake 2017, pp. 136–137.
- ^ Mohammad Hussain Hunarmal. "The formidable Faqir". The News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021.
- ^ a b Martel 2012, p. 712.
- ^ Sources :
- "Past in Perspective". The Nation. 2019-08-24. Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- Shah, Farzana (2021-07-21). "Afghan Conflict & Pashtun Tahafuz Movement misplaced Pashtunistan romanticism". Voice of KP. Archived from the original on 2024-06-08. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
- ^ Qaiser Butt (22 April 2013). "Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat". The Express Tribune.
- ^ a b Qaiser Butt (22 April 2013). "Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023.
Prince Agha Abdul Karim Baloch, father of Irfan Karim and younger brother of Khan-e-Kalat Mir Ahmed Yar Khan, had revolted against his brother's decision of accession of Kalat State to Pakistan at the request of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1948. Abdul Karim took refuge in Afghanistan to wage an armed resistance against Pakistan. However, he ultimately surrendered to Pakistan in 1950.
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- ^ Yi Whan-woo (2019-09-16). "Pakistan's Defense Day rekindles Korean War relief aid". koreatimes. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
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- ^ Birtle, Andrew J. (2000). The Korean War: Years of Stalemate. U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 34. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ Harrison, Selig S. (1981). In Afghanistan's shadow: Baluch nationalism and Soviet temptations. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-87003-029-1.
- ^ Harrison, Selig S. (1981). In Afghanistan's shadow: Baluch nationalism and Soviet temptations. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-87003-029-1.
- ^ "Asia Report No. 119". Pakistan: The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan. International Crisis Group. 14 September 2006. p. 4.
- ^ Pakistan: The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan (PDF). International Crisis Group, Asia Report No. 119. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
- ^ Vassiliev, Alexei (March 2013). King Faisal: Personality, Faith and Times – Alexei Vassiliev – Google Książki. ISBN 9780863567612.
- ^ Group Captain (R) Husseini & Pakistan Air Force. "Wars in the Mach-2 Era (1961–1970)". PAF over the Years. Directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force. p. 66.
- ^ "What Accounts for Pakistan's Troop Deployment to Saudi Arabia?". YemenWatch. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023.
Pakistani combat pilots also flew RSAF English Electric Lightning supersonic fighter aircraft during the al-Wadiah War between Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of South Yemen in 1969.
- ^ Bidwell, Robin (1998). Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Routledge. p. 437. ISBN 9780710305053.
- ^ Riedel 2014, pp. 56–57.
- ^ Kiessling 2016, pp. 35–36.
- ^ Abbas, Hassan (2005). Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. M.E. Sharpe. p. 79. ISBN 0-7656-1496-0.
- ^ Jalal, Ayesha (2007). The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521051842.
- ^ Newsline: A History of the Baloch Separatist Movement
- ^ "250 to 300 Reported Killed As Pakistani Force Fights Revolt by Mountain Tribe". The New York Times. 1976-10-31. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-05-06. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
- ^ The Sydney Morning Herald (2024-05-06). The Sydney Morning Herald. 1831. p. 5. Archived from the original on 2024-05-06.
- ^ "Eight "Hot Wars" During the Cold War". World 101. Council on Foreign Relations. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ Riedel 2014, p. 25.
- ^ "Sri Lanka's Faustian bargain with Pakistan: Exit LTTE, enter ISI". Business Today. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
- ^ "Pakistan played a key role in LTTE defeat".
- ^ "Pakistan airforce pilots played key role in Sri Lankan victory".
- ^ a b c Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Afghanistan: The Forgotten War: Human Rights Abuses and Violations of the Laws of War Since the Soviet Withdrawal". Refworld. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
- ^ a b Fleiss, Alex (2022-04-05). "What happened in the battle of Jalalabad?". Rebellion Research. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ^ Goodson, Larry P. (2011). Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban. University of Washington Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-295-80158-2. OCLC 1026403863.
- ^ Coll, Steve (28 November 2012). "In Afghanistan, Dinner and Then a Coup". The New Yorker – via www.newyorker.com.
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- ^ Fleiss, Alex (2022-04-05). "What happened in the battle of Jalalabad?". Rebellion Research. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
- ^ Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-59420-007-6.
- ^ Gibson, Joshua James (2015). An Unsustainable Arrangement: The Collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan in 1992 (MA thesis). Ohio State University. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ "Tenth anniversary of the Gulf War: A look back". CNN. 16 January 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ Kamran, Sehar (January 2013). "Pak-Gulf Defense and Security Cooperation" (PDF). Center for Pakistan and Gulf Studies (CPGS). Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ a b "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
- ^ "The Gulf War, 1991". History state Govt. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
The invasion of Kuwait led to a United Nations Security Council embargo and sanctions on Iraq and a U.S.-led coalition air and ground war, which began on January 16, 1991, and ended with an Iraqi defeat and retreat from Kuwait on February 28, 1991.
