List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Germany

Poland and Germany have been in many armed conflicts against each other. These include conflicts such as Polish–Teutonic Wars, Silesian Uprisings and World War II. This does include Polish and German intervention in wars such as the Lithuanian Civil War or the Polish–Ukrainian conflict.

  Polish or PolishLithuanian victory

  German, Brandenburger, Teutonic or Prussian victory

  Another result (Result unknown or indecisive, Status quo ante bellum, treaty or peace without a clear result or an internal conflict inside Poland or Germany in which the other intervened)

Civitas Schinesghe against the Holy Roman Empire (9721018)

[edit]
Year Conflict Polish side German side Result
972 Battle of Cedynia[1]

Location: Cedynia, present–day Poland

Coat of arms Civitas Schinesghe Saxon Eastern March Polish victory[2]
979–980 Otto II's raid on Poland[3]

Part of the German-Polish Wars

Location: Poznań, Greater Poland
Mieszko I's warriors
Coat of arms Civitas Schinesghe Holy Roman Empire Polish victory[4]
1003–1005 German-Polish War [pl][5]

Part of the German–Polish War (1003–1018)

Location: Bohemia, Lusatia, Margravate of Meissen, Upper Lusatia
Map of Poland during the reign of Bolesław I the Brave with marked expeditions and major battles of the GermanPolish War
Coat of arms Civitas Schinesghe Holy Roman Empire

Veleti

German victory[6]
1007–1013 German-Polish War [pl][7]

Part of the German–Polish War (1003–1018)

Location: Lubusz Land, Lusatia, Elbe Valley

Coat of arms Civitas Schinesghe Holy Roman Empire Polish victory[7]
1015–1018 German-Polish War [pl][8]

Part of the German–Polish War (1003–1018)

Location: Lusatia, Meissen, Bohemia, Greater Poland, Silesia

Coat of arms Civitas Schinesghe Holy Roman Empire

Veleti

Polish victory[8]

Kingdom of Poland against the Holy Roman Empire (10281348)

[edit]
Year Conflict Polish side German side Result
1028–1031 German–Polish War[9]

Part of the German-Polish Wars

Location: Lusatia, Moravia, Saxony, Poland, Red Ruthenia

Kingdom of Poland

Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031)

Holy Roman Empire

Kievan Rus' (from 1030)

Kingdom of Hungary (1031)

German–Rus' victory[9]
1109 Henry V's expedition to Poland[10]

Part of the German-Polish Wars

Location: Oder River, Silesia
GermanPolish War (1109)
Kingdom of Poland Holy Roman Empire

Duchy of Bohemia

Polish victory[11]
1157 Frederick I's expedition to Głogów[12]

Part of the German-Polish Wars

Location: Głogów, Poznań, Greater Poland
Medieval German knights
Kingdom of Poland

Coat of arms Cumania

Old Prussians

Holy Roman Empire

Duchy of Bohemia

German victory[13]
1345–1348 Polish–Bohemian War[14] Location: Silesia, Lesser Poland
Casimir the Great by Leopold Löffler
Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Bohemia

Holy Roman Empire

Inconclusive[15]

Kingdom of Poland against the Margraviate of Brandenburg (12091427)

[edit]
Year Conflict Polish side German side Result
1209–1211 Battle of Lubusz[16]

Location: Lubusz Land, Kingdom of Poland

Henry the Bearded
Duchy of Silesia

Duchy of Greater Poland

Margraviate ofBrandenburg Polish victory[16]
1225–1229 Second war for Lubusz[17] Kingdom of Poland Margraviate of Brandenburg Polish victory[18]
1238—1240 Battle of Lubusz[19]

Location: Lubusz Land, Kingdom of Poland

Otto III and John I
Duchy of Silesia Margraviate of Brandenburg Polish victory[20]
1265—1278 Polish–Brandenburgian War[21][22] Kingdom of Poland Margraviate of Brandenburg Polish victory[21][22]
1308 Siege of Gdańsk [pl][23][24]

Location: Gdańsk, Kingdom of Poland

Modern–day Gdańsk
Kingdom of Poland

Teutonic Order

Margraviate of Brandenburg

Swienca family

Diocese of Kamien Pomorski

Diocese of Lebus

Polish victory[23][24]
1326 Raid on Brandenburg[25]

