Secession in China

Map of China's prefectural level divisions as believed by the Chinese government
Heihe–Tengchong Line

Secession in China refers to several secessionist movements in the People's Republic of China.[a] Many current separatist movements in China arise from the country's ethnic issues. Some of the factors that have created these ethnic issues include history, nationalism, economic and political disparity, religion, and other factors. China has historically had tensions between the majority Han and other minority ethnic groups, particularly in rural and border regions. Historically, other ruling ethnicities, such as the Manchu of the early-Qing dynasty, experienced ethnic issues as well.[1]

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Republic of China

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Kuomintang leader Sun Yat-sen issued a statement calling for the right of self-determination of all Chinese ethnic groups at a party conference in 1924:

“The Kuomintang can state with solemnity that it recognizes the right of self-determination of all national minorities in China and it will organize a free and united Chinese republic.”[2]

People’s Republic of China

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The 1931 constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic accepted secession as legal, with article 14 stating

“The Soviet government of China recognizes the right of self-determination of the national minorities in China, their right to complete separation from China, and to the formation of an independent state for each national minority.”

However, the CCP's change from a revolutionary group to the dominant state power in 1949 led to this language being left out of later constitutions and any legal chance for secession disappeared from Chinese law.[3]

List of secessionist movements in the People's Republic of China

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Proposed state Current political status within the PRC Capital city of region Area (km2) of region Total population of region Main independence movement Main ethnic group seeking independence Map
East Turkestan (Xinjiang) Autonomous Region Ürümqi 1,664,897 24,870,000 East Turkestan independence movement Uyghur people
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Hong Kong 2,755 7,500,700 Hong Kong independence movement Han Chinese of Hong Kong
Tibet (Xizang, Qinghai, Parts of Sichuan) Autonomous Region; Province (Qinghai, Parts of Sichuan) Lhasa 1,948,400 8,806,722 Tibetan independence movement Tibetan people

Minor movements

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Movements

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Further information: Autonomous administrative divisions of China; Autonomous regions of China; Special administrative regions of China; and One country, Two systems
A 2010 population density map of the territories claimed by the PRC. Dark blue shaded regions reflect territory claimed but not controlled or governed by the PRC.
   
Area (km2) Population Density
China 9,650,000 (100%) 1,300,000,000 (100%) 134.7/km2
5 provinces 5,246,400 (54.45%) 79,533,000 (6.12%) 15.16/km2
Inner Mongolia 1,183,000 (12.28% ) 24,051,000
Xinjiang 1,660,000 (17.23%) 20,952,000
Tibet 1,228,400 (12.75%) 2,842,000
Qinghai 721,000 (7.48%) 5,516,000
Gansu 454,000 (4.71%) 26,172,000
China proper 4,403,605 (45.55%) 1,221,000,000 (93.89%) 277.27/km2
Source: National Bureau of Statistics
Autonomous regions of China

Hong Kong

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In 1997, the colony of Hong Kong was retroceded to China, leading to the creation of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Under the jointly agreed upon Hong Kong Basic Law, the Hong Kong SAR would maintain its autonomy for 50 years until 2047, after which point, the region would assume full control by China. Hong Kong's autonomy, and its end in 2047, has created contention between those who support the Chinese government, and those who do not.[9] A particular source of contention in recent years is with the structure of the Hong Kong government, where the Chief Executive is appointed by the Chinese government while local elections are held directly.[10]

In 2019, the Hong Kong extradition bill was proposed, which sparked protests throughout Hong Kong.[11] During the protests which followed, the pro-democracy camp gained general support alongside the Hong Kong independence movement to a small extent as well. Many of the anti-governmental groups supported localism and universal suffrage in all Hong Kong elections. In May 2020, the National People's Congress of China passed a decision concerning Hong Kong national security legislation, whereby "secession" and "subversion" were made illegal. This move has meant that pro-independence calls are now illegal by the new decision, although some still do call for independence despite the changes to the law. In Hong Kong, the pro-democracy camp enjoys general support, though the passing of the decision by the NPC has made protesting and the organization of protests more difficult.[12]

Macau

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Main article: Macau independence

The Macau independence movement is the political movement that advocates for the independence of Macau from China. Despite receiving little attention within Macau, the issue was raised in the Legislative Assembly of Macau following the Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy. In 2017, several Chinese media outlets warned against discussion of Macau independence, fearing that speculation would lead to further action.[13][14][15] The Swedish magazine The Perspective speculated that the relative lack of independence sentiment in Macau stems from the SAR's reliance on gaming and tourism revenue from the Mainland. Macau is currently one of the richest regions in the world, and its wealth is derived almost entirely from gambling, which is illegal in the PRC.[16][14]

Tibet

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Main article: Tibetan independence movement

After the failed Tibetan uprising, some Tibetans followed the Dalai Lama into India, establishing a government-in-exile called the Central Tibetan Administration.[17]

