Receptor de serotonina , la enciclopedia libre
Receptor de serotonina | ||
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Identificadores | ||
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Serotonin_%285-HT%29.svg/200px-Serotonin_%285-HT%29.svg.png)
Los receptores de serotonina también conocidos como receptores de 5-hidroxitriptamina o receptores 5-HT son un tipo de receptor acoplado a proteínas G (en inglés GPCRs) y receptor ionotrópico (del inglés LGICs) ubicados en el sistema nervioso central y periférico.[1][2] Estos median la neurotransmisión tanto excitatoria como inhibitoria. Los receptores de serotonina (5HT), son activados por el neurotransmisor serotonina, el cual actúa como su ligando natural.
Los receptores de serotonina modulan la liberación de muchos neurotransmisores entre ellos el glutamato, GABA, dopamina, epinefrina / norepinefrina y acetilcolina, así como muchas hormonas, entre ellas oxitocina, prolactina, vasopresina, cortisol, corticotropina y sustancia P. Los receptores de serotonina modulan distintos procesos biológicos y neurológicos, como la agresión, la ansiedad, el apetito, la cognición, el aprendizaje, la memoria, el estado de ánimo, la náusea, el sueño y la termorregulación. Los receptores de serotonina son el objetivo de una variedad de fármacos y también de drogas no legales, que incluye muchos agentes antidepresivos, antipsicóticos, anorexígenos, antieméticos, procinéticos, antimigrañosos, alucinógenos, empatógenos y entactógenos.[3]
Clasificación
[editar]Con la excepción del receptor 5-HT3, un canal iónico regulado por ligandos de la familia de receptores cys-loop, los demás receptores de serotonina son GPCRs que activan un segundo mensajero intracelular que produce una respuesta inhibitoria o excitatoria.
Familias
[editar]Familia | Tipo | Mecanismo | Potencial |
5-HT1 | Gi/Go-acoplado a proteínas. | Decrece los niveles celulares de cAMP. | Inhibitorio |
5-HT2 | Gq/G11-acoplado a proteínas. | Incrementa los niveles celulares de IP3 y DAG. | Excitatorio |
5-HT3 | Receptor ionotrópico de Na+ y K+ canal iónico. | despolarización membrana plasmática. | Excitatorio |
5-HT4 | Gs-acoplado a proteínas. | Incrementa los niveles intracelulares de cAMP. | Excitatorio |
5-HT5 | Gi/Go-acoplado a proteínas.[4] | Disminuye los niveles celulares de cAMP. | Inhibitorio |
5-HT6 | Gs-acoplado a proteínas. | Incrementa los niveles celulares de cAMP. | Excitatorio |
5-HT7 | Gs-acoplado a proteínas. | Incrementa los niveles celulares de cAMP. | Excitatorio |
Subtipos
[editar]Dentro de estos tipos de receptores de serotonina se ha caracterizado un número específico de subtipos:[5][6][7]
Relación de receptores de serotonina | |||||
Receptor | Gen(es) | Distribución | Función | Agonistas | Antagonistas |
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5-HT1A |
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5-HT1B |
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5-HT1D |
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5-HT1E |
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5-HT1F |
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5-HT2A |
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5-HT2B |
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5-HT2C |
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5-HT3 |
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5-HT4 |
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5-HT5A |
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5-HT6 |
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5-HT7 |
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Nótese que no existe el receptor 5-HT1C, después que el receptor fue clonado y luego caracterizado se encontró que tenía más en común con la familia de receptores 5-HT2 y fue designado como receptor 5-HT2C. Nótese también que no existe el receptor 5-HT5B receptor, este existe solamente en ratones y ratas, pero no en primates incluyendo los humanos.
Agonistas muy poco selectivos de los subtipos de receptor 5-HT incluye la ergotamina (un antimigrañoso), el cual activa los receptores 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1B, D2 y el receptor de norepinefrina.[31] LSD (un psicodélico) es un agonista de los receptores 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT5A, 5-HT5, 5-HT6.[31]
Referencias
[editar]- ↑ Hoyer D, Clarke DE, Fozard JR, Hartig PR, Martin GR, Mylecharane EJ, Saxena PR, Humphrey PP (1994). «International Union of Pharmacology classification of receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin)». Pharmacol. Rev. 46 (2): 157-203. PMID 7938165.
