鲤科 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

鲤科
化石时期:始新世至现代
麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 辐鳍鱼綱 Actinopteri
目: 鲤形目 Cypriniformes
亚目: 鲤亚目 Cyprinoidei
科: 鲤科 Cyprinidae
Rafinesque, 1815
亞科

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鲤科鲤形目下种类最多的一个科,包括约200有效属、约2000现生种[1][2](具体数目随着新发现及相关各科定义的变化,在有关专家学者当中未有定论)。中国共有约132属532种和亚种,其中包括鯉魚鯽魚等常見魚類。此科魚的特徵是有鱼鬚、有咽齒脂鰭。鲤科一族分布于欧亚大陆、北美、非洲。最大的鲤鱼—巨暹罗鲤Catlocarpio siamensis)可以长到3米长,300公斤。黄鳍结鱼Tor putitora),可以长到2.75米長,54公斤。結魚Tor tor),可以长到2米長,9公斤。在北美分支中的尖頭葉唇魚Ptychocheilus lucius)单体记录为1.8米长,45公斤。

与之相对的,有很多种类的体长不足5厘米。透體小鿕发育成熟后体长仅11毫米,而2006年發現的微鯉更僅有7.9毫米。鲤科的所有成员均为卵生,大部分不保护他们的卵。但是,有一些种类建鱼窝或护卵。鰟鮍類的鱼會将卵产于贝类体内,新生的小鱼直到有能力生存后才离开寄主。

特徵

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本科魚外觀體型差異極大。一般為紡錘形或長形,側扁或稍側扁,口由前上頷骨與下頷骨組成,能伸縮。上下頷皆無齒,但由最後一對鰓之腹面特化成1至3行咽頭齒,每行少於8枚齒,與頭骨腹面的角質後墊形成咀嚼構造。通常具有1至2對鬚或無鬚。背鰭1枚,其前部有2至4根不分枝鰭條,腹鰭腹位,尾鰭叉形或深叉形。體被圓鱗,少數種類鱗片變小或退化。腹鰭基部一般均具有狹長腋鱗。

分類

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鯉科下分约200有效属,如下:

曲鯉屬Aaptosyax

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棒花魚屬Abbottina

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刺鮈屬Acanthogobio

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  • 刺鮈 Acanthogobio guentheri

坦噶尼喀魮屬Acapoeta

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光唇魚屬Acrossocheilus

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梭短吻魚屬Albulichthys

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鈍齒魚屬Amblypharyngodon

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鈍吻魮屬Amblyrhynchichthys

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近金线鲃属Anchicyclocheilus

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異鮰屬Aspidoparia

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扁吻魚屬Aspiorhynchus

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Aspius

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管臀魚屬Aulopyge

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袋唇魚屬Balantiocheilos

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孟加拉鯪屬Bangana

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髯魮屬Barbichthys

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  • 光髯魮 Barbichthys laevis (Valenciennes, 1842),基异名:Barbus laevis Valenciennes, 1842

四鬚鲃屬Barbodes

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擬四鬚魮屬Barboides

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四鬚魮屬Barbonymus

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小髯魮屬Barbopsis

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魮屬Barbus

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低線鱲屬Barilius

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似䱻屬(Belligobio

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Betadevario

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Bhava

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泰波魚屬Boraras

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短波魚屬(Brevibora)

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Brevibora Liao, Kullander & Fang, 2010[7]

瞎眼魮屬Caecobarbus

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盲鯉屬Caecocypris

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二鬚魮屬Capoeta

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Carasobarbus

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鬚鯽屬Carassioides

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鯽屬Carassius

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  • 卡特拉魮 Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822),为Gibelion catla (Hamilton, 1822)的异名

印度鯉屬Catlocarpio

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  • 巨暹罗鲤 Catlocarpio siamensis Boulenger, 1898:又稱暹羅印度鯉。[10]