Location: Neumark, East Brandenburg

Neumark, portion to the east, c. 1320. Cross-hatched are territories acquired by the House of Ascania outside of Brandenburg.
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Kingdom of Poland
Margraviate of Brandenburg Polish victory[26]
  • Area looted and devastated[26]
  • Many prisoners taken[27]
1425–1427 Uckermark War[28][29]

Location: Uckermark, Brandenburg

Pomerania-Stettin

Pomerania-Wolgast

Pomerania-Stolp

Pomerania-Stargard

Mecklenburg-Stargard

Kingdom of Poland

Werle (1425–1426)

Margraviate of Brandenburg Allied victory[28][29]

Kingdom of Poland against the Teutonic Order (13081521)

[edit]
Year Conflict Polish side German side Result
1308 Teutonic takeover of Danzig[30]

Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars

Location: Danzig (Gdańsk)
Pomerelia (Pommerellen) while part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights.
Kingdom of Poland Teutonic Order Teutonic victory[31]
1326–1332 Polish–Teutonic War[32]

Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars

Location: Kuyavia, Kulmerland
King Ladislaus the Elbow-high breaking off agreements with the Teutonic Knights at Brześć Kujawski, a painting by Jan Matejko in the National Museum in Warsaw
Kingdom of Poland

 Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Kingdom of Hungary

Teutonic Order

Kingdom of Bohemia

Duchy of Masovia

Holy Roman Empire

Inconclusive[33]
1389–1392 Lithuanian Civil War[34]

Part of the VytautasJogaila power struggle

Location: Prussia, Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Jogaila, later known as Władysław II Jagiełło
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Kingdom of Poland

Teutonic Order

Samogitia

Rus' principalities

Inconclusive[34][35]
1409–1411 Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War[36]

Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars

Location: Baltic coast
Battle of Grunwald (painted in 1878)
Kingdom of Poland

 Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Golden Horde

 Teutonic Order

 Kingdom of Denmark

 Holy Roman Empire

Polish–Lithuanian victory[37]
1414 Hunger War[37]

Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars

Location: State of the Teutonic Order

Kingdom of Poland

 Grand Duchy of Lithuania

 Teutonic Order Mediation at the Council of Constance[38]
1419 Retreat Expedition [pl][39] Kingdom of Poland  Teutonic Order Initial Polish victory

Cancelling of invasion afterwards[40]

1422 Golub War[41]

Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars and the Lithuanian Crusade

Location: Chełmno Land in the State of the Teutonic Order
Golub Castle
Kingdom of Poland

 Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Moldavia Principality of Moldavia

 Teutonic Order
  • Mercenaries
  • Various knights from the rest of Europe
Polish victory[42]
1431–1435 Polish–Teutonic War[43]

Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars

Location: State of the Teutonic Order
A Hugo Schüllinger painting of Hussite warriors
Polish victory[44]
1432–1438 Lithuanian Civil War[45]
Location: Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Royal seal of Sigismund Kęstutaitis
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Švitrigaila's supporters)

 Teutonic Order

Golden Horde

Moldavia Principality of Moldavia

 Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Sigismund's supporters)

Kingdom of Poland

Orphans (Hussite mercenaries)

Švitrigaila's defeat[46]
1454–1466 Thirteen Years' War[48]

Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars

Location: Pomerelia, Prussia, Baltic Sea
Battle of Konitz, 1454
Polish victory[49]
1467–1479 War of the Priests[51]

Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars

Location: Warmia

Kingdom of Poland  Teutonic Order
Diocese of Warmia
Polish victory[52]
1519–1521 Polish–Teutonic War[53][54]

Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars

Location: State of the Teutonic Order
16th-century Polish soldiers, depicted by Jan Matejko
Kingdom of Poland  Teutonic Order Polish victory[55]

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against Prussia (1794)

[edit]
Year Conflict Polish side German side Result
1794 Kościuszko Uprising[56]

Part of the Partitions of Poland and Polish-Russian Wars

Location: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Prussian Partition (Greater Poland and Kuyavia), Russian Partition
Tadeusz Kościuszko taking the oath, 24th March 1794
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth  Russian Empire

 Prussia

Prussian–Russian victory[57]

