Ai (Indic)
Ai | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Example glyphs | |
Bengali–Assamese | ![]() |
Tamil | ![]() |
Thai | ไ |
Malayalam | ഐ |
Sinhala | ඓ |
Ashoka Brahmi | ![]() |
Devanagari | ![]() |
Cognates | |
Hebrew | ע |
Greek | Ο, Ω |
Latin | O |
Cyrillic | О, Ѡ, Ѿ, Ꙋ, Ю |
Properties | |
Phonemic representation | /ɐi/ /ɔi/ /ɛː/ |
IAST transliteration | ai Ai |
ISCII code point | AD (173) |
Indic letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other marks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Punctuation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ai is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ai is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter . As an Indic vowel, Ai comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.
Āryabhaṭa numeration
[edit]Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The ै sign was used to modify a consonant's value ×1012, but the vowel letter ऐ did not have an inherent value by itself.[1]
Historic Ai
[edit]There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ai as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, and retained the same basic form into later styles of Brahmi. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ai
has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ai are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.
Brahmi Ai
[edit]The Brahmi letter Ai , is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Ayin
, and is thus related to the modern Latin O and Greek Omicron.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ai can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with some vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) | Girnar (~150 BCE) | Kushana (~150-250 CE) | Gujarat (~250 CE) | Gupta (~350 CE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | ![]() |
Tocharian Ai
[edit]The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi
. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.
Kai | Khai | Gai | Ghai | Cai | Chai | Jai | Jhai | Nyai | Ṭai | Ṭhai | Ḍai | Ḍhai | Ṇai |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ||||
Tai | Thai | Dai | Dhai | Nai | Pai | Phai | Bai | Bhai | Mai | Yai | Rai | Lai | Vai |
![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |
Śai | Ṣai | Sai | Hai | ||||||||||
![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Kharoṣṭhī Ai
[edit]The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ai is indicated with the E vowel mark plus the vowel length mark
. As an independent vowel, Ai is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter A
.
Devanagari Ai
[edit]Ai (ऐ) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ઐ, and the Modi letter 𑘋.
Devanagari Using Languages
[edit]The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ऐ is pronounced as [ai]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Bengali Ai
[edit]Ai (ঐ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter , and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ऐ.
Bengali Script Using Languages
[edit]The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, ঐ is pronounced as [ai]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.
Gujarati Ai
[edit]Ai (ઐ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ai , and ultimately the Brahmi letter
.
Gujarati-using Languages
[edit]The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઐ is pronounced as [ai]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Javanese Ai
[edit]![]() | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2023) |
Telugu Ai
[edit]Ai (ఐ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಐ. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Telugu_Ai_matra.svg/550px-Telugu_Ai_matra.svg.png)
Malayalam Ai
[edit]Ai (ഐ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter
ai. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.
Odia Ai
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Odia_alphabet_%E0%AC%90.svg/220px-Odia_alphabet_%E0%AC%90.svg.png)
Ai (ଐ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter
ai. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.
Kaithi Ai
[edit]Ai (𑂊) is a vowel of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter
Ai. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi.
Comparison of Ai
[edit]The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ai, are related as well.
Comparison of Ai in different scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
|
Character encodings of Ai
[edit]Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ai in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ai from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
