فهرست میراث جهانی در مصر - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد

اطلاعات
کشورمصر
تاریخ ثبت۲۸ اکتبر ۱۹۷۵
آثار ثبت شده۷
فهرست آزمایشی۳۴
وبگاهeg

فهرست میراث جهانی در مصر شامل ۷ میراث فرهنگی می‌باشد که تا سال ۲۰۲۴ در یونسکو به ثبت رسیده‌اند. میراث جهانی یونسکو نام عهدنامه‌ای بین‌المللی است که در تاریخ ۱۶ نوامبر ۱۹۷۲ میلادی به تصویب کنفرانس عمومی یونسکو رسید.[۱] موضوع آن حفظ آثار تاریخی، طبیعی و فرهنگی بشر است که اهمیت جهانی دارند و متعلق به تمام انسان‌های زمین، فارغ از نژاد، مذهب و ملیت خاص، می‌باشند. برپایه این کنوانسیون کشورهای عضو یونسکو، می‌توانند آثار تاریخی، طبیعی و فرهنگی کشور خود را نامزد ثبت به‌عنوان میراث جهانی کنند. حفاظت از این آثار پس از ثبت، در عین باقی‌ماندن در حیطه حاکمیت کشور مربوط، به عهده تمام کشورهای عضو خواهد بود. مکان‌های میراث جهانی ثبت‌شده در سازمان یونسکو، مکان‌هایی مانند جنگل، کوه، آبگیر، صحرا، بقعه، ساختمان، مجموعه یا شهر هستند.[۲] مصر که در شمال شرقی قاره آفریقا قرار گرفته، از جمله کشورهایی است که دارای پیشینه تاریخی و فرهنگی کهن است. این کشور در ۷ فوریه ۱۹۷۴، به عنوان دومین کشور پس از ایالات متحده، کنوانسیون میراث جهانی یونسکو را پذیرفت و بدان پیوست که باعث شد مکان‌های تاریخی آن واجد شرایط قرار گرفتن در این فهرست شوند.[۳] در مراکش ۷ مکان میراث جهانی وجود دارد که همگی به خاطر اهمیت فرهنگی‌شان انتخاب و در فهرست میراث جهانی جای گرفته‌اند.[۴]