Duchy of Warsaw against Prussia (18061815)

[edit]
Year Conflict Polish side German side Result
1806 Greater Poland Uprising[58]

Part of the War of the Fourth Coalition

Location: Greater Poland
Entrance of Jan Henryk Dąbrowski to Poznań painted by Jan Gładysz
France First French Empire

Duchy of Warsaw

Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Franco–Polish victory[59]
1812–1814 War of the Sixth Coalition[60]

Part of the Napoleonic Wars and Coalition Wars

Location: Central and Eastern Europe, the Low Countries, France
Strategic situation in Europe in 1813
Original coalition

After the Armistice of Pläswitz

After the Battle of Leipzig

After 20 November 1813

After January 1814

 France

Until January 1814


Co-belligerent:

 United States (War of 1812 only)

Coalition victory[61]

Polish insurgents against Prussia (1848)

[edit]
Year Conflict Polish side German side Result
1848 Greater Poland Uprising[62]

Part of the Revolutions of 1848

Location: Prussian Partition (Grand Duchy of Posen and former West Prussia), Silesia
Karl Wilhelm von Willisen
Polish independence movement  Prussia Prussian victory[63]

Second Polish Republic against Weimar Republic (19181921)

[edit]
Year Conflict Polish side German side Result
1918–1919 Greater Poland Uprising[64]

Part of the Aftermath of World War I

Location: Greater Poland
Soldiers and workers assembling to elect a council in Poznań, 10 November 1918
Second Polish Republic Polish insurgents

Second Polish Republic Second Polish Republic

 Weimar Republic Polish victory[65]
1919 First Silesian Uprising[66]

Part of the Aftermath of World War I and Silesian Uprisings

Location: Parts of Upper Silesia

Second Polish Republic Polish insurgents

Second Polish Republic Second Polish Republic

 Weimar Republic German victory[67]
  • Rebellion suppressed
1920 Second Silesian Uprising[66]

Part of the Aftermath of World War I and Silesian Uprisings

Location: Upper Silesia

Second Polish Republic Polish insurgents

Second Polish Republic Second Polish Republic

 Weimar Republic Polish victory[68]
1921 Third Silesian Uprising[66]

Part of the Aftermath of World War I and Silesian Uprisings

Location: Upper Silesia
Opposing the Silesian insurrectionists were the Grenzschutz "border guards" of the Weimar Republic.
Second Polish Republic Polish insurgents

Second Polish Republic Second Polish Republic

 Weimar Republic League of Nations forces a ceasefire[69]

Polish Underground State against Nazi Germany (19391945)

[edit]
Year Conflict Polish side German side Result
1939 Invasion of Poland[70]

Part of the European theatre of World War II

Location: Second Polish Republic, eastern Germany, Free City of Danzig (modern-day Gdańsk)
Vyacheslav Molotov signs the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, a German-Soviet non-aggression pact
 Second Polish Republic  Nazi Germany

Slovakia Slovakia

 Soviet Union

German–Soviet–Slovak victory[71]
1939–1945 World War II[72]
Location:
Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement, 29 September 1938
Allies of World War II

Including:

Polish Underground State Polish Underground State

Axis powers

Including:

 Nazi Germany

Allied victory[73]

Communist Poland against Nazi Germany (19391947)

[edit]
Year Conflict Polish side German side Result
1939–1947 Polish–Ukrainian conflict[74]

Part of World War II and the Cold War

Location: Lublin Voivodeship, Lwów Voivodeship, Rzeszów Voivodeship [pl]
Basaj's Unit
Polish Underground State Polish Underground State

After 1944:

 Polish People's Republic

Ukrainian Insurgent Army

 Nazi Germany (1943–1945)

Polish victory[75][76][77]
  • Liquidation of UPA in Polish territories
  • Mass deportation of Ukrainian civilians