沙昆鯉屬Chagunius

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元寶鯿屬Chela

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埃塞魚屬Chelaethiops

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黃河魚屬Chuanchia

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鯪屬Cirrhinus

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Clypeobarbus

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褶吻鲮属Cophecheilus

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裂口鬚魮屬Coptostomabarbus

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銅魚屬Coreius

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高麗雅羅魚屬Coreoleuciscus

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方口魮屬Cosmochilus

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穗唇魮屬Crossocheilus

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也称纓魚屬

圓唇魚屬Cyclocheilichthys

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似真小鯉屬Cyprinion

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鯉屬Cyprinus

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鿕屬Danio

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也称斑馬魚屬

小鿕屬Danionella

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大鿕屬Devario

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也称大斑馬魚屬神鿕屬德瓦鿕屬

Diplocheilichthys

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重唇魚屬Diptychus

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盤齒魮屬Discherodontus

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盤唇魚屬Discocheilus

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盤鮈屬Discogobio

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Discolabeo

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連理鱥屬Eirmotus

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鯷波魚屬Engraulicypris

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因特鲃属Enteromius

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角魚屬Epalzeorhynchus

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長鬚鿕屬Esomus

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Folifer

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  • 瓣結魚 Folifer brevifilis (Peters, 1881):又稱海南瓣結魚。

墨頭魚屬Garra

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頜鬚鮈屬Gnathopogon

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鮈屬Gobio

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鰍鮀屬Gobiobotia

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鮈鯽屬Gobiocypris

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裸鯉屬Gymnocypris

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裸重唇魚屬Gymnodiptychus

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Haludaria

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裂峽魮屬Hampala

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䱻屬Hemibarbus

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半線二鬚魮屬Hemigrammocapoeta

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單吻魚屬Henicorhynchus

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高原魚屬Herzensteinia

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红水鱼属Hongshuia

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霍氏魚屬Horadandia

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霍氏唇魮屬Horalabiosa

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高鬚魮屬Hypselobarbus

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高鬚魚屬Hypsibarbus

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非鯉屬Inlecypris

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也稱茵萊湖鯉屬

  • 傑氏斑馬魚 Inlecypris jayarami (Barman, 1985):又稱薩爾溫江非鯉、雅氏茵萊湖鯉

伊朗盲鯉屬Iranocypris

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婆羅鯉屬Kalimantania

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  • 婆羅鯉 Kalimantania lawak (Bleeker, 1855),基异名为Systomus lawak Bleeker, 1855

Kosswigobarbus

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科特拉魚屬(Kottelatia)

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  • 布氏科特拉魚 Kottelatia brittani (Axelrod, 1976),基异名:Rasbora brittani Axelrod, 1976

野鯪屬(Labeo

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Labeobarbus

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長背魮屬Labiobarbus

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Ladislavia

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Laocypris

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勞元寶鯿屬Laubuka= Laubuca

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美臀魚屬Lepidopygopsis

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細鬚魮屬Leptobarbus

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瘦波魚屬Leptocypris

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林氏鲃属Linichthys

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準舌唇魚屬Lobocheilos

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Longanalus

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亮䰾屬Luciobarbus屬)

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擬鱤屬Luciocyprinus

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梭大口魚屬Luciosoma

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Macrhybopsis

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Malayochela

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Megarasbora

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湄公魚屬Mekongina

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中鮈屬Mesogobio

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Mesopotamichthys

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小徳魚屬(Microdevario

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也称小徳瓦鿕屬小大斑馬魚屬

小鰾鮈屬Microphysogobio

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小波魚屬Microrasbora

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長臀魮屬Mystacoleucus

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Naziritor

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線紋鯿屬Nematabramis

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Neobarynotus

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新波魚屬Neobola

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新光唇魚屬Neolissochilus

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擬細鯽屬Nicholsicypris

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白甲魚屬Onychostoma

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馬口波魚屬Opsaridium

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真馬口波魚屬Opsarius

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山魮屬Oreichthys

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截頜鯉屬Ospatulus

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骨鯿屬Osteobrama

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骨紋唇魚屬Osteochilichthys

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紋唇魚屬Osteochilus

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尖裸鯉屬Oxygymnocypris

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  • 斯氏尖裸鯉 Oxygymnocypris stewartii (Lloyd, 1908),基异名:Schizopygopsis stewartii Lloyd, 1908