The movement is no longer supported by the 14th Dalai Lama who, although having advocated it from 1961 to the late 1970s, proposed a sort of high-level autonomy in a speech in Strasbourg in 1988,[18] and has since then restricted his position to either autonomy for the Tibetan people in the Tibet Autonomous Region within China,[19] or extending the area of the autonomy to include parts of neighboring Chinese provinces inhabited by Tibetans.[20]

Xinjiang

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Main articles: Xinjiang conflict and East Turkestan independence movement

Several armed insurgency groups are fighting the Chinese (PRC) government in Xinjiang, namely, the Turkestan Islamic Party and the East Turkestan Liberation Organization, which some people consider to be associated with Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State.[21]

Inner Mongolia

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Main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement

South Mongolian independence is supported by these political parties: the Inner Mongolian People's Party, a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization; the Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance;[22] and the Mongolian Liberal Union Party.[23]

Manchukuo

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Main article: Manchukuo Government
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

The Manchukuo Government (formerly known as the Manchukuo Temporary Government until 2019) is an organisation established in 2004 in Hong Kong.[24] On its website, it claims to be the government in exile of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state with limited recognition, which controlled Manchuria from 1932 to 1945; it seeks to revive the state and to separate it from the People's Republic of China, which controls its claimed territory.[25] On its website, it claims to have merged with other Manchu independence organizations as of 2019.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Feuerwerker, Albert (1975). Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 60.
  2. ^ Quoted from National and Minority Policies, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science: Report of China 277, 1951, pp148-149
  3. ^ Hales, Ben. "The Tangled History of the 'Tibet Card'". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  4. ^ Areddy, James T. (23 April 2022). "Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement". Wall Street Journal.
  5. ^ "Chinese Regional Separatist Movements". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
  6. ^ "独派人士下月聚首华府 向中国霸权说不". 2019-09-22. Archived from the original on 2019-09-22. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  7. ^ "世界人权日 伦敦多族裔游行促向北京问责 — 普通话主页". 2023-12-17. Archived from the original on 2023-12-17. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  8. ^ tibetanreview (2022-08-06). "Sinicization will not succeed, Basuria will be free again". Tibetan Review. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
  9. ^ Chan, Wilfred; Yu, Elaine (16 June 2015). "Is Hong Kong's fight for democracy in its final round?". CNN. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  10. ^ "Is universal suffrage as out of reach as ever for Hong Kong?". South China Morning Post. 2019-09-26. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  11. ^ Creery, Jennifer (2019-06-09). "Over a million attend Hong Kong demo against controversial extradition law, organisers say". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  12. ^ "'Impossible to allow' discussions on Hong Kong independence in schools". South China Morning Post. 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  13. ^ 葉靖斯 (18 September 2017). "澳門選舉：民主派保議席 天鴿風災與「港獨」吹出來的？". BBC中文網. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  14. ^ a b 甄樹基 (16 September 2017). "環球時報炮製"澳獨"標籤澳門反對派立法會候選人". 法國國際廣播電台. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  15. ^ "公務員「被組團」參觀國安展 雖自由報名 但有調侃：當然冇幾個唔去". 論盡媒體. 22 April 2018.
  16. ^ Rick Huisman (10 November 2016). "Why prosperous Macau does not follow Hong Kong's gamble for independence". The Perspective.
  17. ^ "Speech of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the European Parliament, Strasbourg". The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 14 October 2001. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
  18. ^ Smith, Warren W. (2008). China's Tibet?: Autonomy or Assimilation. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-7425-3989-1.
  19. ^ McDonald, Hamish (15 March 2005). "Tibet part of China: Dalai Lama". The Age. Fairfax. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  20. ^ "Reasonable Demands Needed From Dalai Lama". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25.
  21. ^ "Al-Qaeda and Islamic State Take Aim at China. Why have both groups turned their attention to Beijing?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  22. ^ ""Inner Mongolian People's Party" and the basic facts about its key members". Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
  23. ^ "モンゴル自由連盟党". Archived from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.(JP)
  24. ^ "滿洲國復辟？ 金溥聰有個族人自封是皇帝 [Manchukuo restored? King Pu-tsung has a clansman who proclaimed himself emperor]", NOWNews, 2009-12-10, archived from the original on 2012-03-25, retrieved 2011-09-26
  25. ^ 孫亨利 [Henry Sun] (2009-09-16), "滿洲國要復活了！ [Manchukuo revived!]", NOWNews, archived from the original on 2012-03-25, retrieved 2011-09-26
  1. ^ Taiwan, the continuation of the original Republic of China, and is a state with limited recognition whose territory is claimed as China's 23rd province, is not included in this list because it has never been governed by the People's Republic of China, the government that was established in mainland China in 1949. For more information, see articles; political status of Taiwan and Taiwan independence movement.
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