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Vogenbeck, Bernd; Institut für Angewandte Geschichte, eds. (2008). Terra Transoderana: zwischen Neumark und Ziemia Lubuska. Almanach - europäische Grenzregionen neu entdecken. Berlin: Be.bra Wissenschaft Verl. ISBN 978-3-937233-50-5.
  2. ^ "THIETMARI CHRONICON". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  3. ^ Janicki, Kamil (2021-01-02). "Pierwsza inwazja Niemców na Polskę w dziejach. Najeźdźcy postarali się, by nikt o niej nie pamiętał". WielkaHistoria (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  4. ^ Labuda, Gerard (2002). Mieszko I. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich--Wydawn. ISBN 978-83-04-04619-1. OCLC 51531686.
  5. ^ Reuter, Timothy, ed. (2014). The new Cambridge medieval history. 3: C. 900 - c. 1024 / ed. by Timothy Reuter (5. print ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
  6. ^ Reuter, Timothy, ed. (2014). The new Cambridge medieval history. 3: C. 900 - c. 1024 / ed. by Timothy Reuter (5. print ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
  7. ^ a b Achremczyk, Stanisław; Markiewicz, Henryk; Polska Akademia Nauk, eds. (1993). Polski słownik biograficzny. T. 34: Rząśnicki Adolf - Sapieha Jan. Wrocław [etc.]: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich - Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk. p. 251. ISBN 978-83-04-00148-0.
  8. ^ a b Zakrzewski, Stanisław (2006). Bolesław Chrobry Wielki (Universitas ed.). pp. 285, 288–289.
  9. ^ a b "Mieszko II Lambert". zamki.name.
  10. ^ Kosto, Adam J. (2012). Hostages in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965170-2. OCLC 778325914.
  11. ^ Topolski, Jerzy (1986). An outline history of Poland. Warsaw: Interpress Publ. ISBN 978-83-223-2118-8.
  12. ^ "Fryderyk I Barbarossa". zamki.name. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
  13. ^ Biniaś-Szkopek, Magdalena (2009). Bolesław IV Kędzierzawy - książę Mazowsza i princeps. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie. ISBN 978-83-7177-603-8.
  14. ^ Kurtyka, Janusz (1997). Tęczyńscy: studium z dziejów polskiej elity możnowładczej w średniowieczu. Kraków: Secesja. pp. 156, 164. ISBN 978-83-86077-83-0.
  15. ^ Rogers, Clifford J., ed. (2010). The Oxford encyclopedia of medieval warfare and military technology. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-19-533403-6.
  16. ^ a b "Bitwa pod Lubuszem 1209". zamki.name.
  17. ^ Henryk I Brodaty
  18. ^ "Walka o tron krakowski po śmierci Leszka Białego w 1227 r." historia.interia.pl (in Polish).
  19. ^ "O tym jak Niemcy klucz do Polski zdobyć próbowali czyli Henryk Pobożny Lubusz ratuje". Chwała Zapomniana (in Polish). 2018-10-29.
  20. ^ Zientara, Benedykt (1975). Henryk Brodaty i jego czasy [Henryk Brodaty and his times] (in Polish). pp. 391–392.
  21. ^ a b Zygmunt Boras (1983) Książęta Piastowscy Wielkopolski wyd. Poznańskie, p. 153-154
  22. ^ a b Aleksander Świeżawski (2006) Przemysł – król Polski wyd. DiG, p. 48; 100.
  23. ^ a b Błażej Śliwiński. (1988) Dowódcy grodu gdańskiego z 1308 roku. Z badań nad orientacjami politycznymi rycerstwa pomorskiego. „Zapiski Historyczne”. (1–2), p. 8–20,
  24. ^ a b Marian Biskup (1993) : Wojny Polski z zakonem krzyżackim (1308–1521). Gdańsk: Marpress, p. 358. ISBN 978-83-85349-08-2.
  25. ^ Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuania ascending: a pagan empire within east-central Europe, 1295-1345. Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought. Cambridge [England]; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-521-45011-9.
  26. ^ a b Decker, Leon (1988). "OCLC-To-Go: The Portable OCLC, Crosstalk, and Other Miscellany". OCLC Micro. 4 (3): 38–41. doi:10.1108/eb055894. ISSN 8756-5196.
  27. ^ Rowell, Stephen C. (2011). Lithuania ascending: a pagan empire within east-central Europe, 1295 - 1345. Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought (Transferred to digital print., [Nachdr.] ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-521-45011-9.
  28. ^ a b Rymar, Edward. Wojny i spory pomorsko-brandenburskie w XV-XVI wieku.
  29. ^ a b c Szymański, J. W. Książęcy ród Gryfitów. p. 338.
  30. ^ "History of the City Gdańsk - Gdańsk - en". 2012-10-17. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17.