میراث جهانی

[ویرایش]
  میراث فرهنگی
  میراث طبیعی
  میراث طبیعی و فرهنگی
  میراث در خطر
World Heritage Sites
Site Image Location (governorate) Year listed UNESCO data Description
Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur Pyramids of Giza Giza ۱۹۷۹ 86; i, iii, vi (cultural) ممفیس پایتخت پادشاهی کهن مصر بود و حدود سال ۳۰۰۰ پیش از میلاد بنیان‌گذاری شد. مهم‌ترین معبد آن به پتاح اختصاص داشت. میدان‌های اهرام شامل برخی از مهم‌ترین مجموعه‌های اهرام مصر می‌شود، از جمله مجموعه اهرام جیزه (در تصویر) با هرم بزرگ جیزه (تنها بازمانده از عجایب هفت‌گانه) و ابوالهول بزرگ جیزه، اهرام دهشور، مجموعه سقاره و مجموعه ابو صیر. در این منطقه بیش از ۳۸ هرم وجود دارد که به همراه پیشگامان معماری آن‌ها شامل مصطبه‌ها، مقبره‌های سنگی و معابد می‌شوند. [۵]
Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis Temple ruins with several standing statues and an obelisk Luxor ۱۹۷۹ 87; i, iii, vi (cultural) تبس در دوره‌های طولانی از پادشاهی میانه مصر و پادشاهی نوین مصر پایتخت مصر بود. این شهر، شهر مقدس آمون و پایتخت مذهبی مصر در بیشتر دوره‌های تاریخی آن به‌شمار می‌رفت. بناهای اصلی آن که از دوره ۱۵۰۰ تا ۱۰۰۰ پیش از میلاد برجای مانده‌اند، شامل معابد عظیم کرنک و اقصر (در تصویر) و آرامگاه‌های سلطنتی در دره پادشاهان و دره شهبانوان است. از مشهورترین آن‌ها می‌توان به معبد حتشپسوت و آرامگاه توت‌عنخ‌آمون اشاره کرد. [۶]
Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae Historical photo depicting moving of the statues of the Abu Simbel temple using a crane Aswan ۱۹۷۹ 88; i, iii, vi (cultural) این سایت شامل ده بنای تاریخی از دوره‌های مختلف تاریخ مصر است که در یک کمپین بین‌المللی بین دهه‌های ۱۹۶۰ تا ۱۹۸۰ برای نجات از آب‌های خروشان نیل پس از ساخت سد اسوان جابه‌جا شدند. این بناها عبارتند از: ابوسمبل (سفارشی‌شده توسط رامسس دوم، تصویر مربوط به جابه‌جایی)، آماده جدید، وادی السبوع جدید، کلابشه جدید، مجموعه معابد فیلای (در جزیره آگیلکیا از دوره جهان یونانی رومی)، قبه الهوا (آرامگاه‌های دوره پادشاهی کهن مصر و پادشاهی میانه مصر)، خرابه‌های شهر الفانتین، هرم‌سنگ ناقص، صومعه سنت سیمئون، و گورستان فاطمی. [۷]
Historic Cairo A look at the city with numerous historic buildings Cairo ۱۹۷۹ 89; i, v, vi (cultural) قاهره در قرن دهم میلادی به‌عنوان مقر خلافت فاطمیان در محل شهرهای پیشین بنیان‌گذاری شد. این شهر در دوران دوران طلایی اسلام نقش مهمی داشت و محل سکونت یا بازدید دانشمندان، پزشکان، هنرمندان، نویسندگان، و تاجران بود. در قرن نوزدهم، ساخت‌وساز به دیگر بخش‌های شهر منتقل شد و بخش تاریخی آن نسبتاً دست‌نخورده باقی ماند، هرچند که در قرن بیست‌ویکم، این منطقه از فرسایش بافت سنتی، بی‌توجهی، کمبود نگهداری، و ازدحام جمعیت رنج می‌برد. قاهره تاریخی شامل مجموعه‌هایی از بناهای طولونیان، فاطمی، و سلطنت ممالیک است، از جمله مسجد ابن طولون از قرن هشتم، زیارتگاه‌های متعدد، مدرسه (اسلام)ها، حمام (گونه معماری)ها، و آب‌نماها. [۸][۹]
Abu Menadagger Ancient ruins with parts of pillars on the ground Alexandria ۱۹۷۹ 90; iv (cultural) مرکز مسیحیت اولیه در اطراف قبر مینا اسکندریه که در سال ۲۹۶ درگذشت، شکل گرفت. این مکان به‌عنوان یک مرکز زیارتی در اروپای دوران باستان شناخته می‌شد و در قرون بعدی برای کلیسای ارتدکس قبطی اهمیت داشت. سایت باستان‌شناسی شامل کلیسا، معمودیه، کلیساهای کوچک، بناهای عمومی، خیابان‌ها، صومعه‌ها، خانه‌ها و کارگاه‌ها می‌باشد. بناهای اصلی از سنگ نما و سنگ آهک ساخته شده‌اند، در حالی که خانه‌های ساده از خشت خام ساخته شده‌اند. این سایت از سال ۲۰۰۱ به‌عنوان فهرست میراث جهانی در معرض خطر به ثبت رسیده است، زیرا بالا رفتن سطح ایستابی موجب کاهش پایداری خاک‌های مبتنی بر رس شده و تهدیدهایی برای یکپارچگی ساختاری آثار تاریخی ایجاد کرده است. [۱۰][۱۱]
Saint Catherine Area A monastery with high walls in a mountain desert area South Sinai ۲۰۰۲ 954; i, iii, iv, vi (cultural) صومعه کلیسای ارتدکس یونانی سنت کاترین در قرن ۶ میلادی تأسیس شد و قدیمی‌ترین صومعه مسیحی فعال است. این صومعه در مکانی ساخته شده که به‌طور سنتی به‌عنوان کوه حُورِب شناخته می‌شود – جایی که طبق عهد عتیق، موسی لوح‌های شریعت را دریافت کرد. این منطقه برای مسیحیان، مسلمانان و یهودیان مقدس است. صومعه نمونه‌های استثنائی از هنر بیزانسی را در خود جای داده است و همچنین مجموعه‌هایی از دست‌نوشته‌ها را نگهداری می‌کند. [۱۲]
Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) Fossil whale bones exposed on the ground, protected by a fence Faiyum ۲۰۰۵ 1186; viii (cultural) وادی ال هیطان مهم‌ترین سایت فسیلی برای مطالعه فرگشت آب‌بازسانان از پستانداران خشکی‌زی به آبزی است. حفاری‌ها فسیل‌های متعددی از نخستین انواع نهنگها، کهن‌آب‌بازسانان، که در آخرین مراحل از دست دادن اندام‌های پشتی خود بودند، کشف کرده‌اند. این سایت همچنین سرنخ‌هایی در مورد محیطی که این حیوانات در آن زندگی می‌کردند ارائه می‌دهد. [۱۳]