微鲤屬Paedocypris

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Paracanthobrama

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似刺鯿鮈屬Paracanthobrama

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副繐唇魮屬Paracrossochilus

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似白鮈屬Paraleucogobio

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副裸吻魚屬Parapsilorhynchus

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副細鯽屬Pararasbora

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Pararhinichthys

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Parasikukia

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異華鯪屬Parasinilabeo

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Paraspinibarbus

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Parasqualidus

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Parator

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密耙魚屬Pectenocypris

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鱸鯉屬Percocypris

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坑魚屬Phreatichthys

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Placogobio

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扁咽齒魚屬Platypharodon

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片唇鮈屬Platysmacheilus

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Plesiopuntius

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頭孔無鬚魮屬Poropuntius

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原魮屬Probarbus

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原鯉屬Procypris

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原野鯪屬Prolabeo

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前眼野鯪屬Prolabeops

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Protolabeo

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擬魮屬Pseudobarbus

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拟缨鱼屬Pseudocrossocheilus

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似鮈屬Pseudogobio

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泉水鱼属Pseudogyrinocheilus

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擬扁吻鮈屬Pseudopungtungia

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麥穗魚屬Pseudorasbora

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擬金線魮屬(Pseudosinocyclocheilus

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卷口魚屬Ptychidio

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葉鬚魚屬Ptychobarbus

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扁吻鮈屬Pungtungia

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Puntigrus

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魮鯉屬Puntioplites

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無鬚魮屬Puntius

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也称小䰾屬

Qianlabeo

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長嘴鱲屬Raiamas

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波魚屬Rasbora

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類波魚屬(Rasboroides)

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波體魚屬(Rasbosoma)

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新耙波拉魚屬Rastrineobola

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直口鯪屬Rectoris

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吻鮈屬Rhinogobio

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Rohanella属

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露魮屬Rohtee

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羅塔魮屬Rohteichthys

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羅馬諾鮈屬Romanogobio

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突吻鮈屬Rostrogobio

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Sahyadria

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鮭口波魚屬Salmostoma

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薩納魚屬Sanagia

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鰁屬Sarcocheilichthys

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蛇鮈屬Saurogobio

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閃光鱥屬Sawbwa

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  • 閃光鱥 Sawbwa resplendens Annandale, 1918

鏟齒魚屬Scaphiodonichthys

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類鏟頜魚屬Scaphognathops

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裂吻魚屬Schismatorhynchos

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裂鯉屬Schizocypris

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裂臀魚屬Schizopyge

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裸裂尻魚屬Schizopygopsis

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裂腹魚屬Schizothorax

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印度斧鯉屬Securicula

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唇鯪屬Semilabeo

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半泳鯉屬Semiplotus

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短吻魚屬Sikukia

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華鯪屬(Sinilabeo)

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華纓魚屬Sinocrossocheilus

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金線魮屬Sinocyclocheilus

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也称金线鲃属

Snyderichthys

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Speolabeo

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斯普拉特鯉屬Spratellicypris

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倒刺魮屬Spinibarbus

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銀鮈屬Squalidus

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Sundadanio

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唐魚屬Tanichthys

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Tanichthys Lin, 1932,也称邓鱼属

Tariqilabeo

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蘆鯉屬Thryssocypris

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似鮪雅羅魚屬Thynnichthys

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丁鱥屬Tinca

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結魚屬Tor

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三菱波魚屬(Trigonopoma)