  31. ^ Halina, Wątróbska (2003). "Holländische Spuren in der Danziger Geschichte". pp. 369–400.
  32. ^ Jurek, Tomasz (1999). Dzieje średniowieczne: 1 - podręcznik dla klasy pierwszej szkół średnich. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. ISBN 978-83-02-07370-0.
  33. ^ The Cambridge History of Poland. CUP Archive. pp. 170–172. ISBN 978-1-001-28802-4.
  34. ^ a b Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000). The history of Lithuania before 1795. Lietuvos Istorijos institutas (Lietuvos Mokslų akademija). Vilnius: Arlila. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-9986-810-13-1.
  35. ^ Urban, William L. (2003). Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 1–50. ISBN 978-0-929700-25-0.
  36. ^ Turnbull, Stephen R.; Hook, Richard (2003). Tannenberg 1410: disaster for the Teutonic Knights. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-84176-561-7. OCLC 51779463.
  37. ^ a b Christiansen, Eric (1997). The northern Crusades. London, England; New York, N.Y., USA: Penguin. pp. 228, 230–231. ISBN 978-0-14-026653-5.
  38. ^ Kiaupa, Zigmantas; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000). The history of Lithuania before 1795. Lietuvos istorijos institutas. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of history. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-9986-810-13-1.
  39. ^ Baczkowski, K. Dzieje Polski późnośredniowiecznej 1370-1506. p. 116.
  40. ^ Ptak, Jan (2018-12-30). ""Jest czas wojny i czas pokoju…" W jakich porach roku prowadzono najczęściej działania wojenne w Polsce średniowiecznej?". Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica (in Polish) (102): 25. doi:10.18778/0208-6050.102.02. hdl:11089/27389. ISSN 2450-6990.
  41. ^ Turnbull, Stephen R.; Hook, Richard (2003). Tannenberg 1410: disaster for the Teutonic Knights. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-84176-561-7. OCLC 51779463.
  42. ^ Christiansen, Eric (1997). The northern Crusades. London, England; New York, N.Y., USA: Penguin. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-14-026653-5.
  43. ^ Urban, William L. (2003). Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality (Revised ed.). Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 306–308. ISBN 978-0-929700-25-0.
  44. ^ Urban, William L. (2003). Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality (Revised ed.). Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-929700-25-0.
  45. ^ Rowell, S. C. (1994). Lithuania ascending: a pagan empire within east-central Europe, 1295-1345. Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought. Cambridge [England]; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-45011-9.
  46. ^ Spečiūnas, Vytautas, ed. (2004). Lietuvos valdovai: XIII-XVIII a.: enciklopedinis žinynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-5-420-01535-3.
  47. ^ Urban, William L. (2003). Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality (Revised ed.). Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-929700-25-0.
  48. ^ Stone, Daniel (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795. University of Washington Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5.
  49. ^ Stone, Daniel (2001). The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386-1795. History of East Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-295-98093-5.
  50. ^ "Drugi Pokój Toruński 1466 - Przewodnik Toruński Serwis Turystyczny". www.turystyka.torun.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  51. ^ "Jeziorany - castle of Warmian bishops". Ancient and medieval architecture. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  52. ^ Szczur, Stanisław (2002). Historia Polski: średniowiecze. Kraków: Wydaw. Literackie. pp. 582–583. ISBN 978-83-08-03272-5.
  53. ^ Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0.
  54. ^ Repcheck, Jack (2007-12-04). Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began. Simon and Schuster. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4165-5356-4.
  55. ^ "Modern Era (16-18th century) - Treaty of Krakow". 2012-02-06. Archived from the original on 2012-02-06.
  56. ^ Szyndler, Bartłomiej (2001). Powstanie kościuszkowskie 1794 (1994 ed.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ancher. p. 445. ISBN 978-83-85576-10-5.