- ↑ Frazer A, Hensler JG (1999). «Chapter 13: Serotonin Receptors». En Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, Fisher SK, Uhler MD, editors, ed. Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. pp. 263-292. ISBN 0-397-51820-X. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2008.
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- ↑ Francken BJ, Jurzak M, Vanhauwe JF, Luyten WH, Leysen JE. (1998). «The human 5-ht5A receptor couples to Gi/Go proteins and inhibits adenylate cyclase in HEK 293 cells.». Eur J Pharmacol. 361 (2-3): 299-309. PMID 9865521. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00744-4.
- ↑ Glennon RA, Dukat M, Westkaemper RB (1 de enero de 2000). «Serotonin Receptor Subtypes and Ligands». American College of Neurophyscopharmacology. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2008.
- ↑ «5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors». IUPHAR Receptor Database. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2008.
- ↑ Wesolowska A (2002). «In the search for selective ligands of 5-HT5, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 serotonin receptors» (PDF). Polish Journal of Pharmacology 54 (4): 327-41. PMID 12523486.
- ↑ Tomkins DM, Higgins GA, Sellers EM (1994). «Low doses of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH DPAT) increase ethanol intake». Psychopharmacology (Berl). 115 (1-2): 173-9. PMID 7862892. doi:10.1007/BF02244769.
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- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u pharmamotion.com > Serotonin (5-HT): receptors, agonists and antagonists By Flavio Guzmán, M.D. on 9/08/09
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- ↑ a b Pérez-García G, Meneses A (julio de 2005). «Oral administration of the 5-HT6 receptor antagonists SB-357134 and SB-399885 improves memory formation in an autoshaping learning task». Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 81 (3): 673-82. PMID 15964617. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.05.005.
- ↑ Wesolowska A, Nikiforuk A (marzo de 2008). «The selective 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist SB-399885 enhances anti-immobility action of antidepressants in rats». European Journal of Pharmacology 582 (1-3): 88-93. PMID 18234190. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.12.013.
- ↑ «Target Schizophrenia - Possible future developments». The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. Archivado desde el original el 12 de junio de 2008. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2008.
- ↑ a b c Hedlund PB, Huitron-Resendiz S, Henriksen SJ, Sutcliffe JG (noviembre de 2005). «5-HT7 receptor inhibition and inactivation induce antidepressantlike behavior and sleep pattern». Biological Psychiatry 58 (10): 831-7. PMID 16018977. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.012.
- ↑ a b Wesolowska A, Nikiforuk A, Stachowicz K, Tatarczynska E (septiembre de 2006). «Effect of the selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB 269970 in animal models of anxiety and depression». Neuropharmacology 51 (3): 578-86. PMID 16828124. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.04.017.
- ↑ Gasbarri A, Cifariello A, Pompili A, Meneses A (diciembre de 2008). «Effect of 5-HT(7) antagonist SB-269970 in the modulation of working and reference memory in the rat». Behavioural Brain Research 195 (1): 164-70. PMID 18308404. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.020.
- ↑ Liy-Salmeron G, Meneses A (2008). «Effects of 5-HT drugs in prefrontal cortex during memory formation and the ketamine amnesia-model». Hippocampus 18 (9): 965-74. PMID 18570192. doi:10.1002/hipo.20459.
- ↑ a b
- ↑ Thomas DR, Melotto S, Massagrande M, Gribble AD, Jeffrey P, Stevens AJ, Deeks NJ, Eddershaw PJ, Fenwick SH, Riley G, Stean T, Scott CM, Hill MJ, Middlemiss DN, Hagan JJ, Price GW, Forbes IT (2003). «SB-656104-A, a novel selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, modulates REM sleep in rats». Br J Pharmacol. 139 (4): 705-14. PMC 1573887. PMID 12812993. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705290.
Enlaces externos
[editar]- MeSH: Serotonin+Receptors (en inglés)
- «5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors». IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
- Rubenstein, LA, Lanzara RG (16 de febrero de 2005). «Activation of G protein-coupled receptors entails cysteine modulation of agonist binding». Cogprints. Consultado el 11 de abril de 2008.