Qatra

Qatra
قطرة
Etymology: drop[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Qatra (click the buttons)
Qatra is located in Mandatory Palestine
Qatra
Qatra
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°49′18.9″N 34°46′39.1″E / 31.821917°N 34.777528°E / 31.821917; 34.777528
Palestine grid129/136
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictRamle
Date of depopulationMay 1948[3]
Area
 • Total
7,853 dunams (7.853 km2 or 3.032 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total
1,210[2]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Secondary causeExpulsion by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesGedera[4] and Kidron[4][5]

Qatra (Arabic: قطرة) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict, located 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) southwest of the city of Ramla and 40 kilometers (25 mi) west of Jerusalem, some 50 meters (160 ft) above sea level.[6] It was depopulated in May 1948.

History

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Qatra was a Canaanite center of political and economic authority that along with 30 other urban sites in regions bordering the Mediterranean Sea, entered a period of decline in the Late Bronze Age between 1250 and 1150 BCE.[7] Qatra is also tentatively identified with the Hellenistic city of Kidron (Cidron, Gedrus) mentioned in the first Book of the Maccabees (15:39, 41; 16:9), and it has been postulated that its name derives from the Hebrew name for Kidron, Qiṭrôn.[6] Others have suggested that Qatra (Katra) is merely a corruption of the biblical Gederoth mentioned in Joshua 15:41,[8] hence the use of the name in the Gederot Regional Council.

Qatra has been named as the place of origin of a holy man named Sheikh Ahmad al-Qatrawani, who set out from the village due to his inability to fulfill his religious duties there, and settled by 'Atara, where his Mamluk shrine still stands.[9][10]

Ottoman era

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In 1596, Qatra was part of the Ottoman Empire, nahiya (subdistrict) of Gaza under the liwa' (district) of Gaza with a population of 46 families and 15 bachelors, an estimated 336 person, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, sesame, and fruit, as well as goats and beehives; a total of 11,340 akçe. 1/6 of the revenue went to a waqf.[11]

In 1838, Kutrah was noted as a Muslim village in the Gaza district.[12][13]

In 1863, Victor Guérin noted the village to have 600 inhabitants, and with houses of adobe. He further noted a noria by the well, which he assumed to be ancient. By the well were also six sections of barrels of columns of gray marble, the diameter of which was thirty centimetres. The villagers told Guérin they had "always" been there. Hedges of cacti surrounded the village and served as fences for figs and olive trees. There were also several "magnificent" acacias and mimosas there.[14]

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that Katra had a population of 353, in 161 houses, though the population count included men only. It was also noted that it was located south east of Yibna.[15][16]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described the village as being built of adobe brick and surrounded by gardens.[17]

British Mandate era

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In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Qatra Islam had a population of 640; 639 Muslims[18] and 1 Orthodox Christian[19] increasing in the 1931 census to 822, all Muslims, in a total of 175 houses.[20]

During its existence as a village in the British Mandate of Palestine it was referred to as Qatrat Islam to distinguish it from the Jewish settlement of Qatrat Yahud or Gedera, as it is called in Hebrew, established in the late 19th century.[21]

Qatra 1930 1:20,000
Qatra 1945 1:250,000

In the 1945 statistics the population was 1,290, all Muslims,[2] while the total land area was 7,853 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[22] Of this, Arabs used 291 dunams for citrus and bananas, 215 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, 4,320 dunums were allocated to cereals,[23] while 26 dunams were classified as built-up urban areas.[24]

1948, and aftermath

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Qatra was captured by Israel's Givati Brigade in May 1948. The operation was according to Plan Dalet. Plan Dalets guidelines to the Givati Brigade gave its leader, Lt. Col. Shimon Avidan, wide discretion. In order to "stabilise" his lines, the plan stated that 'you will determine alone, in consultations with your Arab affairs advisers and Intelligence Service officers, [which] villages in your zone should be occupied, cleansed or destroyed.'[25] During May to early June, Avidan moved to expand his area of control westwards and southwards as part of Operation Barak.[26]

It was during these operations that they encountered the village of Qatra. The village offered no resistance. The Givati troops entered and conducted an arms collection operation on 5–6 May. About 60 weapons were handed over - but a Jewish officer was shot and killed (either by an Arab or by friendly fire) while searching one of the houses. Three Arabs were then taken hostage and Givati demanded the name of the killer, and the handover of any foreign irregulars and additional weapons.[27] The Haganah reoccupied the village and its entire population were either intimidated into flight or expelled on 17 May.[28] The IDF trucked about 200 refugees staying in Majdal, originally from Qatra, towards Ramla in the summer of 1950.[29]

The operation in Qatra (and a similar operation in the nearby village of Aqir) was characterised by looting and brutal behaviour. The HIS officer who accompanied the troops later highlighted several problems, including the lack of clear orders regarding behaviour, the absence of POW camp for detainees, and looting.[30] The Givati Brigade's official history states that after these operations, the brigade HQ acted to 'curtail the instinct to loot and maltreat prisoners [hit'alelut beshvuyim]'.[31]

In 1949, the Israeli moshav of Kidron was established on Qatra's land.[5] The current Israeli towns built on Qatra's land are Gedera and Kidron.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 268
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 30
  3. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #258. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  4. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, pp. 404-5
  5. ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. xxi, settlement #76
  6. ^ a b Bromiley, 1994, pp. 5-6.
  7. ^ Zevit, 2003, p. 94.
  8. ^ Conder (1879), pp. 173–174
  9. ^ Taha, Hamdan. The Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani Studium Biblicum Franciscanum - Jerusalem.
  10. ^ Canaan, 1927, pp. 51-52
  11. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 145. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 404
  12. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 118
  13. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 22
  14. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 35- 36
  15. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 156 It was noted to be in the Gazza District
  16. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 133, also noted 161 houses
  17. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 410. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 404
  18. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 9
  19. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XIII, p. 44
  20. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 5
  21. ^ Khalidi, 1992, p. 404
  22. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 68
  23. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 116.
  24. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 166
  25. ^ 733: Ayalon, War of Independence, 485. Quoted in Morris, 2004 p. 254
  26. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 254
  27. ^ 744: 'Doron'to HIS, 'The village of Qatra', 9 May 1948, HA 105\92aleph; and 'Doron (Elitzur)'to HIS-AD, 'The Conquest of Qatra', 12 May 1948, HA 105\92aleph. Quoted in Morris, 2004, p. 255
  28. ^ 745: HIS-AD, 'The Migratory Movement....', 30 June 1948, HHA-ACP, 10.95.13 (1). Quoted in Morris, 2004, p. 255
  29. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 529
  30. ^ 746: 'Doron'to HIS, 'Assessment of Operation Helem', 7 May 1948, HA 105\92aleph. Quoted in Morris, 2004, p. 255
  31. ^ 747: Ayalon, War of Independence, 526. It would appear that one or more of those who had died in Aqir had been murdered. Quoted in Morris, 2004, p. 255

Bibliography

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