موقعیت جغرافیایی

[ویرایش]
Location of World Heritage Sites in Egypt. Blue dots represent the sites of the Nubian Monuments.



فهرست آزمایشی

[ویرایش]

افزون بر سایت‌های موجود در فهرست میراث جهانی، کشورهای عضو می‌توانند فهرستی از سایت‌های آزمایشی را که ممکن است برای نامزدی در نظر بگیرند، در این فهرست قرار دهند. نامزدها در فهرست میراث جهانی تنها در صورتی پذیرفته می‌شوند که سایت پیش‌تر در فهرست آزمایشی قرار داشته باشد.[۱۴] مصر سی وچهار نامزد در این فهرست دارد.[۴]

Tentative sites
Site Image Location (governorate) Year listed UNESCO criteria Description
Siwa archaeological area Look at an oasis from above Matrouh ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) Siwa Oasis contains several archaeological sites, including the oracle temple of Amun.[۱۵]
Temple of Serabit Khadem Temple ruins with several standing stones South Sinai ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) This nomination comprises the Temple of Serabit Khadem and Saint Catherine's Monastery. The latter was listed as a World Heritage Site in 2002.[۱۶]
North Sinai Archaeological Sites Zone North Sinai ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) The land bridge between Egypt and Canaan has been an important route for military expeditions in both directions through history. It comprises a collection of ancient sites between the Suez Canal and Gaza along the Mediterranean coast.[۱۷]
Temple of Hator built by Ramses III ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) No information provided in the nomination documentation.[۱۸]
Dahshour archaeological area A bent pyramid Giza ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) Dahshur was a part of the Memphite Necropolis that has been listed as a World Heritage Site since 1979. It was first used by Sneferu of the Fourth Dynasty, who constructed the Bent Pyramid (pictured). It was later used by the pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom.[۱۹]
El Fayoum Ruins in a desert Faiyum ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) This nomination comprises eight sites, including Kom Aushim (Karanis), Dimai (Soknopaiou Nesos, pictured), Qasr Qarun (Dionysias), Batn I hrit (Theadelphia), and Byahma-Medinet el Fayoum.[۲۰]
El-Gendi Fortress South Sinai ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) The fortress was constructed under Saladin in 1183 on a mountain at a height of ۲٬۱۵۰ متر (۷٬۰۵۰ فوت). It has several towers, two mosques, and rooms for soldiers.[۲۱]
Rutho Monastery South Sinai ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) Rutho Monastery was constructed in the 6th century. Its ruins were discovered in 1984. The complex contained two basilicas, an oil press, and rooms for monks. It was surrounded by defensive walls.[۲۲]
Wadi Feiran South Sinai ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) The Feiran Oasis has remains of old monasteries and churches, as well as rocks with Nabataean inscriptions.[۲۳]
Pharaon Island An old fortress on an island South Sinai ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) The island is situated on a strategic location in the Gulf of Aqaba. It has structures from different periods, including a fortress built under Saladin to protect the trade routes.[۲۴]
Dahab South Sinai ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) In Dahab, there are remains of a Byzantine lighthouse and remains of a settlement from the 5th and 6th centuries.[۲۵]
Minia Remains of a tomb in a desert setting Minya ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) This nomination comprises the tombs of Beni Hasan, tombs of Tell El-Amarna, Hermopolis, and Tuna El-Gebel sites (pictured).[۲۶]
Newibah castle South Sinai ۱۹۹۴ (cultural) The castle from 1893 was constructed on the site of an older castle from the Ayyubid period.[۲۷]
Ras Mohammed Underwater photo of a coral reef South Sinai ۲۰۰۲ vii, viii, ix, x (natural) The area comprises desert on land and a marine habitat with coral reefs rich in animal species. There are also sites with fossil corals.[۲۸]
Gebel Qatrani Area, Lake Qaroun Nature Reserve View at a lake surface Faiyum ۲۰۰۳ (mixed) The quarries around Lake Qaroun (on the site of the ancient Lake Moeris) were already in use in the Predynastic period (4th millennium BCE) and stone from here was used in temples of the Old Kingdom. Excavations have also uncovered Neolithic stone tools and remains of an ancient proboscidean, Moeritherium.[۲۹]
