Ṇa (Indic)

Ṇa
Ṇa
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseṆa
Tibetan
TamilṆa
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiṆa
DevanagariṆa
Cognates
Hebrewנ ,ן
GreekΝ
LatinN
CyrillicН
Properties
Phonemic representation/ɳ/ /n/B
IAST transliterationṇ Ṇ
ISCII code pointC1 (193)

^B in Tai languages, Burmese, Mon and Khmer

Ṇa (also romanized as Nna) is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ṇa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter . As with the other cerebral consonants, ṇa is not found in most scripts for Tai, Sino-Tibetan, and other non-Indic languages, except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing Sanskrit religious terms.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ण are:[1]

  • [ɳə] = 15 (१५)
  • णि [ɳɪ] = 1,500 (१ ५००)
  • णु [ɳʊ] = 150,000 (१ ५० ०००)
  • णृ [ɳri] = 15,000,000 (१ ५० ०० ०००)
  • णॢ [ɳlə] = 1,500,000,000 (१ ५० ०० ०० ०००)
  • णे [ɳe] = 15×1010 (१५×१०१०)
  • णै [ɳɛː] = 15×1012 (१५×१०१२)
  • णो [ɳoː] = 15×1014 (१५×१०१४)
  • णौ [ɳɔː] = 15×1016 (१५×१०१६)

Historic Ṇa

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ṇa as found in standard Brahmi, Nna was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Nna. The Tocharian Ṇa Nna did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ṇa, in Kharoshthi (Nna) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ṇa

[edit]

The Brahmi letter Nna, Ṇa, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to the modern Latin N and Greek Nu.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ṇa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ṇa historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Ṇa

[edit]

The Tocharian letter Ṇa is derived from the Brahmi Ṇa, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ṇa with vowel marks
Ṇa Ṇā Ṇi Ṇī Ṇu Ṇū Ṇr Ṇr̄ Ṇe Ṇai Ṇo Ṇau Ṇä

Kharoṣṭhī Ṇa

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṇa is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to N and Nu, in addition to the Brahmi Ṇa.[2]

Devanagari Ṇa

[edit]

Ṇa () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘜.

Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In all languages, ण is pronounced as [ɳə] or [ɳ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ण with vowel marks
Ṇa Ṇā Ṇi Ṇī Ṇu Ṇū Ṇr Ṇr̄ Ṇl Ṇl̄ Ṇe Ṇai Ṇo Ṇau
णा णि णी णु णू णृ णॄ णॢ णॣ णे णै णो णौ ण्

Conjuncts with ण

[edit]
Half form of Ṇa.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of ण

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

  • ण্ (ṇ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṇra:

  • ण্ (ṇ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṇna:

Stacked conjuncts of ण

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature cʰṇa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ḍʱṇa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ḍṇa:

  • द্ (d) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature dṇa:

  • ह্ (h) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature hṇa:

  • ख্ (kʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature kʰṇa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ŋṇa:

  • ण্ (ṇ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ṇla:

  • प্ (p) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature pṇa:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ṭʰṇa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ṭṇa:

Bengali Ṇa

[edit]

The Bengali script ণ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a reduced head line, and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ण. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ণ will sometimes be transliterated as "ṇo" instead of "ṇa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /n̳o/. Like all Indic consonants, ণ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ণ with vowel marks
ṇa ṇā ṇi ṇī ṇu ṇū ṇr ṇr̄ ṇe ṇai ṇo ṇau
ণা ণি ণী ণু ণূ ণৃ ণৄ ণে ণৈ ণো ণৌ ণ্

ণ in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

ণ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ণ

[edit]

Bengali ণ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, in the form of both stacked and linear (horizontal) ligatures.[5]

  • গ্ (g) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature gṇa:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ঢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṇḍʱa:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇḍya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṇma:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṇṇa:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṇṭa:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṇṭʰa:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ঠ্ (ṭʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇṭʰya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa, with the repha prefix:

  • র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṇya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

Gujarati Ṇa

[edit]
Gujarati Ṇa.

Ṇa () is the fifteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṇa Ṇa with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ṇa.

Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ણ is pronounced as [ɳə] or [ɳ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ṇa Ṇā Ṇi Ṇī Ṇu Ṇū Ṇr Ṇl Ṇr̄ Ṇl̄ Ṇĕ Ṇe Ṇai Ṇŏ Ṇo Ṇau
Gujarati Ṇa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ણ

[edit]
Half form of Ṇa.

Gujarati ણ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature RṆa:

  • ણ્ (ɳ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṆRa:

  • હ્ (h) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature HṆa:

*Note that the ligature for Gujarati HṆa contains the half form of Devanagari Ṇa Ṇa half form instead of a form of Gujarati Ṇa.

Javanese Ṇa

[edit]

Telugu Ṇa

[edit]
Telugu Ṇa
Telugu subjoined Ṇa
Telugu independent and subjoined Ṇa.