Preview | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ఐ | ଐ | ಐ | ഐ | ઐ | ਐ | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER AI | BENGALI LETTER AI | TAMIL LETTER AI | TELUGU LETTER AI | ORIYA LETTER AI | KANNADA LETTER AI | MALAYALAM LETTER AI | GUJARATI LETTER AI | GURMUKHI LETTER AI | |||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 2320 | U+0910 | 2448 | U+0990 | 2960 | U+0B90 | 3088 | U+0C10 | 2832 | U+0B10 | 3216 | U+0C90 | 3344 | U+0D10 | 2704 | U+0A90 | 2576 | U+0A10 |
UTF-8 | 224 164 144 | E0 A4 90 | 224 166 144 | E0 A6 90 | 224 174 144 | E0 AE 90 | 224 176 144 | E0 B0 90 | 224 172 144 | E0 AC 90 | 224 178 144 | E0 B2 90 | 224 180 144 | E0 B4 90 | 224 170 144 | E0 AA 90 | 224 168 144 | E0 A8 90 |
Numeric character reference | ऐ | ऐ | ঐ | ঐ | ஐ | ஐ | ఐ | ఐ | ଐ | ଐ | ಐ | ಐ | ഐ | ഐ | ઐ | ઐ | ਐ | ਐ |
ISCII | 173 | AD | 173 | AD | 173 | AD | 173 | AD | 173 | AD | 173 | AD | 173 | AD | 173 | AD | 173 | AD |
Preview | ![]() | 𑌐 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER AI | SIDDHAM LETTER AI | GRANTHA LETTER AI | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 69648 | U+11010 | 71051 | U+1158B | 70416 | U+11310 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 144 | F0 91 80 90 | 240 145 150 139 | F0 91 96 8B | 240 145 140 144 | F0 91 8C 90 |
UTF-16 | 55300 56336 | D804 DC10 | 55301 56715 | D805 DD8B | 55300 57104 | D804 DF10 |
Numeric character reference | 𑀐 | 𑀐 | 𑖋 | 𑖋 | 𑌐 | 𑌐 |
Preview | 𑆎 | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | SHARADA LETTER AI | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 70030 | U+1118E |
UTF-8 | 240 145 134 142 | F0 91 86 8E |
UTF-16 | 55300 56718 | D804 DD8E |
Numeric character reference | 𑆎 | 𑆎 |
Preview | ᦶ | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AE | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 6582 | U+19B6 |
UTF-8 | 225 166 182 | E1 A6 B6 |
Numeric character reference | ᦶ | ᦶ |
Preview | ឰ | ໄ | ໃ | ไ | ใ | ꪼ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAI | LAO VOWEL SIGN AI | LAO VOWEL SIGN AY | THAI CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMALAI | THAI CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMUAN | TAI VIET VOWEL AY | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6064 | U+17B0 | 3780 | U+0EC4 | 3779 | U+0EC3 | 3652 | U+0E44 | 3651 | U+0E43 | 43708 | U+AABC |
UTF-8 | 225 158 176 | E1 9E B0 | 224 187 132 | E0 BB 84 | 224 187 131 | E0 BB 83 | 224 185 132 | E0 B9 84 | 224 185 131 | E0 B9 83 | 234 170 188 | EA AA BC |
Numeric character reference | ឰ | ឰ | ໄ | ໄ | ໃ | ໃ | ไ | ไ | ใ | ใ | ꪼ | ꪼ |
Preview | ඓ | ᥭ | ꢎ | ꨄ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER AIYANNA | TAI LE LETTER AI | SAURASHTRA LETTER AI | CHAM LETTER AI | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3475 | U+0D93 | 6509 | U+196D | 43150 | U+A88E | 43524 | U+AA04 |
UTF-8 | 224 182 147 | E0 B6 93 | 225 165 173 | E1 A5 AD | 234 162 142 | EA A2 8E | 234 168 132 | EA A8 84 |
Numeric character reference | ඓ | ඓ | ᥭ | ᥭ | ꢎ | ꢎ | ꨄ | ꨄ |
Preview | 𑘋 | ![]() | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MODI LETTER AI | KAITHI LETTER AI | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71179 | U+1160B | 69770 | U+1108A |
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 139 | F0 91 98 8B | 240 145 130 138 | F0 91 82 8A |
UTF-16 | 55301 56843 | D805 DE0B | 55300 56458 | D804 DC8A |
Numeric character reference | 𑘋 | 𑘋 | 𑂊 | 𑂊 |
Preview | 𑒌 | ᤤ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER AI | LIMBU VOWEL SIGN AI | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 70796 | U+1148C | 6436 | U+1924 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 140 | F0 91 92 8C | 225 164 164 | E1 A4 A4 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56460 | D805 DC8C | 6436 | 1924 |
Numeric character reference | 𑒌 | 𑒌 | ᤤ | ᤤ |
Preview | 𑚇 | 𑈅 | 𑊷 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAKRI LETTER AI | KHOJKI LETTER AI | KHUDAWADI LETTER AI | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71303 | U+11687 | 70149 | U+11205 | 70327 | U+112B7 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 135 | F0 91 9A 87 | 240 145 136 133 | F0 91 88 85 | 240 145 138 183 | F0 91 8A B7 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56967 | D805 DE87 | 55300 56837 | D804 DE05 | 55300 57015 | D804 DEB7 |
Numeric character reference | 𑚇 | 𑚇 | 𑈅 | 𑈅 | 𑊷 | 𑊷 |
Preview | ᬐ | ꦍ | ᮆ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER AIKARA | JAVANESE LETTER AI | SUNDANESE LETTER AE | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6928 | U+1B10 | 43405 | U+A98D | 7046 | U+1B86 |
UTF-8 | 225 172 144 | E1 AC 90 | 234 166 141 | EA A6 8D | 225 174 134 | E1 AE 86 |
Numeric character reference | ᬐ | ᬐ | ꦍ | ꦍ | ᮆ | ᮆ |
References
[edit]- ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ^ Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]