  57. ^ Haggett, Peter, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of world geography (2nd ed.). New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1740. ISBN 978-0-7614-7289-6.
  58. ^ "On this Day, in 1806: Jan Henryk Dąbrowski led an uprising against Prussian occupation". 2021-11-14. Archived from the original on 2021-11-14. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  59. ^ Zawadzki, Hubert (2009). "Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807". Central Europe. 7 (2): 110–124. doi:10.1179/147909609X12490448067244. ISSN 1479-0963.
  60. ^ Leggiere, Michael V. (2015). Napoleon and the struggle for Germany: the Franco-Prussian war of 1813. Cambridge military histories. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. pp. 105, 120. ISBN 978-1-107-08051-5.
  61. ^ Büsch, Otto; Neugebauer, Wolfgang; Kleinehagenbrock, Frank; Historische Kommission zu Berlin, eds. (1992). Handbuch der preussischen Geschichte. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter. p. 72. ISBN 978-3-11-014091-0.
  62. ^ Davies, Norman (1981). Ahistory of Poland, God's playground. Internet Archive. New York : Columbia University Press. pp. 341–342. ISBN 978-0-231-05350-1.
  63. ^ Collegium Carolinum (Munich, Germany); Jaworski, Rudolf; Luft, Robert, eds. (1996). 1848/49-Revolutionen in Ostmitteleuropa: Vorträge der Tagung des Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 30.Nov. bis 1.Dez. 1990. Bad Wiesseer Tagungen des Collegium Carolinum. München: Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3-486-56012-1.
  64. ^ Vogt, Dietrich; Rhode, Gotthold (1980). Der großpolnische Aufstand 1918/1919: Bericht, Erinnerungen, Dokumente. Marburg, Lahn: Herder-Institut. ISBN 978-3-87969-147-0.
  65. ^ Pajewski, Janusz; Czubiński, Antoni, eds. (1987). Polacy i Niemcy: dziesięć wieków sąsiedztwa: studia ofiarowane profesorowi Januszowi Pajewskiemu w osiemdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin: praca zbiorowa (Wyd. 1 ed.). Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. ISBN 978-83-01-07535-4.
  66. ^ a b c "THE REBIRTH OF POLAND". www.conflicts.rem33.com. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  67. ^ Greenman, Kathryn; Orford, Anne; Saunders, Anna; Tzouvala, Ntina (2021-02-18). Revolutions in International Law: The Legacies of 1917. Cambridge University Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-1-108-85236-4.
  68. ^ Gajda, Patricia A. (1982). Postscript to victory: British policy and the German-Polish borderlands, 1919-1925. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8191-2204-9.
  69. ^ Wilson, Tim (2010). Frontiers of violence: conflict and identity in Ulster and upper Silesia 1918-1922. Oxford historical monographs. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19-958371-3.
  70. ^ "German-Soviet Pact". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  71. ^ Toppe, Andreas (2008). Militär und Kriegsvölkerrecht: Rechtsnorm, Fachdiskurs und Kriegspraxis in Deutschland 1899 - 1940. München: Oldenbourg. p. 398. ISBN 978-3-486-58206-2.
  72. ^ Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). A world at arms: a global history of World War II (2nd ed.). Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85316-3.
  73. ^ Shepardson, Donald E. (1998). "The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth". The Journal of Military History. 62 (1): 135–154. doi:10.2307/120398. JSTOR 120398.
  74. ^ Lotnik, Waldemar; Preece, Julian (1999). Nine lives: ethnic conflict in the Polish-Ukrainian borderlands. London: Serif. ISBN 978-1-897959-40-4.
  75. ^ Chwalba, Andrzej; Smaga, Józef (2001). Imperium korupcji: korupcja w Rosji i Królestwie Polskim w latach 1861-1917. Historia Najnowsza (Wyd. 2 zm ed.). Warszawa. ISBN 978-83-7233-065-9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  76. ^ Motyka, Grzegorz (2006). Ukraińska partyzantka 1942-1960: działalność Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów i Ukraińskiej Powstańczej Armii. Seria Wschodnia (Wyd. 1 ed.). Warszawa: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN : RYTM. ISBN 978-83-88490-58-3. OCLC 71208525.
  77. ^ Motyka, Grzegorz (2023). From the Volhynian massacre to Operation Vistula: the Polish-Ukrainian conflict 1943-1947. Fokus. Paderborn: Brill, Schöningh. ISBN 978-3-657-79537-6.

See also

[edit]