Southern and Smaller Oases, the Western Desert Oasis with buildings and palm trees and desert in the background Beheira, Matrouh, New Valley ۲۰۰۳ vii, viii, ix, x (natural) This nomination comprises five sites in the Western Desert: Kharga Oasis, Dakhla Oasis (pictured), Moghra Oasis, Dunqul Oasis, and the Wadi El Natrun depression. These sites have been inhabited since ancient times. People grow date palms, olives, fruit trees, as well as some cereals. There are several xerophytic and halophytic plant species. The area is also home to the dorcas gazelle.[۳۰]
Bird Migration Routes A lake with some dummy birds on for hunting purposes Aswan, North Sinai, Red Sea ۲۰۰۳ vii, x (natural) This nomination comprises five sites: Lake Bardawil (pictured) and Zaranik on the Mediterranean coast, the Gabal Sha'ib El Banat area on the Red Sea coast, and Saluga and Ghazal Islands and the Lake Nasser on the Nile. These sites are important stopovers for migratory birds, as well as for the resident ones.[۳۱]
Desert Wadis Dry area with some shrubs and water in the background Aswan, Red Sea ۲۰۰۳ vii, viii, ix, x (natural) This nomination comprises three desert wadis: Wadi Allaqi, Wadi El Gemal, and Wadi Qena. They were river valleys during the humid periods. They are nominated due to historical remains spanning from prehistory to Roman Egypt, as well as biodiversity. El Gemal (pictured) is located at the Red Sea coast and is an important stopover for migratory birds, a nesting site for green turtles, and a habitat for dugongs.[۳۲]
Mountain Chains Desert setting with a plateau with steep slopes Aswan, New Valley, Red Sea ۲۰۰۳ vii, viii, ix, x (natural) This nomination comprises five areas with mountain chains that reach at some points above ۲٬۰۰۰ متر (۶٬۶۰۰ فوت). They are nominated due to the geological formations they exhibit, their plant and animal life, and some sites have prehistoric petroglyphs. Gilf Kebir is pictured.[۳۳]
Great Desert Landscapes Sand dunes in a desert Beni Suef, Matrouh ۲۰۰۳ vii, viii, ix (natural) This nomination comprises three sites: the Qattara Depression, a depression with various geomorphological land formations, the Great Sand Sea (pictured), which is a vast expanse of sandy dunes, and the Sannur Cave area, where alabaster was mined in ancient times.[۳۴]
Alexandria, ancient remains and the new library An ancient pillar and a sphinx statue among ruins Alexandria ۲۰۰۳ i, ii, vi (cultural) Alexandria was founded in 332 BCE by Alexander the Great and was an important centre of arts and learning in classical antiquity, with famous structures such as the Lighthouse of Alexandria and the Great Library. The existing monuments include Pompey's Pillar (pictured), Serapeum, several tombs, and underwater remains. A new modern library was inaugurated in 2002.[۳۵]
Abydos, city of pilgrimage of the Pharaohs Temple ruins Sohag ۲۰۰۳ iv, vi (cultural) Abydos was declared the city of Osiris, god of the afterlife, under Intef II of the Eleventh Dynasty. Due to its significance as a cult site, numerous pharaohs visited the city and constructed temples there, including Seti I and Ramesses II (temple pictured). There are necropolises from various periods around the city.[۳۶]
Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods Ancient temple with several columns Aswan, Luxor, Qena ۲۰۰۳ iv (cultural) This nomination comprises four temples that were built in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, with some incorporating components of earlier structures. The temples are the Dendera Temple complex (Temple of Hathor pictured), Temple of Kom Ombo, Khnum Temple in Esna, and the Temple of Edfu.[۳۷]
Necropolises of Middle Egypt, from the Middle Empire to the Roman period Exterior view of ancient tombs in a desert setting Minya ۲۰۰۳ ii, iii, vi (cultural) This nomination comprises the tombs of Beni Hasan (pictured), tombs of Tell El-Amarna, Hermopolis, and Tuna El-Gebel sites. They date from the Middle Kingdom to the Roman period. Many tombs are decorated with paintings, carvings, and statues.[۳۸]
Raoudha nilometre in Cairo Inside a building, steps leading down in a shaft to measure water level Cairo ۲۰۰۳ i, iv (cultural) A nilometer was a structure for measuring the Nile River's clarity and water level during the annual flood season. The structure on Roda Island dates to the early 8th century and was renovated several times. It has a three-storey well and a marble pillar to monitor the water level.[۳۹]