Ṇa () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṇ. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ణ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ṇa

[edit]
Malayalam letter Ṇa

Ṇa () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṇ, via the Grantha letter Ṇa Ṇa. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ṇa matras: Ṇa, Ṇā, Ṇi, Ṇī, Ṇu, Ṇū, Ṇr̥, Ṇr̥̄, Ṇl̥, Ṇl̥̄, Ṇe, Ṇē, Ṇai, Ṇo, Ṇō, Ṇau, and Ṇ.

Conjuncts of ണ

[edit]
Malayalam letter Chillu Ṇ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ണ് (ṇ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṇṭa:

  • ണ് (ṇ) + ഠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṇṭʰa:

  • ണ് (ṇ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:

  • ണ് (ṇ) + ഢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṇḍʱa:

  • ക് (k) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature kṇa:

  • ണ് (ṇ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṇṇa:

  • ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṣṇa:

  • ണ് (ṇ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ṇma:

  • ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature kṣṇa:

Odia Ṇa

[edit]
Odia independent letter Ṇa
Odia subjoined letter Ṇa
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṇa.

Ṇa () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṇ, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ṇa Ṇa. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ṇa with vowel matras
Ṇa Ṇā Ṇi Ṇī Ṇu Ṇū Ṇr̥ Ṇr̥̄ Ṇl̥ Ṇl̥̄ Ṇe Ṇai Ṇo Ṇau
ଣା ଣି ଣୀ ଣୁ ଣୂ ଣୃ ଣୄ ଣୢ ଣୣ ଣେ ଣୈ ଣୋ ଣୌ ଣ୍

Conjuncts of ଣ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଣ୍ (ṇ) + ଡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:

  • ଣ୍ (ṇ) + ଣ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṇṇa:

Kaithi Ṇa

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Ṇa
Kaithi half-form letter Ṇa
Kaithi consonant and half-form Ṇa.

Ṇa (𑂝) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṇ, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ṇa Ṇa. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ṇa with vowel matras
Ṇa Ṇā Ṇi Ṇī Ṇu Ṇū Ṇe Ṇai Ṇo Ṇau
𑂝 𑂝𑂰 𑂝𑂱 𑂝𑂲 𑂝𑂳 𑂝𑂴 𑂝𑂵 𑂝𑂶 𑂝𑂷 𑂝𑂸 𑂝𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂝

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂝 (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

Comparison of Ṇa

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṇa, are related as well.

Comparison of Ṇa in different scripts
Aramaic
Ṇa
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨞
Ashoka Brahmi
Ṇa
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Ṇa
Tocharian[b]
Ṇa
Gupta Brahmi
Ṇa
Pallava
Ṇa
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰜
Siddhaṃ
Ṇa
Grantha
𑌣
Cham
-
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Newa
𑐞
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
-
Ranjana
Ṇa
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤚
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
-
Soyombo[d]
𑩪
Khmer
Tamil
Ṇa
Chakma
𑄕
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
-
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
-
Marchen
𑱾
Tirhuta
𑒝
New Tai Lue
-
Tai Viet
-
Aksara Kawi
Ṇa
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆟
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨘
Bengali-Assamese
Ṇa
Takri
𑚘
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠘
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
-
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘜
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈘
Khudabadi
𑋌
Mahajani
𑅢
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Ṇa
Nandinagari
𑦼
Kaithi
Ṇa
Gurmukhi
Multani
𑊔
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩪
Sylheti Nagari
-
Gunjala Gondi
-
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴚
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ṇa

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ṇa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṇa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER NNA BENGALI LETTER NNA TAMIL LETTER NNA TELUGU LETTER NNA ORIYA LETTER NNA KANNADA LETTER NNA MALAYALAM LETTER NNA GUJARATI LETTER NNA GURMUKHI LETTER NNA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2339 U+0923 2467 U+09A3 2979 U+0BA3 3107 U+0C23 2851 U+0B23 3235 U+0CA3 3363 U+0D23 2723 U+0AA3 2595 U+0A23
UTF-8 224 164 163 E0 A4 A3 224 166 163 E0 A6 A3 224 174 163 E0 AE A3 224 176 163 E0 B0 A3 224 172 163 E0 AC A3 224 178 163 E0 B2 A3 224 180 163 E0 B4 A3 224 170 163 E0 AA A3 224 168 163 E0 A8 A3
Numeric character reference ण ण ণ ণ ண ண ణ ణ ଣ ଣ ಣ ಣ ണ ണ ણ ણ ਣ ਣ
ISCII 193 C1 193 C1 193 C1 193 C1 193 C1 193 C1 193 C1 193 C1 193 C1


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨞 𑌣
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER NNA KHAROSHTHI LETTER NNA SIDDHAM LETTER NNA GRANTHA LETTER NNA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69665 U+11021 68126 U+10A1E 71068 U+1159C 70435 U+11323
UTF-8 240 145 128 161 F0 91 80 A1 240 144 168 158 F0 90 A8 9E 240 145 150 156 F0 91 96 9C 240 145 140 163 F0 91 8C A3
UTF-16 55300 56353 D804 DC21 55298 56862 D802 DE1E 55301 56732 D805 DD9C 55300 57123 D804 DF23
Numeric character reference 𑀡 𑀡 𐨞 𐨞 𑖜 𑖜 𑌣 𑌣