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- ^ Rashid 2010, KANDAHAR 1994: THE ORIGINS OF THE TALIBAN.
- ^ "About this Service | Federal Research Division | Services | Library of Congress" (PDF). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Archived from the original on 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
- ^ See sections Bombardments and Timeline 1994, Januari-June
- ^ See section Bombardments
- ^ See sections Atrocities and Timeline
- ^ McCarthy, Rory; Carter, Helen; Norton-Taylor, Richard (October 26, 2001). "The elite force who are ready to die". The Guardian.
- ^ "Pakistani opposition presses for Sharif's resignation". Wsws.org. 1999-08-07. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
- ^ "The War in Pakistan". The Washington Post. 25 January 2006. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
- ^ Abbas, Zaffar (2004-09-10). "Pakistan's undeclared war". BBC. Archived from the original on 2008-09-15. Retrieved 2022-05-08.
- ^ Rashid, Ahmed (2012). Pakistan in the Brink. Allen Lane. p. 54. ISBN 9781846145858.
- ^ A Quiet Deal With Pakistan Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, 4 October 2008
- ^ a b "Pakistan: $1 billion from U.S. to fight terror". Aki/Dawn. 14 November 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2006. [dead link]
- ^ a b Bergen, Peter; Tiedemann, Katherine (3 June 2009). "The Drone War". New America Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ a b "Obama unveils new US policy for Pakistan, Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
Unfolding a new US strategy to defeat Taliban and Al-Qaeda, Obama said Pakistan must be 'stronger partner' in destroying Al-Qaeda safe havens. In this connection, he said Pakistan would be provided financial assistance of 1.5 billion dollars each year for the next five years.
- ^ a b c Mehsud, Katharine Houreld (12 March 2015). "Pakistani splinter group rejoins Taliban amid fears of isolation". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Pakistan says has eliminated Uighur militants from territory". Reuters. 18 October 2015.
- ^ a b "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Says, Battu (31 March 2015). "Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video". The Khaama Press News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
- ^ a b Javaid, U. and Javaid, R. (2016). Zarb-e-Azb: A Successful Initiative to Curtail Terrorism. South Asian Studies, 31(1), 281–296. – Argues that Operation Zarb-e-Azb was highly successful in dismantling terrorist networks in North Waziristan.
- ^ Khan, S.R. and Khan, A. (2020). From War to Peace: The Challenges and Opportunities in Pakistan's Counter-Terrorism Environment Post Operation Zarb-e-Azb. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 15(2), 121–139. – Notes that Operation Zarb-e-Azb secured control over previous militant strongholds and denied them space.
- ^ Gulf News (2016, June 16). Two years after 'Zarb-e-Azb': Pakistan stronger against terror. https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/two-years-after-zarb-e-azb-pakistan-stronger-against-terror-1.1850692 – Contemporary news analysis of the success of Operation Zarb-e-Azb after two years.
- ^ Roul, A. (2016). How Operation Zarb-e-Azb Changed Pakistan's Tribal Areas. Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor, 14(12), 5–7. – Discusses gains made by Pakistan army in previously uncontrolled tribal areas during the operation.
- ^ Weinbaum, Marvin G. (2017). "Insurgency and Violent Extremism in Pakistan". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 28 (1): 45. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1266130. S2CID 151596312.
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The largest province of the country by area, Balochistan is home to a low-level insurgency by ethnic Baloch separatists.
- ^ Desk, Quetta Voice Web (20 December 2023). "BNA Commander Sarfaraz Bangulzai Along With 72 Militants Surrender". Quetta Voice Breaking News, English News, Technology, Health. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
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- ^ Lieven, Anatol (2017). "Counter-Insurgency in Pakistan: The Role of Legitimacy". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 28: 166–190. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1266128. S2CID 151355749.
Sources
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- Riedel, Bruce (2014). What We Won America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979?89 (ebook). Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 9780815725855.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Martel, Gordon, ed. (2012). The Encyclopedia of War, 5 Volume Set. Wiley (published 2012-01-17). ISBN 978-1-405-19037-4.
- Leake, Elisabeth (2017). The Defiant Border The Afghan-Pakistan Borderlands in the Era of Decolonization, 1936-1965 (Hardcover). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107126022.