The monasteries of the Arab Desert and Wadi Natrun A monastery in a desert setting Beheira, Suez ۲۰۰۳ ii, iv, v (cultural) This nomination comprises two groups of Coptic Orthodox monasteries, one group in Wadi El Natrun and the other in the Eastern Desert. The oldest one is the Monastery of Saint Anthony, associated with the monk Saint Anthony, one of the founders of Christian monasticism at the end of the 3rd century. Other monasteries include those of Saint Paul the Anchorite, Saint Pishoy, Saint Macarius the Great, and Saint Mary Deipara (pictured).[۴۰]
Two citadels in Sinai from the Saladin period (Al-Gundi and Pharaoh's island) Medieval castle with a flag of Egypt, sea in the background South Sinai ۲۰۰۳ iv, vi (cultural) The two fortresses, one in Al-Gundi and the other one on the Pharaoh's Island (pictured), were constructed in the 12th century under Saladin. They were strategic forts during the Crusades but lost importance after 1291. Parts of the forts have been well preserved.[۴۱]
The An-Nakhl fortress, a stage on the pilgrimage route to Mecca Historical photo of a fortress in a desert setting North Sinai ۲۰۰۳ iii, iv, vi (cultural) The fortress was constructed under Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri in the early 16th century and it was used until the end of the 19th century. It was used as a stopover for pilgrims undertaking Hajj on the way to Mecca. It provided the pilgrims a place to rest, food, and drinking water.[۴۲]
Oasis of Fayoum, hydraulic remains and ancient cultural landscapes Oasis with palm trees Faiyum ۲۰۰۳ i, iv, v (cultural) Faiyum Oasis has been inhabited since prehistoric times and was one of the first areas of Northern Egypt where agriculture was practiced. There used to be a large lake in the antiquity. Water management works in the area started under the Twelfth Dynasty and the oasis saw the greatest prosperity in the Greco-Roman period when it was one of Egypt's richest agricultural areas.[۴۳]
Historic quarters and monuments of Rosetta/Rachid Remmains of a fortress wall Beheira ۲۰۰۳ ii, iv, v (cultural) Located in the Nile Delta, Rosetta was usually overshadowed by the bigger Alexandria but it flourished following the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. It again declined in the 19th century with the construction of Suez Canal. There are some historical buildings in the city, as well as Fort Julien (walls pictured), built by Qaitbay in 1479, where the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799.[۴۴]
Dababiya Desert rock formation Qena ۲۰۰۸ viii (natural) Dababiya is a geological site covering the period from upper Paleocene to lower Eocene, including the period around the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. It covers layers of marine sediments with different species of foraminiferae. The GSSP point for the beginning of the Ypresian stage is defined at Dababiya.[۴۵]
Helwan Observatory A historical photo depicting the observatory from above, with the word OBSERVATORY written on it Helwan ۲۰۱۰ ii, vi, vii (mixed) The astronomical observatory at Helwan (a historical photograph pictured) was constructed in 1903 to host a 30-inch reflecting telescope, the first large telescope in Africa. It was used to study Halley's Comet, galaxies, and, for religious purposes, the movements of the sun, the moon, and Sirius.[۴۶]
Kharga Oasis and the Small Southern Oases Ancient ruins with arches in a desert setting New Valley ۲۰۱۵ i, ii, iii, iv, v, vii, viii, ix, x (mixed) This site comprises the Kharga Oasis and two other sites, the Dungul & Kurkur and Nabta Playa. These sites have been inhabited since prehistory but the majority of archaeological sites are from the Late Roman period. The remains include fortresses, a Christian cemetery of Bagawat (pictured), and irrigating systems with subterranean aqueducts. There are several xerophytic and halophytic plant species. The area is also home to the dorcas gazelle. Parts of this nomination have already been nominated in 2003.[۴۷]
Egyptian Museum in Cairo A view at the red museum building from above Cairo ۲۰۲۱ iv, vi (cultural) The museum was designed by the French architect Marcel Dourgnon as an entry to the 1895 competition to construct a museum to host the vast collection of antiquities. The Beaux-Arts building was the first purpose-built museum in the region and influenced the designs of other museums. Due to its collections, it is the centre of Egyptology.[۴۸]