Character information
Preview 𑨘 𑐞 𑰜 𑆟
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER NNA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER NNA PHAGS-PA LETTER NNA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NNA NEWA LETTER NNA BHAIKSUKI LETTER NNA SHARADA LETTER NNA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3918 U+0F4E 3998 U+0F9E 43116 U+A86C 72216 U+11A18 70686 U+1141E 72732 U+11C1C 70047 U+1119F
UTF-8 224 189 142 E0 BD 8E 224 190 158 E0 BE 9E 234 161 172 EA A1 AC 240 145 168 152 F0 91 A8 98 240 145 144 158 F0 91 90 9E 240 145 176 156 F0 91 B0 9C 240 145 134 159 F0 91 86 9F
UTF-16 3918 0F4E 3998 0F9E 43116 A86C 55302 56856 D806 DE18 55301 56350 D805 DC1E 55303 56348 D807 DC1C 55300 56735 D804 DD9F
Numeric character reference ཎ ཎ ྞ ྞ ꡬ ꡬ 𑨘 𑨘 𑐞 𑐞 𑰜 𑰜 𑆟 𑆟


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER NNA TAI THAM LETTER RANA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 4111 U+100F 6705 U+1A31
UTF-8 225 128 143 E1 80 8F 225 168 177 E1 A8 B1
Numeric character reference ဏ ဏ ᨱ ᨱ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER NNO LAO LETTER PALI NNA THAI CHARACTER NO NEN
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6030 U+178E 3731 U+0E93 3603 U+0E13
UTF-8 225 158 142 E1 9E 8E 224 186 147 E0 BA 93 224 184 147 E0 B8 93
Numeric character reference ណ ណ ຓ ຓ ณ ณ


Character information
Preview 𑄕 𑤚
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER MUURDHAJA NAYANNA CHAKMA LETTER NNAA DIVES AKURU LETTER NNA SAURASHTRA LETTER NNA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3499 U+0DAB 69909 U+11115 71962 U+1191A 43168 U+A8A0
UTF-8 224 182 171 E0 B6 AB 240 145 132 149 F0 91 84 95 240 145 164 154 F0 91 A4 9A 234 162 160 EA A2 A0
UTF-16 3499 0DAB 55300 56597 D804 DD15 55302 56602 D806 DD1A 43168 A8A0
Numeric character reference ණ ණ 𑄕 𑄕 𑤚 𑤚 ꢠ ꢠ


Character information
Preview 𑘜 𑦼 𑩪
Unicode name MODI LETTER NNA NANDINAGARI LETTER NNA SOYOMBO LETTER NNA KAITHI LETTER NNA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71196 U+1161C 72124 U+119BC 72298 U+11A6A 69789 U+1109D
UTF-8 240 145 152 156 F0 91 98 9C 240 145 166 188 F0 91 A6 BC 240 145 169 170 F0 91 A9 AA 240 145 130 157 F0 91 82 9D
UTF-16 55301 56860 D805 DE1C 55302 56764 D806 DDBC 55302 56938 D806 DE6A 55300 56477 D804 DC9D
Numeric character reference 𑘜 𑘜 𑦼 𑦼 𑩪 𑩪 𑂝 𑂝


Character information
Preview 𑒝 𑱾
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER NNA MARCHEN LETTER PA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 70813 U+1149D 72830 U+11C7E
UTF-8 240 145 146 157 F0 91 92 9D 240 145 177 190 F0 91 B1 BE
UTF-16 55301 56477 D805 DC9D 55303 56446 D807 DC7E
Numeric character reference 𑒝 𑒝 𑱾 𑱾


Character information
Preview 𑚘 𑠘 𑈘 𑋌 𑅢 𑊔
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER NNA DOGRA LETTER NNA KHOJKI LETTER NNA KHUDAWADI LETTER NNA MAHAJANI LETTER NNA MULTANI LETTER DDHA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71320 U+11698 71704 U+11818 70168 U+11218 70348 U+112CC 69986 U+11162 70292 U+11294
UTF-8 240 145 154 152 F0 91 9A 98 240 145 160 152 F0 91 A0 98 240 145 136 152 F0 91 88 98 240 145 139 140 F0 91 8B 8C 240 145 133 162 F0 91 85 A2 240 145 138 148 F0 91 8A 94
UTF-16 55301 56984 D805 DE98 55302 56344 D806 DC18 55300 56856 D804 DE18 55300 57036 D804 DECC 55300 56674 D804 DD62 55300 56980 D804 DE94
Numeric character reference 𑚘 𑚘 𑠘 𑠘 𑈘 𑈘 𑋌 𑋌 𑅢 𑅢 𑊔 𑊔


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER NA RAMBAT JAVANESE LETTER NA MURDA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 6945 U+1B21 43423 U+A99F
UTF-8 225 172 161 E1 AC A1 234 166 159 EA A6 9F
Numeric character reference ᬡ ᬡ ꦟ ꦟ


Character information
Preview 𑴚
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER NNA
Encodings decimal hex
Unicode 72986 U+11D1A
UTF-8 240 145 180 154 F0 91 B4 9A
UTF-16 55303 56602 D807 DD1A
Numeric character reference 𑴚 𑴚



References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".