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三角波魚屬Trigonostigma

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Troglocyclocheilus

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盲魮屬Typhlobarbus

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盲墨頭魚屬Typhlogarra

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突吻魚屬Varicorhinus

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奇鬚鯉屬Xenobarbus

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異鰾鰍鮀屬Xenophysogobio

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鰩山鯉屬Yaoshanicus

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經濟利用

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本科魚為各國重要的垂釣種及養殖魚類,多數可食用,頗具經濟價值,是合各種烹飪方式。另外一些種類體色艷麗,適合做為觀賞魚。

本科魚類全部為淡水魚;不僅種類繁多,其分布也廣泛,各種水體皆有其分布。其食性也因魚種而不同,各種食性之魚種皆有。

注释

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  1. ^ 方芳英语Fang Fang Kullander命名。方芳(Fang Fang Kullander),中国及瑞典鱼类学家,曾在中国科学院动物研究所瑞典国家自然历史博物馆从事淡水鱼类研究工作,2010年病逝于瑞典。鲤科两鱼类新种及鿕亚科新属方芳属英语Fangfangia是以她命名,以作纪念。
  2. ^ 秉志命名。
  3. ^ 张春霖命名。

参考文献

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  1. ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2015). Cyprinidae. FishBase. Version 2015-07.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, W.N., Fong, J.D. (2015) Species by family/subfamily页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in the Catalog of Fishes英语Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes, California Academy of Sciences (retrieved 2 July 2015)
  3. ^ Heckel, J. J. (1843). Ichthyologie [von Syrien]. In: J. von Russegger. Reisen in Europa, Asien und Africa, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die naturwissenschaftlichen Verhältnisse der betreffenden Länder unternommen in den Jahren 1835 bis 1841, etc. Stuttgart. v. 1 (pt 2), pp 990-1099.
  4. ^ Ng, H. H. and M. Kottelat. 2007. Balantiocheilos ambusticauda, A New and Possibly Extinct Species of cyprinid Fish from Indochina (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa. 1463: 13-20.
  5. ^ Pramod, P.K., F. Fang, K. Rema Devi, T.-Y. Liao, T.J. Indra, K.S. Jameela Beevi & S. O. Kullander. 2010. Betadevario ramachandrani, A New danionine Genus and Species from the Western Ghats of India (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Danioninae). Zootaxa. 2519: 31-47. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/zt02519p047.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hiranya Sudasinghe, Lukas Rüber and Madhava Meegaskumbura. 2023. Molecular Phylogeny and Systematics of the South Asian Freshwater-fish Genus Puntius (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zoologica Scripta. DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12618
  7. ^ Liao, T. Y.; Kullander, S. O.; Fang, F. (2010). Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Rasbora (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zoologica Scripta. 39(2): 155-176.
  8. ^ Liao, T-Y., and H. H. Tan, 2011. Brevibora cheeya, A New Species of cyprinid Fish from Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 59(1): 77-82
  9. ^ Liao, T.-Y. & Tan, H.H. 2014. Brevibora exilis, A New rasborin Fish from Borneo (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 24(3) [2013]: 209-215.
  10. ^ Boulenger, G. A. (1898). Description of a new genus of cyprinoid fishes from Siam. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7). v. 1 (no. 6) (art. 69): 450-451.
  11. ^ Herzenstein, S. M. (1891). Fische. In: Wissenschaftliche Resultate der von N. M. Przewalski nach Central-Asien unternommenen Reisen. Zoologischer Theil, St. Petersburg. v. 3 (abt. 2)(3): 181-262, Pls. 14-25.
  12. ^ Zhu Y, Zhang E, Zhang M, Han YQ. 2011. Cophecheilus bamen, a new gneus and species of labeonine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from south China. Zootaxa, 2881: 39-50.
  13. ^ Mori, T. (1935). Descriptions of two new genera and seven new species of Cyprinidae from Chosen. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses. 15 (2): 161-181, Pls. 11-13.
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