منابع

[ویرایش]
  1. ↑ "The World Heritage Convention". UNESCO. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  2. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage (2017-10-11). "The World Heritage Convention". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (به انگلیسی). Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  3. ↑ "States Parties". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  4. ↑ ۴٫۰ ۴٫۱ "Egypt". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  5. ↑ "Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
  6. ↑ "Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  7. ↑ "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  8. ↑ "Historic Cairo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  9. ↑ "Report on the joint World Heritage Centre/ICOMOS Reactive Monitoring mission to the UNESCO World Heritage property "Historic Cairo", Egypt, 9-13 June 2019". Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  10. ↑ "Abu Mena". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  11. ↑ خطای یادکرد: خطای یادکرد:برچسب <ref>‎ غیرمجاز؛ متنی برای یادکردهای با نام AbuMena وارد نشده است. (صفحهٔ راهنما را مطالعه کنید.).
  12. ↑ "Saint Catherine Area". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  13. ↑ "Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  14. ↑ "Tentative Lists". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
  15. ↑ "Siwa archaeological area" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  16. ↑ "Temple of Serabit Khadem" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  17. ↑ "North Sinai Archaeological Sites Zone" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  18. ↑ "Temple of Hator built by Ramses III" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  19. ↑ "Dahshour archaeological area" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  20. ↑ "El Fayoum: Kom Aushim (Karanis), Dimai (Soknopaiounesos), Qasr Qarun (Dionysias), Batn I hrit (Theadelphia), Byahma-Medinet el Fayoum…." (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  21. ↑ "El-Gendi Fortress" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  22. ↑ "Rutho Monastery" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  23. ↑ "Wadi Feiran" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  24. ↑ "Pharaon Island" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  25. ↑ "Dahab" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  26. ↑ "Minia" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  27. ↑ "Newibah castle" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  28. ↑ "Ras Mohammed" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  29. ↑ "Gebel Qatrani Area, Lake Qaroun Nature Reserve" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  30. ↑ "Southern and Smaller Oases, the Western Desert" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  31. ↑ "Bird Migration Routes" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  32. ↑ "Desert Wadis" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  33. ↑ "Mountain Chains" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  34. ↑ "Great Desert Landscapes" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  35. ↑ "Alexandria, ancient remains and the new library" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  36. ↑ "Abydos, city of pilgrimage of the Pharaohs" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  37. ↑ "Pharaonic temples in Upper Egypt from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  38. ↑ "Necropolises of Middle Egypt, from the Middle Empire to the Roman period" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  39. ↑ "Raoudha nilometre in Cairo" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  40. ↑ "The monasteries of the Arab Desert and Wadi Natrun" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  41. ↑ "Two citadels in Sinai from the Saladin period (Al-Gundi and Phataoh's island)" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  42. ↑ "The An-Nakhl fortress, a stage on the pilgrimage route to Mecca" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  43. ↑ "Oasis of Fayoum, hydraulic remains and ancient cultural landscapes" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  44. ↑ "Historic quarters and monuments of Rosetta/Rachid" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  45. ↑ "Dababiya" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  46. ↑ "Helwan Observatory" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  47. ↑ "Kharga Oasis and the Small Southern Oases" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  48. ↑ "Egyptian Museum in Cairo" (به انگلیسی). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.

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